Bacterial infectious disease

Summary

Bacterial infectious disease (MONDO:0005113) is a disease (an umbrella term covering 52 Mondo subtypes) with 13 GWAS associations across 44 studies and 450 clinical trials. Top therapeutic interventions include clindamycin, linezolid, and imipenem anhydrous. A subtype of infectious disease — broader associated-gene and molecular evidence is on the parent page (see Disease family below).

At a glance

• Umbrella term: 52 Mondo subtypes
• GWAS associations: 13
• Clinical trials: 450

Clinical features

No curated clinical features (Orphanet) for this disease.

Identifiers

Disease identifiers

Field	Value
Canonical name	bacterial infectious disease
Mondo ID	MONDO:0005113
EFO	EFO:0000771
MeSH	D001424
DOID	DOID:104
NCIT	C2890
SNOMED CT	87628006
UMLS	C0004623
MedGen	14012
Is cancer (heuristic)	no

Also known as: Bacteria caused disease or disorder · Bacteria disease or disorder · Bacteria infectious disease · bacterial disease · bacterial disorder · bacterial infection · bacterial infectious disease · infection, bacterial · infections, bacterial

Data availability: 13 GWAS associations (44 studies).

Disease family

This is a subtype of infectious disease. Genetic, therapeutic, and trial evidence is largely curated at the broader-term level — see the parent page for the associated-gene cohort and molecular evidence.

Classification path: disease › human disease › disease by etiologic mechanism › disease of primarily extrinsic mechanism › infectious disease › bacterial infectious disease

Related subtypes (34): infective endocarditis, hirudiniasis, fungal infectious disease, infectious peritonitis, epididymitis, viral infectious disease, parasitic infectious disease, abscess, Ciliophora infectious disease, hookworm infectious disease, infectious embryofetopathy, mycetoma, infectious disorder of the nervous system, ear infection, sexually transmitted disease, puerperal infection, Acanthamoeba infectious disease, infectious myositis, infective vaginitis, skin disorder caused by infection, respiratory tract infectious disorder, nail infection, infective arthritis, digestive system infectious disorder, nosocomial infection, eye infectious disorder, prosthesis-related infectious disease, vector-borne disease, coinfection, urinary tract infection, hemorrhagic fever, protothecosis, pythiosis, infectious disease with sepsis

Subtypes (52): primary bacterial infectious disease, commensal bacterial infectious disease, opportunistic bacterial infectious disease, chorioamnionitis, Clostridium difficile colitis, bacterial gastritis, bacterial arthritis, bacterial pneumonia, Whipple disease, Aeromonas hydrophila infectious disease, Pectobacterium carotovorum infection, Pseudomonas infection, septic peritonitis, bacterial infectious disease with sepsis, empyema, bacterial urinary tract infection, bacterial sexually transmitted disease, meningococcal infection, pasteurellosis, peritonsillar abscess, pneumonic pasteurellosis, tracheitis, Actinobacillus infectious disease, bacterial conjunctivitis, bacterial endocarditis, bacterial meningitis, Bifidobacteriales infectious disease, haemophilus infectious disease, Proteus infectious disease, pulpitis, rat-bite fever, Rickettsiosis, vibrio infectious disease, Yersinia infectious disease, bacterial myositis, noma, idiopathic severe pneumococcemia, necrotizing soft tissue infection, mycobacterial infectious disease, escherichia coli infection, gram-negative bacterial infections, gram-positive bacterial infections, spirochaetales infections, skin disease caused by bacterial infection, staphylococcal infection, anaerobic bacteria infectious disease, Klebsiella infectious disease, fournier gangrene, botryomycosis, bacterial hemorrhagic fever, Mycoplasmoides infection, Enterococcus infectious disease

Genetics & variants

GWAS landscape

13 GWAS associations across 44 studies. Top hits map to 2 distinct genes (as reported by GWAS).

Top associations by p-value

rsID	p-value	Gene	Risk allele	Odds ratio
chr9:5073770	5e-20		T	1.23
chr17:76736877	6e-14		T	1.83
chr15:90088702	8e-12		T	2.13
rs7188250	3e-11	FTO	T	0.06
chr18:74126333	7e-10		T	2.48
chr20:32434638	1e-09		AG	0.85
rs183868412	5e-09	BIRC6	T	2.13
rs61924610	2e-08	LINC02450 - MRPS36P5	?
chr4:121192262	2e-08		A	2.74
chr11:29185568	2e-08		T	2.56
chr22:42156364	3e-08		A	2.61
chr21:38138913	4e-08		C	1.28
chr6:111493955	4e-08		A	2.55

Top studies (by case count)

Study	Lead author	Year	Cases	Controls	Title
GCST90475551	Verma A	2024	25,529	394,744	Diversity and scale: Genetic architecture of 2068 traits in the VA Million Veteran Program.
GCST90473022	UK Biobank Whole-Genome Sequencing Consortium	2025	25,178	433,262	Whole-genome sequencing of 490,640 UK Biobank participants.
GCST90667855	UK Biobank Whole-Genome Sequencing Consortium	2025	25,178	433,262	Whole-genome sequencing of 490,640 UK Biobank participants.
GCST90473103	UK Biobank Whole-Genome Sequencing Consortium	2025	18,579	439,861	Whole-genome sequencing of 490,640 UK Biobank participants.
GCST90667923	UK Biobank Whole-Genome Sequencing Consortium	2025	18,579	439,861	Whole-genome sequencing of 490,640 UK Biobank participants.
GCST90435518	Zhou W	2018	12,187	393,897	Efficiently controlling for case-control imbalance and sample relatedness in large-scale genetic association studies.
GCST90079569	Backman JD	2021	11,084	375,265	Exome sequencing and analysis of 454,787 UK Biobank participants.
GCST90083555	Backman JD	2021	11,084	375,265	Exome sequencing and analysis of 454,787 UK Biobank participants.
GCST90477029	Verma A	2024	9,090	101,721	Diversity and scale: Genetic architecture of 2068 traits in the VA Million Veteran Program.
GCST90480964	Verma A	2024	9,090	101,721	Diversity and scale: Genetic architecture of 2068 traits in the VA Million Veteran Program.

Variant details and genetic-evidence tiers

Tier distribution (top 50 variants)

Tier	Variants
Tier 1: coding	0
Tier 2: splice/UTR	0
Tier 3: regulatory	0
Tier 4: intronic/intergenic	13

MAF distribution

Bucket	Variants
common (>=0.05)	2
low_freq (0.01-0.05)	0
rare (<0.01)	0
unknown	11

Functional consequences

Consequence	Count
unknown	10
intron_variant	3

Top variants

rsID	Chr	Pos	Alleles	MAF	Consequence	Gene	p-value	Tier
chr9:5073770							5e-20	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
chr17:76736877							6e-14	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
chr15:90088702							8e-12	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs7188250	16	53800695	T>C	0.411	intron_variant	FTO	3e-11	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
chr18:74126333							7e-10	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
chr20:32434638							1e-09	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs183868412	2	32478169	C>T		intron_variant	BIRC6	5e-09	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs61924610	12	42915177	G>C	0.05	intron_variant	LINC02450 - MRPS36P5	2e-08	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
chr4:121192262							2e-08	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
chr11:29185568							2e-08	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
chr22:42156364							3e-08	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
chr21:38138913							4e-08	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
chr6:111493955							4e-08	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic

Genes & proteins

No associated-gene cohort resolved for this disease. Atlas builds the molecular and therapeutic sections — associated genes, protein families, druggability, pathways, interactions, and drug associations — by aggregating over a disease’s associated genes (resolved via GWAS / GenCC / ClinVar / CIViC), and none resolved here. This is expected for antibody-mediated, autoimmune, or otherwise non-gene-defined conditions; the curated evidence for this disease is its clinical features, GWAS susceptibility, and clinical trials (above).

Function

No pathway enrichment — requires an associated-gene cohort.

Therapeutics

Drugs indicated for this disease

140 approved, 24 in late-stage (phase 3) trials. Disease-direct ChEMBL indications, not inferred from the associated-gene cohort below.

Drug	Development status
Amdinocillin	Approved (phase 4)
Amdinocillin Pivoxil	Approved (phase 4)
Amikacin	Approved (phase 4)
Amoxicillin	Approved (phase 4)
Ampicillin	Approved (phase 4)
Azithromycin	Approved (phase 4)
Azlocillin	Approved (phase 4)
Aztreonam	Approved (phase 4)
Bacampicillin	Approved (phase 4)
Bacitracin	Approved (phase 4)
Carbenicillin	Approved (phase 4)
Carbenicillin Indanyl	Approved (phase 4)
Cefadroxil	Approved (phase 4)
Cefamandole	Approved (phase 4)
Cefazolin	Approved (phase 4)
Cefdinir	Approved (phase 4)
Cefepime	Approved (phase 4)
Cefiderocol	Approved (phase 4)
Cefixime	Approved (phase 4)
Cefmenoxime	Approved (phase 4)
Cefmetazole	Approved (phase 4)
Cefonicid	Approved (phase 4)
Cefoperazone	Approved (phase 4)
Ceforanide	Approved (phase 4)
Cefotaxime	Approved (phase 4)
Cefotetan	Approved (phase 4)
Cefotiam	Approved (phase 4)
Cefoxitin	Approved (phase 4)
Cefpiramide	Approved (phase 4)
Cefpirome	Approved (phase 4)
Cefpodoxime	Approved (phase 4)
Ceftaroline Fosamil	Approved (phase 4)
Ceftazidime	Approved (phase 4)
Ceftibuten	Approved (phase 4)
Ceftizoxime	Approved (phase 4)
Ceftriaxone	Approved (phase 4)
Cefuroxime	Approved (phase 4)
Cephaloridine	Approved (phase 4)
Cephalothin	Approved (phase 4)
Cephapirin	Approved (phase 4)
Cephradine	Approved (phase 4)
Chloramphenicol	Approved (phase 4)
Chlortetracycline	Approved (phase 4)
Cinoxacin	Approved (phase 4)
Ciprofloxacin	Approved (phase 4)
Clarithromycin	Approved (phase 4)
Clindamycin	Approved (phase 4)
Cloxacillin	Approved (phase 4)
Colistin	Approved (phase 4)
Dalbavancin	Approved (phase 4)
Daptomycin	Approved (phase 4)
Delafloxacin	Approved (phase 4)
Demeclocycline	Approved (phase 4)
Dicloxacillin	Approved (phase 4)
Dirithromycin	Approved (phase 4)
Doripenem	Approved (phase 4)
Enoxacin	Approved (phase 4)
Eravacycline	Approved (phase 4)
Ertapenem	Approved (phase 4)
Erythromycin	Approved (phase 4)
Floxacillin	Approved (phase 4)
Fosfomycin	Approved (phase 4)
Fusidic Acid	Approved (phase 4)
Gatifloxacin	Approved (phase 4)
Gemifloxacin	Approved (phase 4)
Gentamicin	Approved (phase 4)
Grepafloxacin	Approved (phase 4)
Hetacillin	Approved (phase 4)
Kanamycin	Approved (phase 4)
Lefamulin	Approved (phase 4)
Lincomycin	Approved (phase 4)
Linezolid	Approved (phase 4)
Lomefloxacin	Approved (phase 4)
Lymecycline	Approved (phase 4)
Meropenem	Approved (phase 4)
Methacycline	Approved (phase 4)
Methenamine	Approved (phase 4)
Methicillin	Approved (phase 4)
Metronidazole	Approved (phase 4)
Mezlocillin	Approved (phase 4)
Mikamycin	Approved (phase 4)
Minocycline	Approved (phase 4)
Moxalactam	Approved (phase 4)
Moxifloxacin	Approved (phase 4)
Nafcillin	Approved (phase 4)
Nalidixic Acid	Approved (phase 4)
Neomycin	Approved (phase 4)
Netilmicin	Approved (phase 4)
Nitrofurantoin	Approved (phase 4)
Nitroxoline	Approved (phase 4)
Norfloxacin	Approved (phase 4)
Ofloxacin	Approved (phase 4)
Omadacycline	Approved (phase 4)
Oritavancin	Approved (phase 4)
Ornidazole	Approved (phase 4)
Oxacillin	Approved (phase 4)
Oxytetracycline	Approved (phase 4)
Penicillin G	Approved (phase 4)
Penicillin V	Approved (phase 4)
Piperacillin	Approved (phase 4)
Pivampicillin	Approved (phase 4)
Plazomicin	Approved (phase 4)
Polymyxin B	Approved (phase 4)
Quinupristin/Dalfopristin	Approved (phase 4)
Roxithromycin	Approved (phase 4)
Sarecycline	Approved (phase 4)
Sparfloxacin	Approved (phase 4)
Spectinomycin	Approved (phase 4)
Spiramycin	Approved (phase 4)
Streptomycin	Approved (phase 4)
Sulbactam	Approved (phase 4)
Sulfadiazine	Approved (phase 4)
Sulfadimethoxine	Approved (phase 4)
Sulfalene	Approved (phase 4)
Sulfamerazine	Approved (phase 4)
Sulfameter	Approved (phase 4)
Sulfamethazine	Approved (phase 4)
Sulfamethizole	Approved (phase 4)
Sulfamethoxazole	Approved (phase 4)
Sulfamethoxypyridazine	Approved (phase 4)
Sulfanilamide	Approved (phase 4)
Sulfaphenazole	Approved (phase 4)
Sulfapyridine	Approved (phase 4)
Sulfathiazole	Approved (phase 4)
Sulfisomidine	Approved (phase 4)
Sulfisoxazole	Approved (phase 4)
Tazobactam	Approved (phase 4)
Tedizolid	Approved (phase 4)
Teicoplanin	Approved (phase 4)
Telithromycin	Approved (phase 4)
Temafloxacin	Approved (phase 4)
Tetracycline	Approved (phase 4)
Ticarcillin	Approved (phase 4)
Tigecycline	Approved (phase 4)
Tinidazole	Approved (phase 4)
Tobramycin	Approved (phase 4)
Trimethoprim	Approved (phase 4)
Troleandomycin	Approved (phase 4)
Trovafloxacin	Approved (phase 4)
Vancomycin	Approved (phase 4)
Avibactam	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Bekanamycin	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Ceftaroline	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Chlorhexidine	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Cilastatin	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Co-Trimoxazole	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Faropenem	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Flomoxef	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Fluconazole	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Gepotidacin	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Heparin	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Iclaprim	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Josamycin	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Nemonoxacin	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Pazufloxacin	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Prulifloxacin	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Sisomicin	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Sodium Chloride	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Sodium Fluoride	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Solithromycin	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Tebipenem Pivoxil	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Tedizolid Phosphate	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Telavancin	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Temocillin	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)

Earlier-phase candidates (phase 2, investigational — efficacy not yet established): Clofazimine, Contezolid, Garenoxacin, Rifasutenizol.

Clinical trials & evidence

Clinical trials

Clinical trials: 450.

Phase distribution (across all retrieved trials)

Phase	Trials
Not specified	233
PHASE1	102
PHASE3	41
PHASE4	37
PHASE2	19
PHASE1/PHASE2	11
EARLY_PHASE1	4
PHASE2/PHASE3	3

Top trials by phase / activity

NCT	Phase	Status	Title
NCT02177721	PHASE4	NOT_YET_RECRUITING	Clinical Benefit and Safety of Raxibacumab in Patients With Symptomatic Inhalational Anthrax in a Mass Exposure Scenario
NCT05783661	PHASE4	RECRUITING	Trial Comparing Conventional Antibiotic Strategies Versus Regimens Guided by Epidemiological Surveillance in Infected Patients With Cirrhosis (SURVIC_STUDY)
NCT05846399	PHASE4	RECRUITING	CAT BITE Antibiotic Prophylaxis for the Hand/Forearm (CATBITE)
NCT05914467	PHASE4	ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING	TDM-optimized Teicoplanin Dosing Versus Standard of Care
NCT06093269	PHASE4	ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING	Pharmacokinetics Study of Cefazolin in Hemodialysis (CEFAZODIAL)
NCT06440304	PHASE4	RECRUITING	Therapeutic Options for CRAB
NCT06709521	PHASE4	RECRUITING	Optimization of Beta-lactam Dosing in Critically Ill Patients With Cystatin C (OPTIMIZE-GNI)
NCT07285785	PHASE4	RECRUITING	Rifaximin 200 mg Plus Oral Rehydration vs Oral Rehydration Alone in Children With Acute Diarrhea
NCT00044928	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Study Evaluating Zosyn in Hospitalized Patients With Intra-abdominal Infection
NCT00176124	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Leukocyte Depletion of Autologous Whole Blood
NCT00216450	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Study of the Safety and Effectiveness of Rabeprazole in Treatment of Helicobacter Pylori Infection in Adults.
NCT00254696	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Study Evaluating Antibiotic Utilization Measures and Control of Extended-Spectrum-Lactamases (ESBLs)
NCT00389558	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Antiseptic Use and Dressing Application
NCT00407147	PHASE4	TERMINATED	Procalcitonin Level to Discontinue Antibiotics on ICU Patients With no Obvious Site of Infection
NCT00410527	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Effectiveness of Short-Course Versus Standard Antibiotic Therapy in ICU Patients
NCT00478855	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Tazocin Intervention Study
NCT00488189	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Study Evaluation Tazocin Intervention
NCT00493038	PHASE4	TERMINATED	Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Moxifloxacin Versus Amoxicillin/Clavulanate in the Treatment of Acute Bacterial Rhinosinusitis
NCT00493922	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Trial of Rapid Diagnostic Tests in Rural Ghana
NCT00515151	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Prevention of Catheter-Associated Infection With the Skin Disinfectant Octenidine Dihydrochloride
NCT00564447	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Study of AzaSite (Azithromycin) Versus Vigamox in the Conjunctiva of Healthy Volunteers
NCT00575367	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Study of AzaSite Versus Vigamox in the Tears of Healthy Volunteers
NCT00575380	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Study of AzaSite Versus Vigamox Concentrations in the Conjunctiva and Aqueous Humor in Subjects Undergoing Routine Cataract Surgery
NCT00939562	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Bioequivalence Between Two Tablet Formulations Of Doxycycline Carragenate
NCT00965848	PHASE4	COMPLETED	A Safety and Efficacy Study of Doripenem in Participants With Nosocomial Pneumonia, Complicated Intra-Abdominal Infections and Urinary Tract Infections
NCT01244698	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Postoperative Antibiotic Requirements Following Immediate Breast Reconstruction
NCT02339155	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Effect of Raxibacumab on Immunogenicity of Anthrax Vaccine Adsorbed
NCT02500654	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Regenerative Surgical Treatment of Peri-implantitis
NCT03088111	PHASE4	UNKNOWN	An Open Label Field Study of Anthim (Obiltoxaximab) in Subjects Exposed to B. Anthracis
NCT03133312	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Chlorhexidine Gluconate Versus Povidone-Iodine as Vaginal Preparation Antiseptics Prior to Cesarean Delivery
NCT03148444	PHASE4	UNKNOWN	Impact of Antibiotic Treatment Following Implantation of Cardiac Electronic Device on Patient’s Outcome
NCT03233438	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Development of a New Critical Pathway for Treatment of Acute Bacterial Skin and Skin Structure Infections (ABSSSI)
NCT03369951	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Minocycline Pharmacokinetics (ACUMIN)
NCT03667937	PHASE4	UNKNOWN	Effectiveness of a Hydrophobic Dressing for Microorganisms’ Colonization and Infection Control of Vascular Ulcers
NCT04070469	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Plasma Concentrations of Amoxicillin Administered in High-doses During the First Week of Treatment (MAX-AMOX)
NCT05586438	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Pharmacokinetics of Colistin in Critically-ill Patients With AKI Who Receive SLED
NCT07122596	PHASE4	COMPLETED	EFFICACY OF PROLONGED INFUSION MEROPENEM IN CRITICALLY ILL PAEDIATRIC INTENSIVE CARE PATIENTS
NCT05645107	PHASE3	RECRUITING	A Study to Evaluate Efficacy, Safety, and PK of XEMBIFY®+Standard Medical Treatment (SMT) Compared to Placebo+SMT to Prevent Infections in Participants With HGG and Recurrent or Severe Infections Associated With B-cell Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia, Multiple Myeloma, and Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
NCT06592586	PHASE2/PHASE3	ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING	A Follow-up Trial of GBS-NN/NN2 Vaccine in Healthy Pregnant Women
NCT07017777	PHASE3	RECRUITING	A Study to Evaluate the Immunogenicity and Safety of 13-valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine (PCV13i) in Healthy Infants Aged 2 Months (Minimum 6 Weeks)

Drugs tested across these trials (top 30)

Molecule	Max phase	Trials referencing
CLINDAMYCIN	4	12
LINEZOLID	4	10
IMIPENEM ANHYDROUS	4	8
CEFOTAXIME	4	6
DALBAVANCIN	4	6
CILASTATIN	4	5
LEVOFLOXACIN ANHYDROUS	4	5
MEROPENEM	4	5
CEFUROXIME	4	4
STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE POLYSACCHARIDE CONJUGATED TO CORYNEBACTERIUM DIPHTHERIAE CRM197	4	4
TIGECYCLINE	4	4
AZTREONAM	4	3
CEFIDEROCOL	4	3
CEFTAROLINE FOSAMIL	4	3
DORIPENEM	4	3
ERTAPENEM	4	3
OMADACYCLINE	4	3
TEDIZOLID PHOSPHATE	4	3
VABORBACTAM	4	3
AMOXICILLIN	4	2
BEDAQUILINE	4	2
CEFTIBUTEN	4	2
CIPROFLOXACIN	4	2
CLAVULANIC ACID	4	2
COLISTIMETHATE	4	2
DAPTOMYCIN	4	2
ERAVACYCLINE	4	2
FLUCONAZOLE	4	2
MOXIFLOXACIN	4	2
OXACILLIN	4	2