Appendicitis

Summary

Appendicitis (MONDO:0005649) is a disease with 2 cohort genes (37 GWAS associations across 43 studies) and 325 clinical trials. Top therapeutic interventions include clavulanic acid, cefuroxime, and ertapenem.

At a glance

• Cohort genes: 2
• GWAS associations: 37
• ClinVar variants: 6
• Clinical trials: 325

Clinical features

No curated clinical features (Orphanet) for this disease.

Identifiers

Disease identifiers

Field	Value
Canonical name	appendicitis
Mondo ID	MONDO:0005649
EFO	EFO:0007149
MeSH	D001064
DOID	DOID:8337
ICD-11	1881255733
NCIT	C35145
SNOMED CT	74400008
UMLS	C0003615
MedGen	1630
Is cancer (heuristic)	no

Also known as: acute appendicitis · acute appendicitis with generalised peritonitis · acute appendicitis with generalized peritonitis · acute appendicitis with peritoneal abscess · inflammation of vermiform appendix · vermiform appendix inflammation

Data availability: 6 ClinVar variants · 37 GWAS associations (43 studies).

Disease family

Classification path: disease › human disease › disease by body system or component › digestive system disorder › intestinal disorder › large intestine disorder › colonic disorder › cecal disorder › appendicitis

Related subtypes (1): cecal neoplasm

Genetics & variants

GWAS landscape

37 GWAS associations across 43 studies. Top hits map to 17 distinct genes (as reported by GWAS).

Top associations by p-value

rsID	p-value	Gene	Risk allele	Odds ratio
rs6533530	5e-58	LINC01438 - MIR297	C	0.14
rs2129979	2e-23	LINC01438 - MIR297	G	1.12
rs7697491	3e-21	LINC01438 - MIR297	A	0.21
rs6533531	1e-20	LINC01438 - MIR297	G	0.22
rs560213663	4e-13	MCF2L	C	3.4
rs143187016	2e-12	MND1 - TMEM131L	A	3
rs564566215	8e-12	CCDC74BP1 - SMPD4P1	A	3.01
rs1204911573	3e-11	FFAR2 - KRTDAP	C	2.07
rs142692122	3e-08	NPHP1	A	7
rs9953918	4e-08	NEDD4L	?	0.99
rs11088767	4e-08	LINC01683	?
rs4342907	2e-07	MRPL35P2 - RPL7AP50	?	0.34
rs7895356	2e-07	LINC02663 - LINC02670	?	0.26
rs76092881	2e-07	USP34	?
rs1968	4e-07	EXD3	?	0.28
rs9518817	2e-06	TET1P1 - LINC00373	?	0.36
rs34489323	2e-06	NAV3	?	0.38
rs10190752	3e-06	LINC00299	?	0.47
rs7924856	3e-06	GRIK4	?	0.42
rs197355	4e-06	ANLN	?	2.71
rs6697807	5e-06	CREG1 - RCSD1	?	3.61
rs11087475	5e-06	TMC2	?	2.52
rs4852113	6e-06	LINC02991 - NDUFA10	?	0.42
rs12434822	7e-06	OR11H7	?	0.43
rs4683645	7e-06	ATP1B3	?	0.44
rs11207765	7e-06	NFIA - TM2D1	?	0.32
rs1787422	7e-06	KCNJ6, KCNJ6-AS1	?	0.49
rs745723	7e-06	INHBB - LINC01101	?	0.31
rs13071458	7e-06	SLC25A26	?	2.35
rs75551632	8e-06	RNU6-1014P - RN7SKP101	?	0.32

Top studies (by case count)

Study	Lead author	Year	Cases	Controls	Title
GCST90399676	Zhou W	2022	31,714	978,508	Global Biobank Meta-analysis Initiative: Powering genetic discovery across human disease.
GCST90428450	Kristjansson RP	2017	8,566	344,656	Sequence variant at 4q25 near PITX2 associates with appendicitis.
GCST90473798	UK Biobank Whole-Genome Sequencing Consortium	2025	6,829	451,611	Whole-genome sequencing of 490,640 UK Biobank participants.
GCST90473796	UK Biobank Whole-Genome Sequencing Consortium	2025	5,176	453,264	Whole-genome sequencing of 490,640 UK Biobank participants.
GCST90281155	Hamilton FW	2023	4,604	481,880	Therapeutic potential of IL6R blockade for the treatment of sepsis and sepsis-related death: A Mendelian randomisation study.
GCST90077903	Backman JD	2021	4,527	327,227	Exome sequencing and analysis of 454,787 UK Biobank participants.
GCST90081889	Backman JD	2021	4,527	327,227	Exome sequencing and analysis of 454,787 UK Biobank participants.
GCST90077904	Backman JD	2021	4,175	324,877	Exome sequencing and analysis of 454,787 UK Biobank participants.
GCST90081890	Backman JD	2021	4,175	324,877	Exome sequencing and analysis of 454,787 UK Biobank participants.
GCST90038695	Donertas HM	2021	4,089	480,509	Common genetic associations between age-related diseases.

Variant details and genetic-evidence tiers

Tier distribution (top 50 variants)

Tier	Variants
Tier 1: coding	1
Tier 2: splice/UTR	0
Tier 3: regulatory	2
Tier 4: intronic/intergenic	30

MAF distribution

Bucket	Variants
common (>=0.05)	29
low_freq (0.01-0.05)	0
rare (<0.01)	4
unknown	0

Functional consequences

Consequence	Count
intron_variant	18
intergenic_variant	12
TF_binding_site_variant	1
regulatory_region_variant	1
missense_variant	1

Top variants

rsID	Chr	Pos	Alleles	MAF	Consequence	Gene	p-value	Tier
rs6533530	4	110810780	T>C,G	0.438	intergenic_variant	LINC01438 - MIR297	5e-58	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs2129979	4	110799841	T>A,G	0.31	intergenic_variant	LINC01438 - MIR297	2e-23	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs7697491	4	110804662	A>C,T	0.497	intergenic_variant	LINC01438 - MIR297	3e-21	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs6533531	4	110810809	G>C,T	0.378	intergenic_variant	LINC01438 - MIR297	1e-20	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs560213663	13	112993246	C>A,T	0	intron_variant	MCF2L	4e-13	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs143187016	4	153439349	A>G	0	TF_binding_site_variant	MND1 - TMEM131L	2e-12	Tier 3: regulatory
rs564566215	22	20596970	A>C	0	intergenic_variant	CCDC74BP1 - SMPD4P1	8e-12	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs1204911573	19	35468426	C>A,T	0	intron_variant	FFAR2 - KRTDAP	3e-11	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs142692122	2	110189351	G>A	0.05	intron_variant	NPHP1	3e-08	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs9953918	18	58338413	A>C,G,T	0.05	intron_variant	NEDD4L	4e-08	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs11088767	21	19894041	A>G	0.05	intron_variant	LINC01683	4e-08	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs4342907	10	63828081	C>A,G,T	0.05	intergenic_variant	MRPL35P2 - RPL7AP50	2e-07	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs7895356	10	9924626	C>T	0.05	intergenic_variant	LINC02663 - LINC02670	2e-07	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs76092881	2	61406170	C>T	0.05	intron_variant	USP34	2e-07	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs1968	9	137341243	C>A,G,T	0.05	intron_variant	EXD3	4e-07	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs9518817	13	87904252	T>A	0.05	intergenic_variant	TET1P1 - LINC00373	2e-06	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs34489323	12	77976045	A>G	0.05	intron_variant	NAV3	2e-06	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs10190752	2	8457758	G>C	0.05	regulatory_region_variant	LINC00299	3e-06	Tier 3: regulatory
rs7924856	11	120627342	A>G,T	0.05	intron_variant	GRIK4	3e-06	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs197355	7	36391052	G>A,T	0.05	intron_variant	ANLN	4e-06	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs6697807	1	167569599	A>G	0.05	intron_variant	CREG1 - RCSD1	5e-06	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs11087475	20	2541509	C>G,T	0.05	intron_variant	TMC2	5e-06	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs4852113	2	239721105	G>A,C,T	0.05	intron_variant	LINC02991 - NDUFA10	6e-06	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs12434822	14	20229441	T>G	0.05	missense_variant	OR11H7	7e-06	Tier 1: coding
rs4683645	3	141891965	A>G,T	0.05	intron_variant	ATP1B3	7e-06	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs11207765	1	61542846	C>T	0.05	intergenic_variant	NFIA - TM2D1	7e-06	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs1787422	21	37704659	C>T	0.05	intron_variant	KCNJ6, KCNJ6-AS1	7e-06	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs745723	2	120355180	C>A,G,T	0.05	intergenic_variant	INHBB - LINC01101	7e-06	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs13071458	3	66375817	A>C,G,T	0.05	intron_variant	SLC25A26	7e-06	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs75551632	15	46703849	A>G	0.05	intron_variant	RNU6-1014P - RN7SKP101	8e-06	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic

ClinVar germline variants

6 retrieved; paginated sample, class counts are floors:

3 conflicting classifications of pathogenicity, 3 uncertain significance

ClinVar	Variant (HGVS)	Gene	Classification	Review
215914	NM_020975.6(RET):c.2988G>A (p.Pro996=)	RET	Conflicting classifications of pathogenicity	criteria provided, conflicting classifications
24928	NM_020975.6(RET):c.1946C>T (p.Ser649Leu)	RET	Conflicting classifications of pathogenicity	criteria provided, conflicting classifications
995823	NM_020975.6(RET):c.3148C>T (p.Arg1050Ter)	RET	Conflicting classifications of pathogenicity	criteria provided, conflicting classifications
24937	NM_020975.6(RET):c.2330A>G (p.Asn777Ser)	RET	Uncertain significance	criteria provided, multiple submitters, no conflicts
992568	NM_020975.6(RET):c.487C>T (p.Arg163Trp)	RET	Uncertain significance	criteria provided, multiple submitters, no conflicts
995822	NM_020975.6(RET):c.1426C>A (p.Pro476Thr)	RET	Uncertain significance	no assertion criteria provided

Genes & proteins

Mendelian disease overlap and somatic drivers

GenCC: 0 · Orphanet: 16 · OMIM-shared: 0 · Dual-evidence (GWAS+Mendelian): 0

Orphanet rare-disease linkage (cohort genes)

Gene	Orphanet ID	Rare disease
PITX2	Orphanet:334	Hereditary atrial fibrillation
PITX2	Orphanet:708	Peters anomaly
PITX2	Orphanet:782	Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome
PITX2	Orphanet:91481	Ring dermoid of cornea
PITX2	Orphanet:91483	Rieger anomaly
PITX2	Orphanet:98978	Axenfeld anomaly
RET	Orphanet:146	Differentiated thyroid carcinoma
RET	Orphanet:1848	Renal agenesis, bilateral
RET	Orphanet:247698	Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2A
RET	Orphanet:247709	Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2B
RET	Orphanet:276621	Sporadic pheochromocytoma/secreting paraganglioma
RET	Orphanet:29072	Hereditary pheochromocytoma-paraganglioma
RET	Orphanet:388	Hirschsprung disease
RET	Orphanet:93100	Renal agenesis, unilateral
RET	Orphanet:99361	Isolated familial medullary thyroid carcinoma
RET	Orphanet:99803	Haddad syndrome

Cohort genes → proteins

2 cohort genes, 2 distinct canonical proteins.

Evidence partition

Subset	Genes
gwas_only	1
multi_evidence	1

Cohort genes (full)

Symbol	HGNC	Ensembl	UniProt	Name	Evidence
PITX2	HGNC:9005	ENSG00000164093	Q99697	Pituitary homeobox 2	gwas
RET	HGNC:9967	ENSG00000165731	P07949	Proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase receptor Ret	clinvar

Cohort function summary

Lead sentence per gene, UniProt-curated.

Symbol	Protein name	Function (lead sentence)
PITX2	Pituitary homeobox 2	May play a role in myoblast differentiation.
RET	Proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase receptor Ret	Receptor tyrosine-protein kinase involved in numerous cellular mechanisms including cell proliferation, neuronal navigation, cell migration, and cell differentiation in response to glia cell line-derived growth family factors (GDNF, NRTN,…

Protein-family classification

Druggable: 1 · Difficult: 1 · Unknown: 0 · Druggable fraction: 0.5

Family distribution

Cohort families vs a genome-wide background (hypergeometric, BH-FDR; fold = observed/expected). Counts kept; sorted by enrichment, so the catch-all Other/Unknown bucket no longer leads.

Family	Genes	Fold	FDR
Kinase	1	13.9×	0.142
Transcription factor	1	4.1×	0.228

Per-gene assignment

Symbol	Family	Druggable?	EC	InterPro (top 3)
PITX2	Transcription factor	no		HD, OAR_dom, Homeodomain-like_sf
RET	Kinase	yes	2.7.10.1	Prot_kinase_dom, Ser-Thr/Tyr_kinase_cat_dom, Cadherin-like_dom

Expression context

Cohort genes with no expression data: 0.

2 cohort genes are a single-cell marker in ≥1 SCXA experiment.

Breadth distribution (Bgee present_calls)

Bucket	Genes
narrow (1-5 tissues)	0
moderate (6-20)	0
broad (>20)	2
unknown	0

Top tissues across cohort

Tissue	Cohort genes
biceps brachii	1
gingiva	1
gingival epithelium	1
dorsal root ganglion	1
substantia nigra pars compacta	1
substantia nigra pars reticulata	1

Per-gene tissue summary (top 30)

Symbol	Bgee breadth	FANTOM5 breadth	SCXA	Top tissues
PITX2	166	broad	marker	gingiva, biceps brachii, gingival epithelium
RET	193	broad	marker	substantia nigra pars reticulata, dorsal root ganglion, substantia nigra pars compacta

Protein interactions among cohort

Intra-cohort edges: 0.

Hub genes (top 10 by interactor count)

Symbol	Interactor count
RET	4,203
PITX2	2,389

Structural data

PDB: 2 · AlphaFold-only: 0 · No structure: 0

Cohort genes with PDB structures (top 30)

Symbol	UniProt	PDB entries
RET	P07949	34
PITX2	Q99697	3

Function

Pathway analysis

Distinct Reactome pathways touched by cohort: 6. Enrichment computed across 2 evidence-associated genes (2 with Reactome annotation).

Pathways by enrichment

Over-representation of cohort genes vs the genome-wide background (hypergeometric test, Benjamini-Hochberg FDR; fold = observed/expected over 2 annotated cohort genes). Counts and members are kept as ground-truth; sorted by enrichment.

Pathway	Cohort genes	Fold	FDR	Sample cohort genes
TFAP2 (AP-2) family regulates transcription of other transcription factors	1	1427.5×	0.004	PITX2
Formation of the nephric duct	1	317.2×	0.006	RET
NPAS4 regulates expression of target genes	1	248.3×	0.006	RET
Formation of the ureteric bud	1	248.3×	0.006	RET
RET signaling	1	129.8×	0.009	RET
RAF/MAP kinase cascade	1	30.5×	0.032	RET

GO biological processes by enrichment

Over-representation of cohort genes vs the genome-wide background (hypergeometric test, Benjamini-Hochberg FDR; fold = observed/expected over 2 annotated cohort genes). Counts and members are kept as ground-truth; sorted by enrichment.

GO term	Cohort genes	Fold	FDR	Sample cohort genes
subthalamic nucleus development	1	8426.0×	0.002	PITX2
superior vena cava morphogenesis	1	8426.0×	0.002	PITX2
embryonic epithelial tube formation	1	4213.0×	0.002	RET
posterior midgut development	1	4213.0×	0.002	RET
hypothalamus cell migration	1	4213.0×	0.002	PITX2
prolactin secreting cell differentiation	1	4213.0×	0.002	PITX2
left lung morphogenesis	1	4213.0×	0.002	PITX2
pulmonary vein morphogenesis	1	4213.0×	0.002	PITX2
cell proliferation involved in outflow tract morphogenesis	1	4213.0×	0.002	PITX2
pulmonary myocardium development	1	2808.7×	0.002	PITX2
vascular associated smooth muscle cell differentiation	1	2808.7×	0.002	PITX2
deltoid tuberosity development	1	2808.7×	0.002	PITX2
endodermal digestive tract morphogenesis	1	2808.7×	0.002	PITX2
positive regulation of metanephric glomerulus development	1	2808.7×	0.002	RET
atrioventricular valve development	1	2106.5×	0.002	PITX2
ureter maturation	1	2106.5×	0.002	RET
somatotropin secreting cell differentiation	1	2106.5×	0.002	PITX2
Peyer’s patch morphogenesis	1	2106.5×	0.002	RET
GDF15-GFRAL signaling pathway	1	2106.5×	0.002	RET
extraocular skeletal muscle development	1	1404.3×	0.003	PITX2
embryonic heart tube left/right pattern formation	1	1404.3×	0.003	PITX2
cardiac neural crest cell migration involved in outflow tract morphogenesis	1	1203.7×	0.003	PITX2
atrial cardiac muscle tissue morphogenesis	1	1203.7×	0.003	PITX2
hair cell differentiation	1	1053.2×	0.003	PITX2
iris morphogenesis	1	936.2×	0.003	PITX2
lymphocyte migration into lymphoid organs	1	936.2×	0.003	RET
ventricular cardiac muscle cell development	1	766.0×	0.003	PITX2
positive regulation of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in absence of ligand	1	766.0×	0.003	RET
positive regulation of cell size	1	648.1×	0.004	RET
embryonic camera-type eye development	1	601.9×	0.004	PITX2

Therapeutics

Drugs indicated for this disease

0 approved, 1 in late-stage (phase 3) trials. Disease-direct ChEMBL indications, not inferred from the associated-gene cohort below.

Drug	Development status
Doripenem	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)

Earlier-phase candidates (phase 2, investigational — efficacy not yet established): Bupivacaine, Cefotaxime, Ceftriaxone, Cefuroxime, Dexamethasone, Epinephrine, Ertapenem, Fosfomycin, Meropenem, Methylprednisolone, Metronidazole, Piperacillin, Povidone-Iodine, Regramostim, Ropivacaine, Sodium Chloride, Sulfur Hexafluoride, Tazobactam.

Drug target analysis

Approved (phase 4): 1 · Phase ≥3: 1 · Phased (≥1): 1 · Undrugged: 1

Druggability breadth: 1 of 2 evidence-associated genes (50%) have a ChEMBL target (buckets above are over the deeply-mined display cohort).

Genes with an approved drug

The molecule shown is one approved compound that hits the gene — not necessarily a drug of choice or one indicated for this disease.

Symbol	Example approved molecule
RET	PONATINIB

Top cohort targets by molecule count

Symbol	Molecules	Max phase
RET	135	4
PITX2	0	0

Drugs targeting cohort genes (top 30)

Molecule	Max phase	Targets in cohort
PONATINIB	4	RET
AFATINIB	4	RET
VEMURAFENIB	4	RET
FEDRATINIB	4	RET
TIVOZANIB	4	RET
LENVATINIB	4	RET
AXITINIB	4	RET
SORAFENIB	4	RET
DASATINIB ANHYDROUS	4	RET
ALECTINIB	4	RET
RUXOLITINIB	4	RET
INFIGRATINIB PHOSPHATE	4	RET
INFIGRATINIB	4	RET
IBRUTINIB	4	RET
PALBOCICLIB	4	RET
REGORAFENIB	4	RET
ENTRECTINIB	4	RET
TOFACITINIB CITRATE	4	RET
FOSTAMATINIB	4	RET
CABOZANTINIB	4	RET
BARICITINIB	4	RET
TOFACITINIB	4	RET
CAPIVASERTIB	4	RET
CERITINIB	4	RET
VANDETANIB	4	RET
NILOTINIB	4	RET
BOSUTINIB	4	RET
GILTERITINIB	4	RET
BRIGATINIB	4	RET
UPADACITINIB	4	RET

Bioactivity and enzyme data

Enzyme cohort genes (≥1 EC): 1.

Cohort genes with ChEMBL bioactivity (full, sorted by assay count)

Symbol	Assays	Type breakdown
RET	1,586	Binding:1573, Functional:10, ADMET:3

Cohort enzymes (BRENDA EC)

Symbol	EC numbers	Names
RET	2.7.10.1	receptor protein-tyrosine kinase

Cohort genes with high screening signal

≥100 ChEMBL assays — a studied-ness signal; see Therapeutics for approved-drug status.

Symbol	ChEMBL assays
RET	1,586

Pharmacogenomics

Cohort genes with a PharmGKB record: 2; with CPIC/DPWG dosing guidelines: 0.

No cohort gene has a CPIC/DPWG genotype-guided dosing guideline (PharmGKB).

Chemical tractability of cohort targets

30 approved/phased compounds have measured bioactivity against a cohort gene (and aren’t yet in disease-level trials). This is a research / tractability signal, NOT a therapeutic recommendation — a bioactivity row often reflects off-target or screening binding (e.g. promiscuous kinase inhibitors against a cohort kinase), implying no disease mechanism.

Compound	Max phase	Cohort target (bioactivity)
PONATINIB	4	RET
AFATINIB	4	RET
VEMURAFENIB	4	RET
FEDRATINIB	4	RET
TIVOZANIB	4	RET
LENVATINIB	4	RET
AXITINIB	4	RET
SORAFENIB	4	RET
DASATINIB ANHYDROUS	4	RET
ALECTINIB	4	RET
RUXOLITINIB	4	RET
INFIGRATINIB PHOSPHATE	4	RET
INFIGRATINIB	4	RET
IBRUTINIB	4	RET
PALBOCICLIB	4	RET
REGORAFENIB	4	RET
ENTRECTINIB	4	RET
TOFACITINIB CITRATE	4	RET
FOSTAMATINIB	4	RET
CABOZANTINIB	4	RET
BARICITINIB	4	RET
TOFACITINIB	4	RET
CAPIVASERTIB	4	RET
CERITINIB	4	RET
VANDETANIB	4	RET
NILOTINIB	4	RET
BOSUTINIB	4	RET
GILTERITINIB	4	RET
BRIGATINIB	4	RET
UPADACITINIB	4	RET

Druggability pyramid

Cohort genes binned by druggability tier (high → low):

Tier	Definition	Genes	Symbols
A	Approved (phase 4 drug)	1	RET
B	Phased (≥1) drug, not yet approved	0
C	Druggable family + PDB, no drug	0
D	Druggable family + AlphaFold only, no drug	0
E	Difficult family or no structure, no drug	1	PITX2

Undrugged target profiles

1 cohort genes are undrugged. Ranked by ‘starting-point quality’ (assay depth + drugged-partner adjacency).

Symbol	ChEMBL assays	Drugged partners (top 3)
PITX2	0	—

Clinical trials & evidence

Clinical trials

Clinical trials: 325.

Phase distribution (across all retrieved trials)

Phase	Trials
Not specified	272
PHASE4	24
PHASE3	13
PHASE2	8
PHASE1	4
PHASE1/PHASE2	2
PHASE2/PHASE3	1
EARLY_PHASE1	1

Top trials by phase / activity

NCT	Phase	Status	Title
NCT05966454	PHASE4	RECRUITING	Complex And Simple Appendicitis: REstrictive or Liberal Post-operative Antibiotic eXposure - UCSF
NCT06563349	PHASE4	RECRUITING	Magnesium Sulfate in Children Undergoing Laparoscopic Appendectomy
NCT00195351	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Study Comparing Tigecycline Versus Ceftriaxone Sodium Plus Metronidazole in Complicated Intra-abdominal Infection
NCT00230971	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Study Comparing Tigecycline Versus Ceftriaxone Sodium Plus Metronidazole in Complicated Intra-abdominal Infection (cIAI)
NCT00236912	PHASE4	TERMINATED	A Study Comparing Safety and Efficacy of Levofloxacin and Metronidazole Versus Piperacillin/Tazobactam in Treating Complicated Appendicitis
NCT00477061	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Morphine Analgesia in Patients With Acute Appendicitis
NCT00783016	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Effect of Pain Control on the Diagnosis of Acute Appendicitis on the Diagnostic Accuracy of General Surgeon
NCT00913445	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Wound Healing After Emergency Appendicectomy
NCT01096927	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Non Operative Treatment for Acute Appendicitis
NCT02352519	PHASE4	COMPLETED	A Comparison of UGBRS Block and Local Infiltration
NCT02561117	PHASE4	WITHDRAWN	Once Daily Metronidazole for Perforated Appendicitis
NCT02625987	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Appendicectomy Skin Closure Technique: Changing Paradigms (ASC)
NCT02848820	PHASE4	UNKNOWN	Initial Non-operative Treatment Strategy Versus Appendectomy Treatment Strategy for Simple Appendicitis in Children
NCT02867072	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Laparoscopic Versus Open Appendectomy
NCT02991937	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Comparison of Medical and Surgical Treatment of Uncomplicated Acute Appendicitis in Children
NCT03005808	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Choose the Best Concentration of Ropivacaine on TAP Block for Open Appendectomy in Children
NCT03159754	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Optimal Care of Complicated Appendicitis
NCT03380793	PHASE4	UNKNOWN	A Trial to Assess the Efficacy and Safety of Morinidazole in Patients With Appendicitis
NCT03481517	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Wound Infiltration With Local Anesthetic Agent for Laparoscopic Appendectomy in Adult
NCT03886896	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Intravenous Lidocaine in Children Undergoing Laparoscopic Appendectomy
NCT03985514	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Acute Appendicitis: Active Observation With and Without Antibiotics
NCT04378868	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Role of Delay and Antibiotics on Perforation Rate While Waiting Appendectomy
NCT05238506	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Lidocaine VS Hemodynamic, Metabolic and Hormonal Response
NCT05256901	PHASE4	TERMINATED	Sugammadex vs Neostigmine Reversal in Pediatric Appendectomy
NCT06160778	PHASE3	RECRUITING	Intravenous Ketorolac Vs. Morphine In Children With Acute Abdominal Pain
NCT00210938	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Doripenem in the Treatment of Complicated Intra-Abdominal Infections
NCT00229060	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Doripenem in the Treatment of Complicated Intra-Abdominal Infections
NCT00913380	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Diagnosis of Acute Appendicitis: Low-dose Computed Tomography (CT) Versus Standard-dose CT
NCT01110382	PHASE3	TERMINATED	A Safety and Tolerability Study of Doripenem Compared With Meropenem in Children Hospitalized With Complicated Intra-abdominal Infections
NCT01203566	PHASE3	COMPLETED	A Randomised Controlled Trial on LESS Versus Conventional Laparoscopic Appendicectomy.
NCT01515293	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Single Incision Versus Conventional Laparoscopic Appendectomy
NCT01524081	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Antibiotic Prophylaxis in the Prevention of Surgical Site Infections After Selected Urgent Abdominal Surgical Procedures
NCT01720082	PHASE3	UNKNOWN	Laparoscopic Appendectomy by Multi-port vs Single Port.
NCT01839435	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Feasibility of Outpatient Appendectomy for Acute Appendicitis
NCT02634255	PHASE3	UNKNOWN	The Onset Time of Rocuronium in Emergency and Elective Surgery
NCT04030741	PHASE2/PHASE3	COMPLETED	Non-operative Treatment of Acute Non-perforated Appendicitis
NCT04528563	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Ketorolac for Moderate to Severe Abdominal Pain in Children
NCT05641363	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Comparison of Ketorolac at Three Doses in Children With Acute Pain
NCT00469430	PHASE2	COMPLETED	Study of Conservative Versus Surgical Treatment of Appendicitis
NCT01283815	PHASE2	COMPLETED	Laparoscopic Management of Periappendicular Abscess

Drugs tested across these trials (top 30)

Molecule	Max phase	Trials referencing
CLAVULANIC ACID	4	5
CEFUROXIME	4	4
ERTAPENEM	4	4
MORPHINE	4	4
NEOSTIGMINE	4	4
CEFAZOLIN	4	3
CEFOTAXIME	4	3
CEFTRIAXONE	4	3
DORIPENEM	4	3
GLYCOPYRRONIUM	4	3
METRONIDAZOLE	4	3
SUGAMMADEX	4	3
TIGECYCLINE	4	3
CEFOXITIN	4	2
MEROPENEM	4	2
PIPERACILLIN	4	2
SULFUR HEXAFLUORIDE	4	2
AMIKACIN	4	1
AMOXICILLIN	4	1
CEFTAZIDIME	4	1
FLUCONAZOLE	4	1
GENTAMICIN	4	1
IOHEXOL	4	1
LACTIC ACID	4	1
MAGNESIUM SULFATE	4	1
SULBACTAM	4	1
TAZOBACTAM	4	1
D-LACTIC ACID	3	1
CHEMBL4589226	0	2
CHEMBL195892	0	1