Amyloidosis
diseaseOn this page
Also known as amyloidamyloid diseaseamyloidosesamyloidosis (disease)
Summary
Amyloidosis (MONDO:0019065) is a disease (an umbrella term covering 12 Mondo subtypes) with 5 cohort genes (1 GWAS associations across 4 studies) and 143 clinical trials. Top therapeutic interventions include acoramidis, inotersen, and bortezomib.
At a glance
- Prevalence: 1-9 / 100 000 (Korea, Republic of) [Orphanet-validated]
- Umbrella term: 12 Mondo subtypes
- Cohort genes: 5
- GWAS associations: 1
- ClinVar variants: 7
- Clinical trials: 143
Clinical features
Epidemiology
Prevalence records
1 prevalence record(s), Orphanet:
| Type | Class | Value | Geography | Validation |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Point prevalence | 1-9 / 100 000 | 1.91 | Korea, Republic of | Validated |
Identifiers
Disease identifiers
| Field | Value |
|---|---|
| Canonical name | amyloidosis |
| Mondo ID | MONDO:0019065 |
| EFO | EFO:1001875 |
| MeSH | D000686 |
| Orphanet | 69 |
| DOID | DOID:9120 |
| ICD-10-CM | E85 |
| ICD-11 | 2078467774 |
| NCIT | C2868 |
| SNOMED CT | 17602002 |
| UMLS | C0002726 |
| MedGen | 272 |
| GARD | 0018676 |
| MedDRA | 10002022 |
| Is cancer (heuristic) | no |
Also known as: amyloid · amyloid disease · amyloidoses · amyloidosis · amyloidosis (disease)
Data availability: 7 ClinVar variants · 1 GWAS association (4 studies) · 1 HPO phenotype.
Disease family
An umbrella term covering 12 Mondo subtypes.
Classification path: disease › human disease › disease by developmental or physiological process › metabolic disease › proteostasis deficiencies › amyloidosis
Related subtypes (3): synucleinopathy, TDP-43 proteinopathy, SQSTM1-related multisystem proteinopathy
Subtypes (12): primary cutaneous amyloidosis, wild type ATTR amyloidosis, ALECT2 amyloidosis, AApoAIV amyloidosis, ABeta2M amyloidosis, AH amyloidosis, hereditary amyloidosis, AL amyloidosis, AA amyloidosis, amyloidosis bronchopulmonary, soft tissue amyloid neoplasm, immunoglobulin heavy-and-light chain
Genetics & variants
GWAS landscape
1 GWAS associations across 4 studies. Top hits map to 1 distinct genes (as reported by GWAS).
Top associations by p-value
| rsID | p-value | Gene | Risk allele | Odds ratio |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| rs429358 | 3e-21 | APOE | ? | 2.02 |
Top studies (by case count)
| Study | Lead author | Year | Cases | Controls | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| GCST90473227 | UK Biobank Whole-Genome Sequencing Consortium | 2025 | 520 | 457,920 | Whole-genome sequencing of 490,640 UK Biobank participants. |
| GCST90481619 | Verma A | 2024 | 439 | 450,702 | Diversity and scale: Genetic architecture of 2068 traits in the VA Million Veteran Program. |
| GCST90435749 | Zhou W | 2018 | 108 | 408,230 | Efficiently controlling for case-control imbalance and sample relatedness in large-scale genetic association studies. |
| GCST90837527 | Koyama S | 2025 | 0 | 0 | Genetics and context for precision health in Greater Boston. |
Variant details and genetic-evidence tiers
Tier distribution (top 50 variants)
| Tier | Variants |
|---|---|
| Tier 1: coding | 1 |
| Tier 2: splice/UTR | 0 |
| Tier 3: regulatory | 0 |
| Tier 4: intronic/intergenic | 0 |
MAF distribution
| Bucket | Variants |
|---|---|
| common (>=0.05) | 1 |
| low_freq (0.01-0.05) | 0 |
| rare (<0.01) | 0 |
| unknown | 0 |
Functional consequences
| Consequence | Count |
|---|---|
| missense_variant | 1 |
Top variants
| rsID | Chr | Pos | Alleles | MAF | Consequence | Gene | p-value | Tier |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| rs429358 | 19 | 44908684 | T>C | 0.05 | missense_variant | APOE | 3e-21 | Tier 1: coding |
ClinVar germline variants
7 retrieved; paginated sample, class counts are floors:
2 conflicting classifications of pathogenicity, 1 pathogenic, 1 pathogenic/likely pathogenic, 1 benign/likely benign, 1 likely pathogenic, 1 uncertain significance
| ClinVar | Variant (HGVS) | Gene | Classification | Review |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1075407 | NM_000371.4(TTR):c.94C>G (p.Leu32Val) | TTR | Pathogenic | criteria provided, multiple submitters, no conflicts |
| 13426 | NM_000371.4(TTR):c.424G>A (p.Val142Ile) | TTR | Pathogenic/Likely pathogenic | criteria provided, multiple submitters, no conflicts |
| 3338365 | NM_000371.4(TTR):c.236C>T (p.Thr79Ile) | TTR | Likely pathogenic | criteria provided, multiple submitters, no conflicts |
| 568670 | NM_000719.7(CACNA1C):c.4336C>A (p.Pro1446Thr) | CACNA1C | Conflicting classifications of pathogenicity | criteria provided, conflicting classifications |
| 192133 | NM_001032283.3(TMPO):c.565+1696C>T | TMPO | Conflicting classifications of pathogenicity | criteria provided, conflicting classifications |
| 44939 | NM_004415.4(DSP):c.6577G>A (p.Glu2193Lys) | DSP | Uncertain significance | criteria provided, multiple submitters, no conflicts |
| 191531 | NM_005751.5(AKAP9):c.11273G>A (p.Arg3758His) | AKAP9 | Benign/Likely benign | criteria provided, multiple submitters, no conflicts |
Genes & proteins
Mendelian disease overlap and somatic drivers
GenCC: 0 · Orphanet: 23 · OMIM-shared: 0 · Dual-evidence (GWAS+Mendelian): 0
Orphanet rare-disease linkage (cohort genes)
| Gene | Orphanet ID | Rare disease |
|---|---|---|
| TMPO | Orphanet:154 | Familial isolated dilated cardiomyopathy |
| TTR | Orphanet:597939 | Euthyroid dysprealbuminemic hyperthyroxinemia |
| TTR | Orphanet:85447 | ATTRV30M amyloidosis |
| TTR | Orphanet:85451 | ATTRV122I amyloidosis |
| CACNA1C | Orphanet:101016 | Romano-Ward syndrome |
| CACNA1C | Orphanet:130 | Brugada syndrome |
| CACNA1C | Orphanet:528084 | Non-specific syndromic intellectual disability |
| CACNA1C | Orphanet:595098 | Timothy syndrome type 1 |
| CACNA1C | Orphanet:595105 | Timothy syndrome type 2 |
| CACNA1C | Orphanet:595109 | Atypical Timothy syndrome |
| DSP | Orphanet:154 | Familial isolated dilated cardiomyopathy |
| DSP | Orphanet:158687 | Lethal acantholytic erosive disorder |
| DSP | Orphanet:2032 | Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis |
| DSP | Orphanet:293165 | Skin fragility-woolly hair-palmoplantar keratoderma syndrome |
| DSP | Orphanet:293888 | Inherited isolated arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy, dominant-left variant |
| DSP | Orphanet:293899 | Inherited isolated arrhythmogenic ventricular dysplasia, biventricular variant |
| DSP | Orphanet:293910 | Inherited isolated arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy, dominant-right variant |
| DSP | Orphanet:369992 | Severe dermatitis-multiple allergies-metabolic wasting syndrome |
| DSP | Orphanet:476096 | Erythrokeratodermia-cardiomyopathy syndrome |
| DSP | Orphanet:50942 | Striate palmoplantar keratoderma |
| DSP | Orphanet:65282 | Carvajal syndrome |
| AKAP9 | Orphanet:101016 | Romano-Ward syndrome |
| AKAP9 | Orphanet:130 | Brugada syndrome |
Cohort genes → proteins
5 cohort genes, 5 distinct canonical proteins.
Evidence partition
| Subset | Genes |
|---|---|
| multi_evidence | 5 |
Cohort genes (full)
| Symbol | HGNC | Ensembl | UniProt | Name | Evidence |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| TMPO | HGNC:11875 | ENSG00000120802 | P42166 | Lamina-associated polypeptide 2, isoform alpha | clinvar |
| TTR | HGNC:12405 | ENSG00000118271 | P02766 | Transthyretin | clinvar |
| CACNA1C | HGNC:1390 | ENSG00000151067 | Q13936 | Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1C | clinvar |
| DSP | HGNC:3052 | ENSG00000096696 | P15924 | Desmoplakin | clinvar |
| AKAP9 | HGNC:379 | ENSG00000127914 | Q99996 | A-kinase anchor protein 9 | clinvar |
Cohort function summary
Lead sentence per gene, UniProt-curated.
| Symbol | Protein name | Function (lead sentence) |
|---|---|---|
| TMPO | Lamina-associated polypeptide 2, isoform alpha | May be involved in the structural organization of the nucleus and in the post-mitotic nuclear assembly. |
| TTR | Transthyretin | Thyroid hormone-binding protein. |
| CACNA1C | Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1C | Pore-forming, alpha-1C subunit of the voltage-gated calcium channel that gives rise to L-type calcium currents. |
| DSP | Desmoplakin | A component of desmosome cell-cell junctions which are required for positive regulation of cellular adhesion. |
| AKAP9 | A-kinase anchor protein 9 | Scaffolding protein that assembles several protein kinases and phosphatases on the centrosome and Golgi apparatus. |
Protein-family classification
Druggable: 1 · Difficult: 1 · Unknown: 3 · Druggable fraction: 0.2
Family distribution
Cohort families vs a genome-wide background (hypergeometric, BH-FDR; fold = observed/expected). Counts kept; sorted by enrichment, so the catch-all Other/Unknown bucket no longer leads.
| Family | Genes | Fold | FDR |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ion channel | 1 | 22.3× | 0.132 |
| Scaffold/PPI | 1 | 3.5× | 0.386 |
| Other/Unknown | 3 | 1.1× | 0.608 |
Per-gene assignment
| Symbol | Family | Druggable? | EC | InterPro (top 3) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| TMPO | Other/Unknown | no | LEM_dom, LEM/LEM-like_dom_sf, LEM-like_dom | |
| TTR | Other/Unknown | no | Transthyretin/HIU_hydrolase, Transthyretin/HIU_hydrolase_d, Thyroxine_BS | |
| CACNA1C | Ion channel | yes | VDCCAlpha1, VDCC_L_a1su, VDCC_L_a1csu | |
| DSP | Scaffold/PPI | no | Plectin_repeat, SH3_domain, Spectrin/alpha-actinin | |
| AKAP9 | Other/Unknown | no | ELK_dom, PACT_domain, AKAP9/Pericentrin |
Expression context
Cohort genes with no expression data: 0.
5 cohort genes are a single-cell marker in ≥1 SCXA experiment.
Breadth distribution (Bgee present_calls)
| Bucket | Genes |
|---|---|
| narrow (1-5 tissues) | 0 |
| moderate (6-20) | 0 |
| broad (>20) | 5 |
| unknown | 0 |
Top tissues across cohort
| Tissue | Cohort genes |
|---|---|
| embryo | 1 |
| ganglionic eminence | 1 |
| ventricular zone | 1 |
| choroid plexus epithelium | 1 |
| right lobe of liver | 1 |
| type B pancreatic cell | 1 |
| apex of heart | 1 |
| muscle layer of sigmoid colon | 1 |
| right coronary artery | 1 |
| hair follicle | 1 |
| skin of hip | 1 |
| upper leg skin | 1 |
| bronchial epithelial cell | 1 |
| cortical plate | 1 |
| jejunal mucosa | 1 |
Per-gene tissue summary (top 30)
| Symbol | Bgee breadth | FANTOM5 breadth | SCXA | Top tissues |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| TMPO | 287 | ubiquitous | marker | ventricular zone, ganglionic eminence, embryo |
| TTR | 185 | broad | marker | choroid plexus epithelium, type B pancreatic cell, right lobe of liver |
| CACNA1C | 134 | broad | marker | apex of heart, right coronary artery, muscle layer of sigmoid colon |
| DSP | 253 | ubiquitous | marker | skin of hip, upper leg skin, hair follicle |
| AKAP9 | 292 | ubiquitous | marker | jejunal mucosa, bronchial epithelial cell, cortical plate |
Protein interactions among cohort
Intra-cohort edges: 0.
Hub genes (top 10 by interactor count)
| Symbol | Interactor count |
|---|---|
| TTR | 4,528 |
| AKAP9 | 3,537 |
| CACNA1C | 3,145 |
| DSP | 2,897 |
| TMPO | 1,127 |
Structural data
PDB: 4 · AlphaFold-only: 1 · No structure: 0
Cohort genes with PDB structures (top 30)
| Symbol | UniProt | PDB entries |
|---|---|---|
| TTR | P02766 | 462 |
| CACNA1C | Q13936 | 33 |
| TMPO | P42166 | 14 |
| DSP | P15924 | 4 |
AlphaFold-only cohort genes (top 30 by pLDDT)
| Symbol | UniProt | pLDDT |
|---|---|---|
| AKAP9 | Q99996 |
Function
Pathway analysis
Distinct Reactome pathways touched by cohort: 62. Enrichment computed across 5 evidence-associated genes (5 with Reactome annotation).
Pathways by enrichment
Over-representation of cohort genes vs the genome-wide background (hypergeometric test, Benjamini-Hochberg FDR; fold = observed/expected over 5 annotated cohort genes). Counts and members are kept as ground-truth; sorted by enrichment.
| Pathway | Cohort genes | Fold | FDR | Sample cohort genes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Phase 2 - plateau phase | 2 | 304.5× | 1e-03 | CACNA1C, AKAP9 |
| Defective visual phototransduction due to STRA6 loss of function | 1 | 761.3× | 0.025 | TTR |
| Cardiac conduction | 2 | 43.5× | 0.025 | CACNA1C, AKAP9 |
| Muscle contraction | 2 | 30.9× | 0.025 | CACNA1C, AKAP9 |
| Phase 3 - rapid repolarisation | 1 | 228.4× | 0.050 | AKAP9 |
| Apoptotic cleavage of cell adhesion proteins | 1 | 207.6× | 0.050 | DSP |
| Depolymerization of the Nuclear Lamina | 1 | 152.3× | 0.058 | TMPO |
| Initiation of Nuclear Envelope (NE) Reformation | 1 | 120.2× | 0.059 | TMPO |
| The canonical retinoid cycle in rods (twilight vision) | 1 | 103.8× | 0.059 | TTR |
| Nuclear Envelope Breakdown | 1 | 91.4× | 0.059 | TMPO |
| Adrenaline,noradrenaline inhibits insulin secretion | 1 | 78.8× | 0.059 | CACNA1C |
| Phase 0 - rapid depolarisation | 1 | 69.2× | 0.059 | CACNA1C |
| NCAM signaling for neurite out-growth | 1 | 54.4× | 0.059 | CACNA1C |
| RND1 GTPase cycle | 1 | 53.1× | 0.059 | DSP |
| RHOF GTPase cycle | 1 | 51.9× | 0.059 | TMPO |
| RND3 GTPase cycle | 1 | 51.9× | 0.059 | DSP |
| Centrosome maturation | 1 | 50.8× | 0.059 | AKAP9 |
| NCAM1 interactions | 1 | 49.6× | 0.059 | CACNA1C |
| Oncogenic MAPK signaling | 1 | 49.6× | 0.059 | AKAP9 |
| Retinoid metabolism and transport | 1 | 49.6× | 0.059 | TTR |
| Neutrophil degranulation | 2 | 9.2× | 0.059 | TTR, DSP |
| Regulation of insulin secretion | 1 | 43.9× | 0.064 | CACNA1C |
| RHOD GTPase cycle | 1 | 40.8× | 0.064 | TMPO |
| RHOJ GTPase cycle | 1 | 40.1× | 0.064 | TMPO |
| Integration of energy metabolism | 1 | 35.1× | 0.065 | CACNA1C |
| Signaling by BRAF and RAF1 fusions | 1 | 34.1× | 0.065 | AKAP9 |
| Loss of Nlp from mitotic centrosomes | 1 | 31.7× | 0.065 | AKAP9 |
| Loss of proteins required for interphase microtubule organization from the centrosome | 1 | 31.7× | 0.065 | AKAP9 |
| Non-integrin membrane-ECM interactions | 1 | 30.9× | 0.065 | TTR |
| AURKA Activation by TPX2 | 1 | 30.4× | 0.065 | AKAP9 |
GO biological processes by enrichment
Over-representation of cohort genes vs the genome-wide background (hypergeometric test, Benjamini-Hochberg FDR; fold = observed/expected over 4 annotated cohort genes). Counts and members are kept as ground-truth; sorted by enrichment.
| GO term | Cohort genes | Fold | FDR | Sample cohort genes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| regulation of heart rate by cardiac conduction | 3 | 280.9× | 4e-06 | CACNA1C, DSP, AKAP9 |
| regulation of ventricular cardiac muscle cell action potential | 2 | 702.2× | 7e-05 | CACNA1C, DSP |
| calcium ion transmembrane transport via high voltage-gated calcium channel | 1 | 1404.3× | 0.006 | CACNA1C |
| membrane depolarization during atrial cardiac muscle cell action potential | 1 | 1404.3× | 0.006 | CACNA1C |
| immune system development | 1 | 1053.2× | 0.006 | CACNA1C |
| negative regulation of glomerular filtration | 1 | 1053.2× | 0.006 | TTR |
| positive regulation of adenylate cyclase activity | 1 | 842.6× | 0.006 | CACNA1C |
| membrane depolarization during AV node cell action potential | 1 | 842.6× | 0.006 | CACNA1C |
| maintenance of centrosome location | 1 | 702.2× | 0.006 | AKAP9 |
| ventricular compact myocardium morphogenesis | 1 | 601.9× | 0.006 | DSP |
| purine nucleobase metabolic process | 1 | 601.9× | 0.006 | TTR |
| positive regulation of muscle contraction | 1 | 601.9× | 0.006 | CACNA1C |
| bundle of His cell-Purkinje myocyte adhesion involved in cell communication | 1 | 601.9× | 0.006 | DSP |
| desmosome organization | 1 | 526.6× | 0.007 | DSP |
| regulation of cardiac muscle cell action potential involved in regulation of contraction | 1 | 468.1× | 0.007 | AKAP9 |
| protein localization to cell-cell junction | 1 | 468.1× | 0.007 | DSP |
| cardiac conduction | 1 | 421.3× | 0.007 | CACNA1C |
| peptide cross-linking | 1 | 351.1× | 0.007 | DSP |
| membrane depolarization during cardiac muscle cell action potential | 1 | 351.1× | 0.007 | CACNA1C |
| cell communication by electrical coupling involved in cardiac conduction | 1 | 351.1× | 0.007 | CACNA1C |
| phototransduction, visible light | 1 | 324.1× | 0.007 | TTR |
| regulation of membrane repolarization | 1 | 324.1× | 0.007 | AKAP9 |
| calcium ion transport into cytosol | 1 | 300.9× | 0.007 | CACNA1C |
| epithelial cell-cell adhesion | 1 | 300.9× | 0.007 | DSP |
| regulation of Golgi organization | 1 | 280.9× | 0.007 | AKAP9 |
| protein-containing complex localization | 1 | 247.8× | 0.008 | AKAP9 |
| intermediate filament cytoskeleton organization | 1 | 234.1× | 0.008 | DSP |
| regulation of ventricular cardiac muscle cell membrane repolarization | 1 | 210.7× | 0.008 | AKAP9 |
| cardiac muscle cell action potential involved in contraction | 1 | 175.5× | 0.010 | CACNA1C |
| regulation of cardiac muscle contraction by regulation of the release of sequestered calcium ion | 1 | 168.5× | 0.010 | CACNA1C |
Therapeutics
Drugs indicated for this disease
2 approved, 6 in late-stage (phase 3) trials. Disease-direct ChEMBL indications, not inferred from the associated-gene cohort below.
| Drug | Development status |
|---|---|
| Patisiran Sodium | Approved (phase 4) |
| Tafamidis | Approved (phase 4) |
| Bortezomib | Phase 3 (in late-stage trials) |
| Daratumumab | Phase 3 (in late-stage trials) |
| Dexamethasone | Phase 3 (in late-stage trials) |
| Inotersen | Phase 3 (in late-stage trials) |
| Lenalidomide | Phase 3 (in late-stage trials) |
| Patisiran | Phase 3 (in late-stage trials) |
Earlier-phase candidates (phase 2, investigational — efficacy not yet established): Birtamimab, Ibrutinib, Idelalisib, Pomalidomide, Venetoclax.
Drug target analysis
Approved (phase 4): 2 · Phase ≥3: 2 · Phased (≥1): 2 · Undrugged: 3
Druggability breadth: 4 of 5 evidence-associated genes (80%) have a ChEMBL target (buckets above are over the deeply-mined display cohort).
Genes with an approved drug
The molecule shown is one approved compound that hits the gene — not necessarily a drug of choice or one indicated for this disease.
| Symbol | Example approved molecule |
|---|---|
| TTR | TRICLABENDAZOLE |
| CACNA1C | REMIFENTANIL |
Top cohort targets by molecule count
| Symbol | Molecules | Max phase |
|---|---|---|
| CACNA1C | 85 | 4 |
| TTR | 29 | 4 |
| TMPO | 0 | 0 |
| DSP | 0 | 0 |
| AKAP9 | 0 | 0 |
Drugs targeting cohort genes (top 30)
| Molecule | Max phase | Targets in cohort |
|---|---|---|
| TRICLABENDAZOLE | 4 | TTR |
| AMLEXANOX | 4 | TTR |
| TOLCAPONE | 4 | TTR |
| DICLOFENAC | 4 | TTR |
| LEVOTHYROXINE | 4 | TTR |
| TAFAMIDIS | 4 | TTR |
| BENZIODARONE | 4 | TTR |
| BITHIONOL | 4 | TTR |
| BENZBROMARONE | 4 | TTR |
| ACORAMIDIS | 4 | TTR |
| GEMFIBROZIL | 4 | TTR |
| MECLOFENAMIC ACID | 4 | TTR |
| DASATINIB | 4 | CACNA1C, TTR |
| DEXTROTHYROXINE | 4 | TTR |
| TRICLOSAN | 4 | TTR |
| DIFLUNISAL | 4 | TTR |
| REMIFENTANIL | 4 | CACNA1C |
| BEPRIDIL | 4 | CACNA1C |
| CLOTRIMAZOLE | 4 | CACNA1C |
| PROPIVERINE | 4 | CACNA1C |
| DIBUCAINE | 4 | CACNA1C |
| IMIPRAMINE | 4 | CACNA1C |
| DULOXETINE | 4 | CACNA1C |
| QUINIDINE | 4 | CACNA1C |
| ESTRADIOL | 4 | CACNA1C |
| TOLTERODINE | 4 | CACNA1C |
| PIMOZIDE | 4 | CACNA1C |
| NIMODIPINE | 4 | CACNA1C |
| NICARDIPINE | 4 | CACNA1C |
| AMLODIPINE | 4 | CACNA1C |
Bioactivity and enzyme data
Enzyme cohort genes (≥1 EC): 0.
Cohort genes with ChEMBL bioactivity (full, sorted by assay count)
| Symbol | Assays | Type breakdown |
|---|---|---|
| CACNA1C | 575 | Binding:319, Functional:211, Toxicity:26, ADMET:19 |
| TTR | 423 | Binding:391, Functional:32 |
| TMPO | 7 | Binding:7 |
| DSP | 2 | Binding:2 |
Cohort genes with high screening signal
≥100 ChEMBL assays — a studied-ness signal; see Therapeutics for approved-drug status.
| Symbol | ChEMBL assays |
|---|---|
| TTR | 423 |
| CACNA1C | 575 |
Pharmacogenomics
Cohort genes with a PharmGKB record: 5; with CPIC/DPWG dosing guidelines: 0.
No cohort gene has a CPIC/DPWG genotype-guided dosing guideline (PharmGKB).
Chemical tractability of cohort targets
28 approved/phased compounds have measured bioactivity against a cohort gene (and aren’t yet in disease-level trials). This is a research / tractability signal, NOT a therapeutic recommendation — a bioactivity row often reflects off-target or screening binding (e.g. promiscuous kinase inhibitors against a cohort kinase), implying no disease mechanism.
| Compound | Max phase | Cohort target (bioactivity) |
|---|---|---|
| TRICLABENDAZOLE | 4 | TTR |
| AMLEXANOX | 4 | TTR |
| TOLCAPONE | 4 | TTR |
| DICLOFENAC | 4 | TTR |
| LEVOTHYROXINE | 4 | TTR |
| TAFAMIDIS | 4 | TTR |
| BENZIODARONE | 4 | TTR |
| BITHIONOL | 4 | TTR |
| BENZBROMARONE | 4 | TTR |
| GEMFIBROZIL | 4 | TTR |
| MECLOFENAMIC ACID | 4 | TTR |
| DASATINIB | 4 | CACNA1C, TTR |
| DEXTROTHYROXINE | 4 | TTR |
| TRICLOSAN | 4 | TTR |
| REMIFENTANIL | 4 | CACNA1C |
| BEPRIDIL | 4 | CACNA1C |
| CLOTRIMAZOLE | 4 | CACNA1C |
| PROPIVERINE | 4 | CACNA1C |
| DIBUCAINE | 4 | CACNA1C |
| IMIPRAMINE | 4 | CACNA1C |
| DULOXETINE | 4 | CACNA1C |
| QUINIDINE | 4 | CACNA1C |
| ESTRADIOL | 4 | CACNA1C |
| TOLTERODINE | 4 | CACNA1C |
| PIMOZIDE | 4 | CACNA1C |
| NIMODIPINE | 4 | CACNA1C |
| NICARDIPINE | 4 | CACNA1C |
| AMLODIPINE | 4 | CACNA1C |
Druggability pyramid
Cohort genes binned by druggability tier (high → low):
| Tier | Definition | Genes | Symbols |
|---|---|---|---|
| A | Approved (phase 4 drug) | 2 | TTR, CACNA1C |
| B | Phased (≥1) drug, not yet approved | 0 | |
| C | Druggable family + PDB, no drug | 0 | |
| D | Druggable family + AlphaFold only, no drug | 0 | |
| E | Difficult family or no structure, no drug | 3 | TMPO, DSP, AKAP9 |
Undrugged target profiles
3 cohort genes are undrugged. Ranked by ‘starting-point quality’ (assay depth + drugged-partner adjacency).
| Symbol | ChEMBL assays | Drugged partners (top 3) |
|---|---|---|
| TMPO | 7 | — |
| DSP | 2 | — |
| AKAP9 | 0 | — |
Clinical trials & evidence
Clinical trials
Clinical trials: 143.
Phase distribution (across all retrieved trials)
| Phase | Trials |
|---|---|
| Not specified | 80 |
| PHASE2 | 26 |
| PHASE1 | 13 |
| PHASE3 | 10 |
| PHASE1/PHASE2 | 10 |
| EARLY_PHASE1 | 3 |
| PHASE2/PHASE3 | 1 |
Top trials by phase / activity
| NCT | Phase | Status | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| NCT06563895 | PHASE3 | RECRUITING | Acoramidis Transthyretin Amyloidosis Prevention Trial in the Young (ACT-EARLY) Study in Asymptomatic Carriers of a Pathogenic TTR Variant |
| NCT06672237 | PHASE3 | RECRUITING | A Phase 3 Study of NTLA-2001 in ATTRv-PN |
| NCT07116473 | PHASE3 | NOT_YET_RECRUITING | To Evaluate the Long-term Safety and Tolerability of Acoramidis in Participants With Newly Diagnosed ATTR-CM (ACT-EARLY OLE) |
| NCT07388602 | PHASE3 | RECRUITING | A Study to Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of SCTC21C in Combination With Bortezomib, Cyclophosphamide, and Dexamethasone in Patients With Newly Diagnosed Systemic Light-Chain Amyloidosis (NDSLCA) |
| NCT01215747 | PHASE3 | COMPLETED | Efficacy and Safety Study of KIACTA in Preventing Renal Function Decline in AA Amyloidosis |
| NCT01737398 | PHASE2/PHASE3 | COMPLETED | Efficacy and Safety of Inotersen in Familial Amyloid Polyneuropathy |
| NCT01998503 | PHASE3 | COMPLETED | Bortezomib and Dexamethasone Followed by ASCT Compared With ASCT Alone in Treating Patients With AL Amyloidosis |
| NCT02175004 | PHASE3 | COMPLETED | Extension Study Assessing Long Term Safety and Efficacy of IONIS-TTR Rx in Familial Amyloid Polyneuropathy (FAP) |
| NCT02510261 | PHASE3 | COMPLETED | The Study of an Investigational Drug, Patisiran (ALN-TTR02), for the Treatment of Transthyretin (TTR)-Mediated Amyloidosis in Participants Who Have Already Been Treated With ALN-TTR02 (Patisiran) |
| NCT03201965 | PHASE3 | COMPLETED | A Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Daratumumab in Combination With Cyclophosphamide, Bortezomib and Dexamethasone (CyBorD) Compared to CyBorD Alone in Newly Diagnosed Systemic Amyloid Light-chain (AL) Amyloidosis |
| NCT03860935 | PHASE3 | COMPLETED | Efficacy and Safety of AG10 in Subjects With Transthyretin Amyloid Cardiomyopathy |
| NCT04270175 | PHASE2 | ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING | Daratumumab, Pomalidomide, and Dexamethasone (DPd) in Relapsed/Refractory Light Chain Amyloidosis Patients Previously Exposed to Daratumumab |
| NCT04991103 | PHASE2 | RECRUITING | Minimal Residual Disease Response-adapted Deferral of Transplant in Dysproteinemia (MILESTONE) |
| NCT05145816 | PHASE1/PHASE2 | RECRUITING | Phase 1/2a Study of Belantamab Mafodotin in Relapsed or Refractory AL Amyloidosis |
| NCT05250973 | PHASE2 | ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING | A Study of Daratumumab-Based Therapies in Participants With Amyloid Light Chain (AL) Amyloidosis |
| NCT05758493 | PHASE2 | RECRUITING | Characterizing Iodine-124 Evuzumitide (AT-01) in Systemic Amyloidosis |
| NCT07081646 | PHASE1/PHASE2 | RECRUITING | A Phase 1b/2 Study of CAR T Cell Therapy Targeting CD19 and BCMA in Participants With Relapsed or Refractory AL Amyloidosis. |
| NCT07224672 | PHASE2 | NOT_YET_RECRUITING | A Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Belantamab Mafodotin in Combination With Cyclophosphamide, Bortezomib, and Dexamethasone in Adult Participants With Newly Diagnosed Amyloid Light Chain (AL) Amyloidosis |
| NCT07285044 | PHASE2 | RECRUITING | The Cancer Connected Access and Remote Expertise Beyond Walls Program to Provide In-Home Cancer Treatment and Improve Treatment Satisfaction in Cancer Patients Living in the Florida Panhandle and Surrounding Areas |
| NCT07589595 | PHASE2 | NOT_YET_RECRUITING | A Study of Donanemab (LY3002813) in Participants With Early Cognitive Decline (TRAILBLAZER-ALZ 7) |
| NCT00017680 | PHASE2 | COMPLETED | Study of High-Dose Melphalan and Autologous Stem Cell Transplantation in Patients With Primary Light Chain Amyloidosis |
| NCT00166413 | PHASE2 | COMPLETED | Efficacy of CC-5013 (Revlimid or Lenalidomide) in Patients With Primary Systemic Amyloidosis |
| NCT00186407 | PHASE2 | COMPLETED | Autologous Stem Cell Rescue for Primary Amyloidosis |
| NCT00298766 | PHASE1/PHASE2 | COMPLETED | Open-Label Phase 1/2 Study of VELCADE for Injection in Patients With Light-chain (AL)-Amyloidosis |
| NCT00607581 | PHASE2 | COMPLETED | Cyclophosphamide, Lenalidomide and Dexamethasone (CLD) for Previously Treated Patients With AL Amyloidosis |
| NCT00621400 | PHASE1/PHASE2 | COMPLETED | Lenalidomide in Combination With Melphalan and Dexamethasone in Newly-diagnosed Light-chain (AL)-Amyloidosis |
| NCT00981708 | PHASE1/PHASE2 | COMPLETED | Lenalidomide, Dexamethasone and Cyclophosphamide in Amyloidosis (AL) |
| NCT01083316 | PHASE2 | COMPLETED | Bortezomib and Dexamethasone Followed by High-Dose Melphalan and Stem Cell Transplantation for Primary (AL) Amyloidosis |
| NCT01527032 | PHASE2 | COMPLETED | Risk-adapted Therapy for Primary Systemic (AL) Amyloidosis |
| NCT01677286 | PHASE2 | COMPLETED | Safety and Effect of Doxycycline in Patients With Amyloidosis |
| NCT01864018 | PHASE1/PHASE2 | COMPLETED | Ixazomib With Cyclophosphamide and Dexamethasone in Patients With Previously Untreated Symptomatic Multiple Myeloma or Light Chain Amyloidosis |
| NCT02545907 | PHASE1/PHASE2 | COMPLETED | A Dose Escalation Study of Carfilzomib Taken With Thalidomide and Dexamethasone in Relapsed AL Amyloidosis |
| NCT02590588 | PHASE2 | TERMINATED | Idelalisib for Immunoglobulin M (IgM)-Associated Primary (AL) Amyloidosis |
| NCT02627820 | PHASE2 | WITHDRAWN | The Effect of an Antisense Oligonucleotide to Lower Transthyretin (TTR) Levels on the Progression of -Wild-type TTR Involving the Heart |
| NCT02791373 | PHASE2 | COMPLETED | Vinorelbine and Gemcitabine in Myeloma |
| NCT02816476 | PHASE2 | COMPLETED | Daratumumab Therapy for Patients With Refractory or Relapsed AL Amyloidosis |
| NCT02924272 | PHASE2 | COMPLETED | Ixazomib Rollover Study |
| NCT03019029 | PHASE1/PHASE2 | COMPLETED | Diagnostic Utility of F-18 Florbetapir PET/MR in Peripheral Nerve Amyloidosis |
| NCT03044353 | PHASE2 | TERMINATED | Multiple Treatment Session Study to Assess GSK2398852 Administered Following and Along With GSK2315698 |
| NCT03130348 | PHASE2 | WITHDRAWN | Ibrutinib With or Without Bortezomib and Dexamethasone in Treating Patients With Relapsed or Refractory Immunoglobulin Light Chain Amyloidosis |
Drugs tested across these trials (top 30)
| Molecule | Max phase | Trials referencing |
|---|---|---|
| ACORAMIDIS | 4 | 4 |
| INOTERSEN | 4 | 4 |
| BORTEZOMIB | 4 | 3 |
| DIFLUNISAL | 4 | 3 |
| BELANTAMAB MAFODOTIN | 4 | 2 |
| DARATUMUMAB | 4 | 2 |
| BENDAMUSTINE HYDROCHLORIDE | 4 | 1 |
| CARFILZOMIB | 4 | 1 |
| DONANEMAB | 4 | 1 |
| FILGRASTIM | 4 | 1 |
| IDELALISIB | 4 | 1 |
| ISATUXIMAB | 4 | 1 |
| IXAZOMIB CITRATE | 4 | 1 |
| MELPHALAN | 4 | 1 |
| BIRTAMIMAB | 3 | 1 |
| IXAZOMIB | 3 | 1 |
| PATISIRAN | 3 | 1 |
| MIRIDESAP | 2 | 6 |
| IODINE I124 EVUZAMITIDE | 2 | 2 |
| ANTILYMPHOCYTE IMMUNOGLOBULIN (HORSE) | 2 | 1 |
| APG-2575 | 2 | 1 |
| DEZAMIZUMAB | 2 | 1 |
| NEXIGURAN | 2 | 1 |
| ZICLUMERAN | 2 | 1 |
| GSK-294 | 1 | 2 |
| CHEMBL1813256 | 0 | 1 |
| CHEMBL5204484 | 0 | 1 |
| CHEMBL4095008 | 0 | 1 |
| CHEMBL3970001 | 0 | 1 |
| CHEMBL454299 | 0 | 1 |
Related Atlas pages
- Cohort genes: TMPO, TTR, CACNA1C, DSP, AKAP9
- Drugs: Acoramidis, Inotersen, Bortezomib, Diflunisal, Belantamab Mafodotin, Daratumumab, Bendamustine, Carfilzomib, Donanemab, Filgrastim, Idelalisib, Isatuximab, Ixazomib, Melphalan, Birtamimab, Ixazomib, Patisiran