Bacterial pneumonia

Summary

Bacterial pneumonia (MONDO:0004652) is a disease (an umbrella term covering 8 Mondo subtypes) with 8 GWAS associations across 18 studies and 28 clinical trials. Top therapeutic interventions include ceftaroline fosamil, imipenem anhydrous, and clarithromycin. A subtype of bacterial infectious disease — broader associated-gene and molecular evidence is on the parent page (see Disease family below).

At a glance

• Umbrella term: 8 Mondo subtypes
• GWAS associations: 8
• Clinical trials: 28

Clinical features

No curated clinical features (Orphanet) for this disease.

Identifiers

Disease identifiers

Field	Value
Canonical name	bacterial pneumonia
Mondo ID	MONDO:0004652
EFO	EFO:1001272
MeSH	D018410
DOID	DOID:874
ICD-11	1323682030
NCIT	C26704
SNOMED CT	53084003
UMLS	C0004626
MedGen	484
Is cancer (heuristic)	no

Also known as: Bacteria caused pneumonia · Bacteria pneumonia · pneumonia due to other gram-negative bacteria

Data availability: 8 GWAS associations (18 studies).

Disease family

This is a subtype of bacterial infectious disease. Genetic, therapeutic, and trial evidence is largely curated at the broader-term level — see the parent page for the associated-gene cohort and molecular evidence.

Classification path: disease › human disease › disease by etiologic mechanism › disease of primarily extrinsic mechanism › infectious disease › bacterial infectious disease › bacterial pneumonia

Related subtypes (51): primary bacterial infectious disease, commensal bacterial infectious disease, opportunistic bacterial infectious disease, chorioamnionitis, Clostridium difficile colitis, bacterial gastritis, bacterial arthritis, Whipple disease, Aeromonas hydrophila infectious disease, Pectobacterium carotovorum infection, Pseudomonas infection, septic peritonitis, bacterial infectious disease with sepsis, empyema, bacterial urinary tract infection, bacterial sexually transmitted disease, meningococcal infection, pasteurellosis, peritonsillar abscess, pneumonic pasteurellosis, tracheitis, Actinobacillus infectious disease, bacterial conjunctivitis, bacterial endocarditis, bacterial meningitis, Bifidobacteriales infectious disease, haemophilus infectious disease, Proteus infectious disease, pulpitis, rat-bite fever, Rickettsiosis, vibrio infectious disease, Yersinia infectious disease, bacterial myositis, noma, idiopathic severe pneumococcemia, necrotizing soft tissue infection, mycobacterial infectious disease, escherichia coli infection, gram-negative bacterial infections, gram-positive bacterial infections, spirochaetales infections, skin disease caused by bacterial infection, staphylococcal infection, anaerobic bacteria infectious disease, Klebsiella infectious disease, fournier gangrene, botryomycosis, bacterial hemorrhagic fever, Mycoplasmoides infection, Enterococcus infectious disease

Subtypes (8): anaerobic pneumonia, Legionnaires’ disease, Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia, staphylococcal pneumonia, streptococcal pneumonia, Klebsiella pneumonia, pneumonia caused by pseudomonas aeruginosa infection, pneumonia caused by gram negative bacteria

Genetics & variants

GWAS landscape

8 GWAS associations across 18 studies. Top hits map to 4 distinct genes (as reported by GWAS).

Top associations by p-value

rsID	p-value	Gene	Risk allele	Odds ratio
rs113993960	1e-46	CFTR	?	9.42
rs374402947	7e-10	CBFA2T3 - ACSF3	T	3.39
rs77438700	8e-10	CHRNA3	G	0.84
rs532298826	7e-09	RPS23P2 - PCDH18	A	3.06
rs763947133	1e-08	FBN2	T	3.97
rs12670592	2e-08	SDK1	?	0.99
rs150968777	9e-07	NR3C1 - RNU7-156P	?

Top studies (by case count)

Study	Lead author	Year	Cases	Controls	Title
GCST90570614	You D	2025	16,244	716,146	A genome-wide cross-trait analysis characterizes the shared genetic architecture between lung and gastrointestinal diseases.
GCST90570615	You D	2025	16,244	754,334	A genome-wide cross-trait analysis characterizes the shared genetic architecture between lung and gastrointestinal diseases.
GCST90478120	Verma A	2024	12,031	424,477	Diversity and scale: Genetic architecture of 2068 traits in the VA Million Veteran Program.
GCST90103960	Tangden T	2022	11,133	326,351	A genome-wide association study in a large community-based cohort identifies multiple loci associated with susceptibility to bacterial and viral infections.
GCST90436210	Zhou W	2018	6,710	398,538	Efficiently controlling for case-control imbalance and sample relatedness in large-scale genetic association studies.
GCST90652216	Liu TY	2025	3,223	198,125	Diversity and longitudinal records: Genetic architecture of disease associations and polygenic risk in the Taiwanese Han population.
GCST90478119	Verma A	2024	2,662	115,473	Diversity and scale: Genetic architecture of 2068 traits in the VA Million Veteran Program.
GCST90481104	Verma A	2024	2,662	115,473	Diversity and scale: Genetic architecture of 2068 traits in the VA Million Veteran Program.
GCST90473661	UK Biobank Whole-Genome Sequencing Consortium	2025	1,544	456,896	Whole-genome sequencing of 490,640 UK Biobank participants.
GCST90478118	Verma A	2024	986	57,471	Diversity and scale: Genetic architecture of 2068 traits in the VA Million Veteran Program.

Variant details and genetic-evidence tiers

Tier distribution (top 50 variants)

Tier	Variants
Tier 1: coding	1
Tier 2: splice/UTR	0
Tier 3: regulatory	0
Tier 4: intronic/intergenic	6

MAF distribution

Bucket	Variants
common (>=0.05)	3
low_freq (0.01-0.05)	0
rare (<0.01)	0
unknown	4

Functional consequences

Consequence	Count
intron_variant	4
intergenic_variant	2
inframe_insertion	1

Top variants

rsID	Chr	Pos	Alleles	MAF	Consequence	Gene	p-value	Tier
rs113993960	7	117559591	ATCT>A,ATCTTCT	0.05	inframe_insertion	CFTR	1e-46	Tier 1: coding
rs374402947	16	89088105	C>G,T		intergenic_variant	CBFA2T3 - ACSF3	7e-10	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs77438700	15	78614295	A>G	0.074	intron_variant	CHRNA3	8e-10	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs532298826	4	137456925	T>A,G		intergenic_variant	RPS23P2 - PCDH18	7e-09	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs763947133	5	128383640	C>T		intron_variant	FBN2	1e-08	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs12670592	7	3555355	T>C,G	0.05	intron_variant	SDK1	2e-08	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs150968777	5	143517277	G>A		intron_variant	NR3C1 - RNU7-156P	9e-07	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic

Genes & proteins

No associated-gene cohort resolved for this disease. Atlas builds the molecular and therapeutic sections — associated genes, protein families, druggability, pathways, interactions, and drug associations — by aggregating over a disease’s associated genes (resolved via GWAS / GenCC / ClinVar / CIViC), and none resolved here. This is expected for antibody-mediated, autoimmune, or otherwise non-gene-defined conditions; the curated evidence for this disease is its clinical features, GWAS susceptibility, and clinical trials (above).

Function

No pathway enrichment — requires an associated-gene cohort.

Therapeutics

Drugs indicated or in trials for this disease

1 approved drug — disease-direct ChEMBL indications, not inferred from the associated-gene cohort below.

Drug	Status
Telithromycin	Approved (phase 4)

25 drugs in clinical trials for this disease (phase 2–3, investigational): efficacy not established — a trial record, not an indication.

Drug	Highest phase
Amikacin	Phase 3
Ceftaroline	Phase 3
Ceftaroline Fosamil	Phase 3
Ceftriaxone	Phase 3
Cilastatin	Phase 3
Clarithromycin	Phase 3
Colistin	Phase 3
Daptomycin	Phase 3
Delafloxacin	Phase 3
Linezolid	Phase 3
Meropenem	Phase 3
Moxifloxacin	Phase 3
Nemonoxacin	Phase 3
Omadacycline	Phase 3
Piperacillin	Phase 3
Solithromycin	Phase 3
Tazobactam	Phase 3
Telavancin	Phase 3
Tigecycline	Phase 3
Vancomycin	Phase 3
Amoxicillin	Phase 2
Clavulanic Acid	Phase 2
Fosfomycin	Phase 2
Sulopenem	Phase 2
Tobramycin	Phase 2

Clinical trials & evidence

Clinical trials

Clinical trials: 28.

Phase distribution (across all retrieved trials)

Phase	Trials
PHASE3	13
Not specified	7
PHASE2	4
PHASE1	2
PHASE4	1
PHASE1/PHASE2	1

Top trials by phase / activity

NCT	Phase	Status	Title
NCT06804096	PHASE4	RECRUITING	Efficacy and Safety of Faropenem in Bangladeshi Adult Patients With Community-Acquired Bacterial Pneumonia (CABP)
NCT00079885	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Study Evaluating Tigecycline vs Levofloxacin in Hospitalized With Community-Acquired Pneumonia
NCT00080496	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Study Evaluating Tigecycline Versus Imipenem/Cilastatin in Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia
NCT00081575	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Study Comparing Tigecycline vs. Levofloxacin in Subjects Hospitalized With Community-Acquired Pneumonia
NCT00107952	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Comparison of Telavancin and Vancomycin for Hospital-acquired Pneumonia Due to Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus Aureus
NCT00124020	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Comparison of Telavancin and Vancomycin for Hospital-acquired Pneumonia Due to Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus Aureus
NCT00509106	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Comparative Study of Ceftaroline vs. Ceftriaxone in Adults With Community-Acquired Pneumonia
NCT00621504	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Comparative Study of Ceftaroline vs. Ceftriaxone in Adult Subjects With Community-Acquired Pneumonia
NCT01868113	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Inhaled Corticosteroids in U-5 Children With Acute Respiratory Infection in Uganda: A Randomised Trial
NCT02493764	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Imipenem/Relebactam/Cilastatin Versus Piperacillin/Tazobactam for Treatment of Participants With Bacterial Pneumonia (MK-7655A-014)
NCT02531438	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Omadacycline vs Moxifloxacin for the Treatment of CABP (EudraCT #2013-004071-13)
NCT04779242	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Omadacycline vs. Moxifloxacin for the Treatment of Community-Acquired Bacterial Pneumonia
NCT05417997	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Effect of Kunamin in SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR Positive Covid-19 Patients
NCT05531149	PHASE3	TERMINATED	Efficacy and Safety of Trimodulin (BT588) in Subjects With CAP Including COVID-19 Pneumonia
NCT00451386	PHASE2	COMPLETED	Ertapenem Study in Pediatric Patients Who Have Urinary Tract Infections, Skin Infections or Community-acquired Pneumonia (0826-036)
NCT00502801	PHASE2	COMPLETED	An Effectiveness, Safety, and Microbiology Study of Doripenem in Patients With Nosocomial (Hospital-acquired) Pneumonia
NCT01570192	PHASE2	TERMINATED	Clinical Trials to Reduce the Risk of Antimicrobial Resistance
NCT03158727	PHASE1/PHASE2	COMPLETED	Cx611-0204 SEPCELL Study
NCT05175833	PHASE2	COMPLETED	Oral Probiotics and Secondary Bacterial Pneumonia in Severe COVID-19
NCT03862040	PHASE1	TERMINATED	Cefiderocol Concentrations in the Lungs of Hospitalized Patients With Bacterial Pneumonia
NCT05629741	PHASE1	TERMINATED	A 2-Part First-in-Human Study to Evaluate the Safety, Tolerability, Pharmacokinetics, and Immunogenicity of CMTX-101
NCT06966284	Not specified	RECRUITING	A Post-Marketing Study to Assess the Efficacy and Safety of Intravenous Polymyxin B and Colistin Methanesulfonate in Patients With Carbapenem-Resistant Gram-Negative Bacterial Infection
NCT07386912	Not specified	NOT_YET_RECRUITING	Investigation of the Effects of Oxidized Antigens on the T-Cell Response and the Epigenetic Reprogramming of Neutrophils in Lung Diseases - OXIGENE -
NCT00645619	Not specified	WITHDRAWN	Use of TREM-1 Protein to Differentiate Viral and Bacterial Pneumonias in Intubated Children
NCT00763620	Not specified	COMPLETED	Assessment of the Diagnostic Capacity of the Mini-broncho Alveolar Lavage Performed Through a Suction Catheter
NCT00877422	Not specified	COMPLETED	Vitamin D Supplementation Prevents Elderly Pneumonia
NCT03752320	Not specified	UNKNOWN	Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction in Postoperative Pneumonia After Thoracic Surgery
NCT04952337	Not specified	UNKNOWN	Clinical, Molecular and Functional Biomarkers for PROgnosis, Pathomechanisms and Treatment Strategies of COVID-19 (PROVID) - (PROVID-CAPNETZ)

Drugs tested across these trials (top 30)

Molecule	Max phase	Trials referencing
CEFTAROLINE FOSAMIL	4	6
IMIPENEM ANHYDROUS	4	4
CLARITHROMYCIN	4	3
TIGECYCLINE	4	3
CEFTRIAXONE	4	2
CILASTATIN	4	2
LEVOFLOXACIN ANHYDROUS	4	2
MOXIFLOXACIN	4	2
OMADACYCLINE	4	2
TELAVANCIN	4	2
VANCOMYCIN	4	2
CEFIDEROCOL	4	1
DORIPENEM	4	1
FAVIPIRAVIR	4	1
LANSOPRAZOLE	4	1
LINEZOLID	4	1
MEROPENEM	4	1
OFLOXACIN	4	1
PIPERACILLIN	4	1
RELEBACTAM	4	1
TAZOBACTAM	4	1
TOBRAMYCIN	4	1
FAROPENEM	3	1
CHEMBL4299436	0	2
CHEMBL4802121	0	2
CHEMBL5271499	0	2
CHEMBL5194685	0	1
AMOXICILLIN/CLAVULANIC ACID	0	1