Apnea of prematurity
diseaseOn this page
Summary
Apnea of prematurity (MONDO:0020567) is a disease and 51 clinical trials. Top therapeutic interventions include caffeine, theophylline anhydrous, and doxapram. A subtype of infantile apnea — broader associated-gene and molecular evidence is on the parent page (see Disease family below).
At a glance
- Prevalence: 1-9 / 100 000 (Europe) [Orphanet-validated]
- Phenotypes (HPO): 5
- Clinical trials: 51
Clinical features
Epidemiology
Prevalence records
1 prevalence record(s), Orphanet:
| Type | Class | Value | Geography | Validation |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Point prevalence | 1-9 / 100 000 | 8.5 | Europe | Validated |
Signs & symptoms
Clinical features (HPO)
5 HPO clinical features (Orphanet curated; top 5 by frequency):
| HPO ID | Term | Frequency |
|---|---|---|
| HP:0002104 | Apnea | Very frequent (80-99%) |
| HP:0000961 | Cyanosis | Frequent (30-79%) |
| HP:0001662 | Bradycardia | Frequent (30-79%) |
| HP:0012418 | Hypoxemia | Frequent (30-79%) |
| HP:0001531 | Failure to thrive in infancy | Occasional (5-29%) |
Identifiers
Disease identifiers
| Field | Value |
|---|---|
| Canonical name | apnea of prematurity |
| Mondo ID | MONDO:0020567 |
| Orphanet | 99981 |
| ICD-11 | 894774581 |
| NCIT | C98823 |
| SNOMED CT | 276544005 |
| UMLS | C0475715 |
| MedGen | 473179 |
| GARD | 0019722 |
| Is cancer (heuristic) | no |
Disease family
This is a subtype of infantile apnea. Genetic, therapeutic, and trial evidence is largely curated at the broader-term level — see the parent page for the associated-gene cohort and molecular evidence.
Classification path: disease › human disease › disease by body system or component › respiratory system disorder › infantile apnea › apnea of prematurity
Genetics & variants
GWAS landscape
No GWAS associations recorded — common-variant (GWAS) studies don’t cover this disease (typical for Mendelian / rare diseases). See the curated gene cohort and Mendelian overlap below.
Variant details and genetic-evidence tiers
No tiered GWAS variants or ClinVar records for this disease.
Genes & proteins
No associated-gene cohort resolved for this disease. Atlas builds the molecular and therapeutic sections — associated genes, protein families, druggability, pathways, interactions, and drug associations — by aggregating over a disease’s associated genes (resolved via GWAS / GenCC / ClinVar / CIViC), and none resolved here. This is expected for antibody-mediated, autoimmune, or otherwise non-gene-defined conditions; the curated evidence for this disease is its clinical features, GWAS susceptibility, and clinical trials (above).
Function
No pathway enrichment — requires an associated-gene cohort.
Therapeutics
No druggable-target or therapeutic data for this disease’s cohort.
Clinical trials & evidence
Clinical trials
Clinical trials: 51.
Phase distribution (across all retrieved trials)
| Phase | Trials |
|---|---|
| Not specified | 33 |
| PHASE4 | 5 |
| PHASE3 | 5 |
| PHASE1 | 4 |
| PHASE2/PHASE3 | 2 |
| PHASE2 | 2 |
Top trials by phase / activity
| NCT | Phase | Status | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| NCT06401083 | PHASE4 | RECRUITING | The Effect of an Additional Pre-extubational Loading Dose of Caffeine-citrate |
| NCT06518603 | PHASE4 | NOT_YET_RECRUITING | Caffeine Citrate in Preterm Infants at Risk of Apnea in Zambia |
| NCT00809055 | PHASE4 | COMPLETED | MRI and Neurodevelopment in Preterm Infants Following Administration of High-Dose Caffeine |
| NCT03086473 | PHASE4 | UNKNOWN | Early Caffeine in Preterm Neonates |
| NCT04868565 | PHASE4 | COMPLETED | Target Weaning Oxygen to Determine Cafffeine Duration for AOP |
| NCT04430790 | PHASE3 | RECRUITING | Doxapram Therapy in Preterm Infants (DOXA Trial) |
| NCT00182312 | PHASE3 | COMPLETED | Caffeine for Apnea of Prematurity (CAP) |
| NCT01020357 | PHASE3 | COMPLETED | Caffeine for Apnea of Prematurity-Sleep (CAP-S) Study |
| NCT01066728 | PHASE2/PHASE3 | COMPLETED | CO2 Inhalation as a New Treatment Modality for Apnea of Prematurity |
| NCT01408173 | PHASE3 | COMPLETED | Clinical Study of Caffeine for Apnea of Prematurity |
| NCT01911182 | PHASE2/PHASE3 | TERMINATED | Inhalation of Low Concentration of CO2 in Preterm Infants Not Responding to Caffeine for the Treatment of Apnea |
| NCT03340727 | PHASE3 | TERMINATED | Moderately Preterm Infants With Caffeine at Home for Apnea (MoCHA) Trial |
| NCT06327152 | PHASE2 | ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING | Caffeine Use in the Management of Preterm Infants |
| NCT00308789 | PHASE2 | TERMINATED | A Trial of Infant Flow Biphasic Nasal Continuous Airway Pressure (NCPAP) Versus Infant Flow NCPAP for the Facilitation of Extubation in Infants </= 1250 Grams |
| NCT06905496 | PHASE1 | ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING | Apnea of Prematurity Results in Respiratory Distress and Cyanosis. Caffeine Citrate Can Treat It. |
| NCT07570121 | PHASE1 | NOT_YET_RECRUITING | Pharmacokinetics and Placental Transfer of Caffeine |
| NCT00296231 | PHASE1 | COMPLETED | Nasal High Frequency Ventilation in Preterm Infants: A Pilot Study |
| NCT04144712 | PHASE1 | UNKNOWN | Caffeine as Respiratory Stimulant in Preterm Infants |
| NCT05196646 | Not specified | ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING | Detection of CardioRespiratory Events Using Acoustic Monitoring in Preterm Infants on CPAP |
| NCT05298748 | Not specified | RECRUITING | The Effect of Womb Recordings on Maturation of Respiratory Control in Preterm Infants |
| NCT06292299 | Not specified | RECRUITING | The PARS Study: Paediatric Advanced Respiratory Service Study - An Observational Diagnostic Feasibility Study |
| NCT06374147 | Not specified | RECRUITING | Prapela® SVS Incubator Pad for Apnea of Prematurity |
| NCT06972849 | Not specified | NOT_YET_RECRUITING | Caffeine Citrate to Improve Neonatal Outcomes. |
| NCT07274969 | Not specified | NOT_YET_RECRUITING | The Effect of Caffeine Therapy in Cardiovascular Stability in Preterm Neonates at Assiut University Children Hospital NICU |
| NCT07324941 | Not specified | RECRUITING | The Role of Electroencephalography in Caffeine Discontinuation Timing in Premature Infants |
| NCT07396103 | Not specified | RECRUITING | Efficacy of PIMUN by Reducing Intermittent Hypoxia Events |
| NCT07552025 | Not specified | NOT_YET_RECRUITING | Detection of Respiratory Events Using Acoustic Monitoring in Extremely Preterm Infants |
| NCT00161694 | Not specified | TERMINATED | Use of Sucrose to Relieve Pain During Eye Exams in Infants |
| NCT00482040 | Not specified | TERMINATED | Randomized Trial Investigating Four Nasal CPAP Systems in the Management of Apnea of Prematurity |
| NCT01643057 | Not specified | COMPLETED | Stochastic Resonance Mattress (Physiological Interventions) and Biomarkers for Enhancing Neonatal Health |
| NCT02293824 | Not specified | COMPLETED | Effect of Feedings on Caffeine in Premature Infants |
| NCT02346864 | Not specified | COMPLETED | Effect of Three-Stair-Position on Improvement of Apnea of Prematurity |
| NCT02524249 | Not specified | TERMINATED | Early Versus Late Caffeine for ELBW Newborns |
| NCT02641249 | Not specified | COMPLETED | Non-invasive Intervention for Apnea of Prematurity |
| NCT02743988 | Not specified | UNKNOWN | Influence of Oxygen Target Range on Intermittent Hypoxemia in Preterm Infants |
| NCT02860325 | Not specified | COMPLETED | NIV-NAVA Versus Nasal Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (nCPAP) or Non Synchronized NIPPV |
| NCT03084432 | Not specified | COMPLETED | Effect of Caffeine on Preterm Infants’ Bone Mineral Content |
| NCT03292562 | Not specified | COMPLETED | A Comparison of Methods of Discontinuing Nasal CPAP in Premature Infants <30 Weeks Gestation |
| NCT03298035 | Not specified | COMPLETED | A Comparison of Non-invasive Ventilation Methods Used to Prevent Endotracheal Intubation Due to Apnea in Very Low Birth Weight Infants |
| NCT03298347 | Not specified | UNKNOWN | Caffeine for Preterm Infants With Apnea of Prematurity(AOP) |
Drugs tested across these trials (top 30)
| Molecule | Max phase | Trials referencing |
|---|---|---|
| CAFFEINE | 4 | 16 |
| THEOPHYLLINE ANHYDROUS | 4 | 3 |
| DOXAPRAM | 4 | 1 |
| PARAXANTHINE | 0 | 1 |
Related Atlas pages
- Drugs: Caffeine, Theophylline, Doxapram