Acute pancreatitis

Summary

Acute pancreatitis (MONDO:0006515) is a disease with 25 GWAS associations across 14 studies and 225 clinical trials. Top therapeutic interventions include indomethacin, ketorolac, and imipenem anhydrous. A subtype of pancreatitis — broader associated-gene and molecular evidence is on the parent page (see Disease family below).

At a glance

• GWAS associations: 25
• ClinVar variants: 1
• Clinical trials: 225

Clinical features

No curated clinical features (Orphanet) for this disease.

Identifiers

Disease identifiers

Field	Value
Canonical name	acute pancreatitis
Mondo ID	MONDO:0006515
EFO	EFO:1000652
DOID	DOID:2913
ICD-10-CM	K85
ICD-11	698285441
NCIT	C95437
SNOMED CT	7881005
UMLS	C0001339
MedGen	7872
Is cancer (heuristic)	no

Also known as: acute pancreatitis (disorder) [ambiguous] · pancreatitis, acute

Data availability: 1 ClinVar variant · 25 GWAS associations (14 studies) · 1 HPO phenotype · 6 cell lines.

Disease family

This is a subtype of pancreatitis. Genetic, therapeutic, and trial evidence is largely curated at the broader-term level — see the parent page for the associated-gene cohort and molecular evidence.

Classification path: disease › human disease › disease by body system or component › digestive system disorder › pancreas disorder › pancreatitis › acute pancreatitis

Related subtypes (4): alcoholic pancreatitis, chronic pancreatitis, thiopurine immunosuppressant-induced pancreatitis, autoimmune pancreatitis

Subtypes (2): acute necrotizing pancreatitis, acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis

Genetics & variants

GWAS landscape

25 GWAS associations across 14 studies. Top hits map to 14 distinct genes (as reported by GWAS).

Top associations by p-value

rsID	p-value	Gene	Risk allele	Odds ratio
rs150261364	2e-29	SPINK1 - SCGB3A2	T	0.62
rs75331444	4e-28	ABCG8	A	0.29
rs12688220	2e-20	MORC4 - EEF1A1P40	T	0.12
rs12688091	6e-19	NUP62CL	A	0.11
rs12689287	8e-19	TBC1D8B, MORC4	A	0.11
rs142703147	2e-18	SPINK1 - SCGB3A2	A	0.48
rs145959667	6e-15	JAKMIP2 - SPINK1	G	0.49
chr5:147215281	2e-12		C	0.49
rs10901252	2e-12	ABO	C	0.14
rs28929474	4e-11	SERPINA1	T	0.29
rs148849032	5e-11	STK32A-AS1	T	0.5
rs66491909	8e-11	RNF128	A	0.08
rs142623619	4e-10	STK32A	A	0.35
rs3741297	1e-09	ZPR1	?
rs17640347	7e-09	HTR4 - ADRB2	A	0.33
rs5916761	7e-09	SERPINA7P1 - RADX	A	0.08
rs150176211	8e-09	WBP1LP1 - TRBD1	A	0.35
rs35471107	8e-09	LINC02041 - SST	C	0.08
rs67184230	1e-08	CSGALNACT2P2 - Y_RNA	C	0.08
rs117046683	1e-08	TRBV29-1 - PRSS1	A	0.07
rs9677610	1e-08	LINC01937	A	0.07
rs113812546	2e-08	CFTR	A	0.22
rs74355737	2e-08	ZNF618	A	0.59
rs77725792	2e-08	ABCG5	A	0.13
rs4663946	4e-08	LINC01937	T	0.08

Top studies (by case count)

Study	Lead author	Year	Cases	Controls	Title
GCST90255375	Bourgault J	2023	10,630	844,679	Proteome-wide Mendelian randomization identifies causal links between blood proteins and acute pancreatitis.
GCST90476106	Verma A	2024	7,613	439,644	Diversity and scale: Genetic architecture of 2068 traits in the VA Million Veteran Program.
GCST90478485	Verma A	2024	3,143	117,167	Diversity and scale: Genetic architecture of 2068 traits in the VA Million Veteran Program.
GCST90480357	Verma A	2024	3,143	117,167	Diversity and scale: Genetic architecture of 2068 traits in the VA Million Veteran Program.
GCST90080310	Backman JD	2021	2,460	385,091	Exome sequencing and analysis of 454,787 UK Biobank participants.
GCST90084296	Backman JD	2021	2,460	385,091	Exome sequencing and analysis of 454,787 UK Biobank participants.
GCST90436395	Zhou W	2018	1,986	406,271	Efficiently controlling for case-control imbalance and sample relatedness in large-scale genetic association studies.
GCST90044204	Jiang L	2021	1,748	454,600	A generalized linear mixed model association tool for biobank-scale data.
GCST90651302	Liu TY	2025	1,678	234,326	Diversity and longitudinal records: Genetic architecture of disease associations and polygenic risk in the Taiwanese Han population.
GCST90478484	Verma A	2024	1,099	58,206	Diversity and scale: Genetic architecture of 2068 traits in the VA Million Veteran Program.

Variant details and genetic-evidence tiers

Tier distribution (top 50 variants)

Tier	Variants
Tier 1: coding	1
Tier 2: splice/UTR	1
Tier 3: regulatory	1
Tier 4: intronic/intergenic	22

MAF distribution

Bucket	Variants
common (>=0.05)	13
low_freq (0.01-0.05)	8
rare (<0.01)	3
unknown	1

Functional consequences

Consequence	Count
intron_variant	13
intergenic_variant	8
regulatory_region_variant	1
unknown	1
3_prime_UTR_variant	1
missense_variant	1

Top variants

rsID	Chr	Pos	Alleles	MAF	Consequence	Gene	p-value	Tier
rs150261364	5	147844389	C>A,G,T	0.014	intergenic_variant	SPINK1 - SCGB3A2	2e-29	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs75331444	2	43842633	G>A	0.072	intron_variant	ABCG8	4e-28	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs12688220	X	107001537	C>G,T	0.261	intron_variant	MORC4 - EEF1A1P40	2e-20	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs12688091	X	107131628	G>A	0.266	intron_variant	NUP62CL	6e-19	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs12689287	X	106837773	G>A	0.289	intron_variant	TBC1D8B, MORC4	8e-19	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs142703147	5	147835718	C>A	0.009	regulatory_region_variant	SPINK1 - SCGB3A2	2e-18	Tier 3: regulatory
rs145959667	5	147817967	G>A	0.009	intergenic_variant	JAKMIP2 - SPINK1	6e-15	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
chr5:147215281				0.01			2e-12	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs10901252	9	133252613	G>A,C,T	0.086	3_prime_UTR_variant	ABO	2e-12	Tier 2: splice/UTR
rs28929474	14	94378610	C>A,G,T	0.016	missense_variant	SERPINA1	4e-11	Tier 1: coding
rs148849032	5	147225481	C>T	0.011	intron_variant	STK32A-AS1	5e-11	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs66491909	X	106732269	G>A	0.249	intron_variant	RNF128	8e-11	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs142623619	5	147350688	A>C,T	0.023	intron_variant	STK32A	4e-10	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs3741297	11	116786951	C>T		intron_variant	ZPR1	1e-09	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs17640347	5	148774375	G>A	0.02	intergenic_variant	HTR4 - ADRB2	7e-09	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs5916761	X	106578040	G>A,C,T	0.207	intergenic_variant	SERPINA7P1 - RADX	7e-09	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs150176211	7	142780235	G>A,C	0.019	intergenic_variant	WBP1LP1 - TRBD1	8e-09	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs35471107	3	187631440	C>A,G,T	0.435	intron_variant	LINC02041 - SST	8e-09	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs67184230	X	106386338	G>A,C,T	0.206	intergenic_variant	CSGALNACT2P2 - Y_RNA	1e-08	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs117046683	7	142746803	C>A,T	0.453	intergenic_variant	TRBV29-1 - PRSS1	1e-08	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs9677610	2	238712890	G>A,C	0.446	intron_variant	LINC01937	1e-08	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs113812546	7	117327784	C>A	0.021	intergenic_variant	CFTR	2e-08	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs74355737	9	114039892	A>C,G	0.01	intron_variant	ZNF618	2e-08	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs77725792	2	43831062	G>A	0.072	intron_variant	ABCG5	2e-08	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs4663946	2	238701646	T>A,C	0.397	intron_variant	LINC01937	4e-08	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic

ClinVar germline variants

1 retrieved; paginated sample, class counts are floors:

1 uncertain significance

ClinVar	Variant (HGVS)	Gene	Classification	Review
267836	46;XY;t(1;6)(q23;q13)dn		Uncertain significance	criteria provided, single submitter

Genes & proteins

No associated-gene cohort resolved for this disease. Atlas builds the molecular and therapeutic sections — associated genes, protein families, druggability, pathways, interactions, and drug associations — by aggregating over a disease’s associated genes (resolved via GWAS / GenCC / ClinVar / CIViC), and none resolved here. This is expected for antibody-mediated, autoimmune, or otherwise non-gene-defined conditions; the curated evidence for this disease is its clinical features, GWAS susceptibility, and clinical trials (above).

Function

No pathway enrichment — requires an associated-gene cohort.

Therapeutics

Drugs indicated for this disease

0 approved, 5 in late-stage (phase 3) trials. Disease-direct ChEMBL indications, not inferred from the associated-gene cohort below.

Drug	Development status
Glycerin	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Indomethacin	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Sodium Chloride	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Somatostatin	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Tacrolimus Anhydrous	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)

Earlier-phase candidates (phase 2, investigational — efficacy not yet established): Dexamethasone Acetate, Hemin, Ibuprofen, Ketorolac, Methylnaltrexone, Pirfenidone, Simvastatin, Streptokinase.

Clinical trials & evidence

Clinical trials

Clinical trials: 225.

Phase distribution (across all retrieved trials)

Phase	Trials
Not specified	165
PHASE4	21
PHASE2	16
PHASE3	6
PHASE1/PHASE2	6
PHASE2/PHASE3	5
PHASE1	4
EARLY_PHASE1	2

Top trials by phase / activity

NCT	Phase	Status	Title
NCT03547232	PHASE4	RECRUITING	Rectal Indomethacin as Early Treatment for Acute Pancreatitis (INDOMAP Trial)
NCT07024199	PHASE4	RECRUITING	Comparison of the Effectiveness of Paracetamol With Ibuprofen or Paracetamol With Metamizole in Treating Pain in Acute Pancreatitis in Children
NCT07583342	PHASE4	ENROLLING_BY_INVITATION	Evaluating RELiZORB Use for the Treatment of Feeding Intolerance in Adults With Moderate to Severe Acute Pancreatitis
NCT07609771	PHASE4	NOT_YET_RECRUITING	Heparin to Prevent Organ Failure in Acute Pancreatitis
NCT00560157	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Nutritional and Metabolic Evaluation of a Tube Feeding Immune Enhancing Diet in ICU Patients
NCT01017107	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Activated Protein C in Severe Acute Pancreatitis
NCT01376817	PHASE4	UNKNOWN	Comparative Study About the Impact of Two Oil Emulsions Administered Intravenously on Severe Acute Pancreatitis
NCT01507766	PHASE4	COMPLETED	The Correlations Between Early Enteral Nutrition and Intra-abdominal Pressure in Severe Acute Pancreatitis
NCT01965873	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Enteral Nutrition in Acute Pancreatitis
NCT02111707	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Timing of Indomethacin Administration for the Prevention of Post-ERCP Pancreatitis (PEP)
NCT02885441	PHASE4	TERMINATED	Treatment of Acute Pancreatitis With Ketorolac
NCT02897206	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Imipenem Prophylaxis in Patients With Acute Pancreatitis
NCT02947932	PHASE4	UNKNOWN	Oral Resveratrol to Prevent Post-ERCP Pancreatitis
NCT02964403	PHASE4	UNKNOWN	COX-2 Inhibitor to Prevent Post-ERCP Pancreatitis
NCT03082469	PHASE4	UNKNOWN	Pancreatitis CytoSorbents (CytoSorb®) Inflammatory Cytokine Removal
NCT03342807	PHASE4	UNKNOWN	Intravenous Administration of Insulin and Plasma Exchange on Triglyceride Levels in Early Stage of Hypertriglyceridemia-induced Pancreatitis
NCT03501680	PHASE4	UNKNOWN	Intensive Insulin for Severe/Moderate Hypertriglyceridemia Pancreatitis.
NCT04282200	PHASE4	UNKNOWN	Ketorolac in Acute Pancreatitis
NCT04688645	PHASE4	UNKNOWN	Balanced Crystalloid Solutions for Acute Pancreatitis
NCT05487833	PHASE4	UNKNOWN	Insulin and Standard Management in Hypertriglyceridemic Acute Pancreatitis
NCT05781243	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Normal Saline Versus Lactated Ringer’s Solution for Acute Pancreatitis Resuscitation
NCT01060826	PHASE3	UNKNOWN	Efficacy of Administration of Somatostatin in the Prevention of Post-endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) Pancreatitis
NCT01128478	PHASE2/PHASE3	COMPLETED	MIld to MOderate Acute Pancreatitis: Early naSogastric Tube Feeding Compared With pAncreas Rest (MIMOSA)
NCT01977118	PHASE2/PHASE3	COMPLETED	Use of Streptokinase for Enhancement of Percutaneous Drainage of Pancreatic Necrosis
NCT02126332	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Epidural Analgesia for Pancreatitis (Epipan Study)
NCT02487225	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Pentoxifylline Treatment in Acute Pancreatitis (AP)
NCT02617199	PHASE2/PHASE3	UNKNOWN	Epidural Anesthesia in Acute Pancreatitis
NCT02692391	PHASE3	COMPLETED	A Randomized Controlled Pilot Trial of Indomethacin in Acute Pancreatitis
NCT04381169	PHASE3	TERMINATED	Aggressive Versus Non-aggressive Goal-directed Fluid Resuscitation in Acute Pancreatitis
NCT04743570	PHASE2/PHASE3	COMPLETED	Effects of Peripherally Acting µ-opioid Receptor Antagonists on Acute Pancreatitis
NCT04966559	PHASE2/PHASE3	UNKNOWN	Effects of a Peripherally Acting µ-opioid Receptor Antagonist on Recurrent Acute Pancreatitis
NCT05381428	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Prophylaxis of Post-ERCP Acute Pancreatitis
NCT03684278	PHASE2	RECRUITING	Randomised Treatment of Acute Pancreatitis With Infliximab: Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Multi-centre Trial (RAPID-I)
NCT04195347	PHASE1/PHASE2	RECRUITING	Study of CM4620 to Reduce the Severity of Pancreatitis Due to Asparaginase
NCT05160506	PHASE2	RECRUITING	Corticosteroids to Treat Pancreatitis
NCT05350371	PHASE1/PHASE2	RECRUITING	Safety and Tolerability of Pirfenidone in Acute Pancreatitis
NCT06080789	PHASE2	RECRUITING	A Study to Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of a Single Dose of RABI-767 in Participants With Acute Pancreatitis
NCT06147635	PHASE2	RECRUITING	Prophylactic Tributyrin Supplementation in Acute Pancreatitis
NCT06623513	PHASE2	NOT_YET_RECRUITING	Efficacy and Safety of Parecoxib vs. Indomethacin in Preventing Post-ERCP Pancreatitis
NCT06729996	PHASE2	RECRUITING	Pioglitazone Versus Empagliflozin for Chronic Pancreatitis/Recurrent Acute Pancreatitis Associated Diabetes Mellitus

Drugs tested across these trials (top 30)

Molecule	Max phase	Trials referencing
INDOMETHACIN	4	5
KETOROLAC	4	5
IMIPENEM ANHYDROUS	4	2
METHYLNALTREXONE	4	2
PARECOXIB	4	2
DABIGATRAN ETEXILATE MESYLATE	4	1
DROTRECOGIN ALFA (ACTIVATED)	4	1
GLUTAMINE	4	1
HEPARIN	4	1
INSULIN HUMAN	4	1
LACTIC ACID	4	1
MEROPENEM	4	1
NEFOPAM	4	1
NEOSTIGMINE METHYLSULFATE	4	1
PENTOXIFYLLINE	4	1
PIRFENIDONE	4	1
SECRETIN	4	1
STREPTOKINASE	4	1
SUFENTANIL	4	1
SULFALENE	4	1
TRAMADOL	4	1
BIFIDOBACTERIUM SPP.	3	1
D-LACTIC ACID	3	1
DEXTRAN	3	1
OMEGA-3 FATTY ACIDS	3	1
RESVERATROL	3	1
SOMATOSTATIN	3	1
DEXTRAN 1	2	1
ZEGOCRACTIN	2	1
CHEMBL4071896	0	1