Brain cancer

Summary

Brain cancer (MONDO:0001657) is a cancer (an umbrella term covering 9 Mondo subtypes) with 2 cohort genes (7 GWAS associations across 9 studies; 2 CIViC-evidence somatic drivers; 2 ClinVar predisposition records) and 396 clinical trials. Top therapeutic interventions include erlotinib, aminolevulinic acid, and flucytosine.

At a glance

• Classification: Cancer
• Umbrella term: 9 Mondo subtypes
• Cohort genes: 2
• GWAS associations: 7
• ClinVar variants: 2
• Clinical trials: 396

Clinical features

No curated clinical features (Orphanet) for this disease.

Identifiers

Disease identifiers

Field	Value
Canonical name	brain cancer
Mondo ID	MONDO:0001657
MeSH	D001932
DOID	DOID:1319
ICD-10-CM	C71
ICD-11	189650925
NCIT	C3568
SNOMED CT	428061005
UMLS	C0153633
MedGen	57796
GARD	0027584
Anatomy (UBERON)	UBERON:0000955
Is cancer (heuristic)	yes

Also known as: adult brain tumor · adult brain tumour · adult malignant brain neoplasm · brain cancer · brain neoplasm · brain neoplasms, malignant · brain tumor, adult · BT - brain tumour · cancer of brain · cancer of the brain · malignant brain neoplasm · malignant brain tumor · malignant neoplasm of brain · malignant neoplasm of the brain · malignant primary brain neoplasm · malignant primary brain tumor · malignant primary brain tumour · malignant tumor of adult brain · malignant tumor of brain · malignant tumor of the brain (+7 more)

Data availability: 2 ClinVar variants · 7 GWAS associations (9 studies) · 1 cell line.

Disease family

An umbrella term covering 9 Mondo subtypes.

Classification path: disease › human disease › disease by etiologic mechanism › cancer or benign tumor › neoplastic disease or syndrome › neoplasm › cancer › nervous system cancer › central nervous system cancer › brain cancer

Related subtypes (19): central nervous system primitive neuroectodermal neoplasm, central nervous system sarcoma, primary central nervous system lymphoma, central nervous system germinoma, central nervous system melanocytic neoplasm, central nervous system endodermal sinus tumor, spinal cord cancer, malignant carotid body paraganglioma, malignant adrenal gland pheochromocytoma, malignant jugulotympanic paraganglioma, pheochromocytoma/paraganglioma syndrome 2, pheochromocytoma/paraganglioma syndrome 5, central nervous system Ewing sarcoma/peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumor, choriocarcinoma of the central nervous system, mixed germ cell tumor of central nervous system, embryonal carcinoma of the central nervous system, malignant tumor of meninges, malignant central nervous system mesenchymal, non-meningothelial neoplasm, malignant glioma

Subtypes (9): supratentorial cancer, brain germinoma, brain sarcoma, cerebral ventricle cancer, infratentorial cancer, intracranial primitive neuroectodermal tumor, brain glioma, cancer of cerebellum, metastatic malignant neoplasm in the brain

Genetics & variants

GWAS landscape

7 GWAS associations across 9 studies. Top hits map to 6 distinct genes (as reported by GWAS).

Top associations by p-value

rsID	p-value	Gene	Risk allele	Odds ratio
rs114611496	1e-13	IDE	A	2.33
rs550254779	3e-13	APOBEC3B-AS1 - APOBEC3C	G	3.04
rs192247958	3e-12	FCHO2	G	3.77
rs573448077	7e-12	FOXN3, FOXN3-AS3	C	3.47
rs111754359	9e-12	CCT6B	C	4.09
rs181334777	1e-11	AFAP1-AS1	C	3.03
rs140442570	1e-07	CUBNP2 - OR6D1P	?

Top studies (by case count)

Study	Lead author	Year	Cases	Controls	Title
GCST90477218	Verma A	2024	1,417	448,701	Diversity and scale: Genetic architecture of 2068 traits in the VA Million Veteran Program.
GCST90477219	Verma A	2024	1,199	449,265	Diversity and scale: Genetic architecture of 2068 traits in the VA Million Veteran Program.
GCST90435624	Zhou W	2018	531	407,239	Efficiently controlling for case-control imbalance and sample relatedness in large-scale genetic association studies.
GCST90435625	Zhou W	2018	486	407,239	Efficiently controlling for case-control imbalance and sample relatedness in large-scale genetic association studies.
GCST90651848	Liu TY	2025	478	234,636	Diversity and longitudinal records: Genetic architecture of disease associations and polygenic risk in the Taiwanese Han population.
GCST90479813	Verma A	2024	322	121,279	Diversity and scale: Genetic architecture of 2068 traits in the VA Million Veteran Program.
GCST90481519	Verma A	2024	322	121,279	Diversity and scale: Genetic architecture of 2068 traits in the VA Million Veteran Program.
GCST90479812	Verma A	2024	252	121,443	Diversity and scale: Genetic architecture of 2068 traits in the VA Million Veteran Program.
GCST90481520	Verma A	2024	252	121,443	Diversity and scale: Genetic architecture of 2068 traits in the VA Million Veteran Program.

Variant details and genetic-evidence tiers

Tier distribution (top 50 variants)

Tier	Variants
Tier 1: coding	0
Tier 2: splice/UTR	0
Tier 3: regulatory	0
Tier 4: intronic/intergenic	7

MAF distribution

Bucket	Variants
common (>=0.05)	0
low_freq (0.01-0.05)	0
rare (<0.01)	6
unknown	1

Functional consequences

Consequence	Count
intron_variant	4
intergenic_variant	3

Top variants

rsID	Chr	Pos	Alleles	MAF	Consequence	Gene	p-value	Tier
rs114611496	10	92499682	A>G	0	intron_variant	IDE	1e-13	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs550254779	22	39012413	G>A	0.001	intergenic_variant	APOBEC3B-AS1 - APOBEC3C	3e-13	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs192247958	5	73059783	G>C	0	intron_variant	FCHO2	3e-12	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs573448077	14	89360121	C>A,T	0.001	intron_variant	FOXN3, FOXN3-AS3	7e-12	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs111754359	17	34974171	C>T	0	intergenic_variant	CCT6B	9e-12	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs181334777	4	7754890	C>A,T	0	intron_variant	AFAP1-AS1	1e-11	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs140442570	10	45253087	A>C		intergenic_variant	CUBNP2 - OR6D1P	1e-07	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic

ClinVar germline variants

2 retrieved; paginated sample, class counts are floors:

1 benign/likely benign, 1 uncertain significance

ClinVar	Variant (HGVS)	Gene	Classification	Review
479094	NM_000051.4(ATM):c.611G>T (p.Gly204Val)	ATM	Uncertain significance	criteria provided, single submitter
184606	NM_000455.5(STK11):c.1284G>C (p.Ser428=)	STK11	Benign/Likely benign	criteria provided, multiple submitters, no conflicts

Genes & proteins

Mendelian disease overlap and somatic drivers

GenCC: 0 · Orphanet: 9 · OMIM-shared: 0 · Dual-evidence (GWAS+Mendelian): 0

Somatic driver evidence (intOGen + CIViC, cohort fanout)

Gene	intOGen role	Cancer types	CIViC
STK11	LoF	ANSC,CEAD,CESC,CHOL,LUAD,NSCLC,WDTC	CIViC #5534
ATM	LoF	BLCA,BRCA,CCRCC,CHOL,CLLSLL,COAD,COADREAD,ESCA,HCC,LUAD,LUSC,MEL,NSCLC,PAAD,PANCREAS,PANET,PCM,PLMESO,PRAD,PROSTATE,STAD,UCEC,UTUC,WDTC	CIViC #69

Orphanet rare-disease linkage (cohort genes)

Gene	Orphanet ID	Rare disease
STK11	Orphanet:2869	Peutz-Jeghers syndrome
ATM	Orphanet:100	Ataxia-telangiectasia
ATM	Orphanet:1331	Familial prostate cancer
ATM	Orphanet:145	Hereditary breast and/or ovarian cancer syndrome
ATM	Orphanet:227535	Hereditary breast cancer
ATM	Orphanet:370109	Ataxia-telangiectasia variant
ATM	Orphanet:440437	Familial colorectal cancer Type X
ATM	Orphanet:52416	Mantle cell lymphoma
ATM	Orphanet:67038	B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia

Cohort genes → proteins

2 cohort genes, 2 distinct canonical proteins.

Evidence partition

Subset	Genes
multi_evidence	2

Cohort genes (full)

Symbol	HGNC	Ensembl	UniProt	Name	Evidence
STK11	HGNC:11389	ENSG00000118046	Q15831	Serine/threonine-protein kinase STK11	clinvar
ATM	HGNC:795	ENSG00000149311	Q13315	Serine-protein kinase ATM	clinvar

Cohort function summary

Lead sentence per gene, UniProt-curated.

Symbol	Protein name	Function (lead sentence)
STK11	Serine/threonine-protein kinase STK11	Tumor suppressor serine/threonine-protein kinase that controls the activity of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) family members, thereby playing a role in various processes such as cell metabolism, cell polarity, apoptosis and DNA damage…
ATM	Serine-protein kinase ATM	Serine/threonine protein kinase which activates checkpoint signaling upon double strand breaks (DSBs), apoptosis and genotoxic stresses such as ionizing ultraviolet A light (UVA), thereby acting as a DNA damage sensor.

Protein-family classification

Druggable: 2 · Difficult: 0 · Unknown: 0 · Druggable fraction: 1.0

Family distribution

Cohort families vs a genome-wide background (hypergeometric, BH-FDR; fold = observed/expected). Counts kept; sorted by enrichment, so the catch-all Other/Unknown bucket no longer leads.

Family	Genes	Fold	FDR
Kinase	2	27.7×	0.001

Per-gene assignment

Symbol	Family	Druggable?	EC	InterPro (top 3)
STK11	Kinase	yes	2.7.11.1	Prot_kinase_dom, Ser/Thr_kinase_AS, Kinase-like_dom_sf
ATM	Kinase	yes	2.7.11.1	PI3/4_kinase_cat_dom, PIK-rel_kinase_FAT, FATC_dom

Expression context

Cohort genes with no expression data: 0.

2 cohort genes are a single-cell marker in ≥1 SCXA experiment.

Breadth distribution (Bgee present_calls)

Bucket	Genes
narrow (1-5 tissues)	0
moderate (6-20)	0
broad (>20)	2
unknown	0

Top tissues across cohort

Tissue	Cohort genes
hindlimb stylopod muscle	1
left testis	1
right testis	1
calcaneal tendon	1
colonic epithelium	1
corpus callosum	1

Per-gene tissue summary (top 30)

Symbol	Bgee breadth	FANTOM5 breadth	SCXA	Top tissues
STK11	238	ubiquitous	marker	left testis, right testis, hindlimb stylopod muscle
ATM	286	ubiquitous	marker	calcaneal tendon, colonic epithelium, corpus callosum

Protein interactions among cohort

Intra-cohort edges: 1.

Hub genes (top 10 by interactor count)

Symbol	Interactor count
ATM	7,383
STK11	5,146

Intra-cohort edges

A	B	Sources
ATM	STK11	string_interaction

Structural data

PDB: 2 · AlphaFold-only: 0 · No structure: 0

Cohort genes with PDB structures (top 30)

Symbol	UniProt	PDB entries
ATM	Q13315	14
STK11	Q15831	4

Function

Pathway analysis

Distinct Reactome pathways touched by cohort: 69. Enrichment computed across 2 evidence-associated genes (2 with Reactome annotation).

Pathways by enrichment

Over-representation of cohort genes vs the genome-wide background (hypergeometric test, Benjamini-Hochberg FDR; fold = observed/expected over 2 annotated cohort genes). Counts and members are kept as ground-truth; sorted by enrichment.

Pathway	Cohort genes	Fold	FDR	Sample cohort genes
Regulation of TP53 Activity	2	132.8×	0.002	STK11, ATM
Regulation of TP53 Activity through Phosphorylation	2	117.7×	0.002	STK11, ATM
Transcriptional Regulation by TP53	2	62.1×	0.006	STK11, ATM
Sensing of DNA Double Strand Breaks	1	951.7×	0.011	ATM
AMPK inhibits chREBP transcriptional activation activity	1	713.8×	0.011	STK11
TP53 Regulates Transcription of Caspase Activators and Caspases	1	475.8×	0.011	ATM
Pexophagy	1	475.8×	0.011	ATM
Defective homologous recombination repair (HRR) due to PALB2 loss of function	1	475.8×	0.011	ATM
Diseases of DNA Double-Strand Break Repair	1	407.9×	0.011	ATM
Defective homologous recombination repair (HRR) due to BRCA2 loss of function	1	407.9×	0.011	ATM
Stabilization of p53	1	380.7×	0.011	ATM
p53-Dependent G1 DNA Damage Response	1	356.9×	0.011	ATM
p53-Dependent G1/S DNA damage checkpoint	1	356.9×	0.011	ATM
FOXO-mediated transcription of cell death genes	1	356.9×	0.011	STK11
G1/S DNA Damage Checkpoints	1	335.9×	0.011	ATM
Resolution of D-Loop Structures	1	317.2×	0.011	ATM
Diseases of DNA repair	1	285.5×	0.011	ATM
TP53 Regulates Transcription of Cell Death Genes	1	271.9×	0.011	ATM
TP53 Regulates Transcription of Genes Involved in Cytochrome C Release	1	271.9×	0.011	ATM
Regulation of TP53 Activity through Methylation	1	271.9×	0.011	ATM
Regulation of TP53 Expression and Degradation	1	259.6×	0.011	ATM
DNA Double Strand Break Response	1	237.9×	0.011	ATM
Impaired BRCA2 binding to PALB2	1	228.4×	0.011	ATM
Defective homologous recombination repair (HRR) due to BRCA1 loss of function	1	211.5×	0.011	ATM
Defective HDR through Homologous Recombination Repair (HRR) due to PALB2 loss of BRCA1 binding function	1	211.5×	0.011	ATM
Defective HDR through Homologous Recombination Repair (HRR) due to PALB2 loss of BRCA2/RAD51/RAD51C binding function	1	211.5×	0.011	ATM
Cellular response to heat stress	1	196.9×	0.011	ATM
Energy dependent regulation of mTOR by LKB1-AMPK	1	196.9×	0.011	STK11
Resolution of D-loop Structures through Synthesis-Dependent Strand Annealing (SDSA)	1	196.9×	0.011	ATM
RNA Polymerase II Transcription	2	22.5×	0.011	STK11, ATM

GO biological processes by enrichment

Over-representation of cohort genes vs the genome-wide background (hypergeometric test, Benjamini-Hochberg FDR; fold = observed/expected over 2 annotated cohort genes). Counts and members are kept as ground-truth; sorted by enrichment.

GO term	Cohort genes	Fold	FDR	Sample cohort genes
response to ionizing radiation	2	411.0×	3e-04	STK11, ATM
regulation of signal transduction by p53 class mediator	2	383.0×	3e-04	STK11, ATM
negative regulation of TORC1 signaling	2	324.1×	3e-04	STK11, ATM
protein autophosphorylation	2	145.3×	0.001	STK11, ATM
positive regulation of vesicle transport along microtubule	1	8426.0×	0.002	STK11
establishment of RNA localization to telomere	1	4213.0×	0.002	ATM
establishment of protein-containing complex localization to telomere	1	4213.0×	0.002	ATM
positive regulation of telomerase catalytic core complex assembly	1	4213.0×	0.002	ATM
regulation of cell cycle	2	74.6×	0.002	STK11, ATM
protein phosphorylation	2	68.0×	0.002	STK11, ATM
pre-B cell allelic exclusion	1	2808.7×	0.003	ATM
cellular response to nitrosative stress	1	2808.7×	0.003	ATM
DNA damage response	2	53.5×	0.003	STK11, ATM
peptidyl-serine autophosphorylation	1	1685.2×	0.004	ATM
negative regulation of telomere capping	1	1685.2×	0.004	ATM
regulation of telomere maintenance via telomerase	1	1404.3×	0.004	ATM
negative regulation of epithelial cell proliferation involved in prostate gland development	1	1404.3×	0.004	STK11
positive regulation of telomere maintenance via telomere lengthening	1	1404.3×	0.004	ATM
lipoprotein catabolic process	1	1203.7×	0.004	ATM
V(D)J recombination	1	1053.2×	0.004	ATM
Golgi localization	1	1053.2×	0.004	STK11
epithelial cell proliferation involved in prostate gland development	1	1053.2×	0.004	STK11
meiotic telomere clustering	1	936.2×	0.004	ATM
female meiotic nuclear division	1	842.6×	0.004	ATM
histone mRNA catabolic process	1	842.6×	0.004	ATM
cellular response to X-ray	1	842.6×	0.004	ATM
dendrite extension	1	842.6×	0.004	STK11
DNA double-strand break processing	1	766.0×	0.005	ATM
activation of protein kinase activity	1	766.0×	0.005	STK11
positive thymic T cell selection	1	702.2×	0.005	STK11

Therapeutics

Drugs indicated for this disease

1 approved, 16 in late-stage (phase 3) trials. Disease-direct ChEMBL indications, not inferred from the associated-gene cohort below.

Drug	Development status
Lomustine	Approved (phase 4)
Bevacizumab	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Carboplatin	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Cisplatin	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Dactinomycin	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Dianhydrogalactitol	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Doxorubicin	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Etoposide	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Filgrastim	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Irinotecan	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Metformin	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Methotrexate	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Nivolumab	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Pembrolizumab	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Temozolomide	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Thioguanine	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Vincristine	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)

Earlier-phase candidates (phase 2, investigational — efficacy not yet established): ANTINEOPLASTON A10, Aminolevulinic Acid, Capecitabine, Carmustine, Celecoxib, Dacomitinib Anhydrous, Dexamethasone, Fluorescein, Lapatinib, Lithium Carbonate, Oxygen, Palonosetron, Vorinostat.

Drug target analysis

Approved (phase 4): 2 · Phase ≥3: 2 · Phased (≥1): 2 · Undrugged: 0

Druggability breadth: 2 of 2 evidence-associated genes (100%) have a ChEMBL target (buckets above are over the deeply-mined display cohort).

Genes with an approved drug

The molecule shown is one approved compound that hits the gene — not necessarily a drug of choice or one indicated for this disease.

Symbol	Example approved molecule
STK11	FEDRATINIB
ATM	AMIODARONE HYDROCHLORIDE

Top cohort targets by molecule count

Symbol	Molecules	Max phase
ATM	35	4
STK11	17	4

Drugs targeting cohort genes (top 30)

Molecule	Max phase	Targets in cohort
FEDRATINIB	4	STK11
PACRITINIB	4	STK11
NINTEDANIB	4	STK11
SUNITINIB	4	STK11
MIDOSTAURIN	4	STK11
AMIODARONE HYDROCHLORIDE	4	ATM
FURAZOLIDONE	4	ATM
ESTRADIOL ACETATE	4	ATM
NAFTIFINE HYDROCHLORIDE	4	ATM
METHYSERGIDE MALEATE	4	ATM
AMITRIPTYLINE HYDROCHLORIDE	4	ATM
XYLOMETAZOLINE HYDROCHLORIDE	4	ATM
FLUVOXAMINE MALEATE	4	ATM
ESTRADIOL VALERATE	4	ATM
PERMETHRIN	4	ATM
MITOTANE	4	ATM
TICLOPIDINE HYDROCHLORIDE	4	ATM
ENOXIMONE	4	ATM
METHYLENE BLUE ANHYDROUS	4	ATM
DITHIAZANINE IODIDE	4	ATM
ETHACRYNIC ACID	4	ATM
SECNIDAZOLE	4	ATM
MENADIONE	4	ATM
FENOFIBRATE	4	ATM
DIPYRIDAMOLE	4	ATM
DINACICLIB	3	STK11
DOVITINIB	3	STK11
LESTAURTINIB	3	STK11
RUBOXISTAURIN	3	STK11
DACTOLISIB	3	ATM

Bioactivity and enzyme data

Enzyme cohort genes (≥1 EC): 2.

Cohort genes with ChEMBL bioactivity (full, sorted by assay count)

Symbol	Assays	Type breakdown
STK11	244	Binding:244
ATM	240	Binding:233, Functional:5, ADMET:2

Cohort enzymes (BRENDA EC)

Symbol	EC numbers	Names
STK11	2.7.11.1	non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase
ATM	2.7.11.1	non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase

Cohort genes with high screening signal

≥100 ChEMBL assays — a studied-ness signal; see Therapeutics for approved-drug status.

Symbol	ChEMBL assays
STK11	244
ATM	240

Pharmacogenomics

Cohort genes with a PharmGKB record: 2; with CPIC/DPWG dosing guidelines: 0.

No cohort gene has a CPIC/DPWG genotype-guided dosing guideline (PharmGKB).

Drug repurposing candidates

30 approved/phased drugs hit cohort targets but don’t yet appear in disease-level clinical trials. Target-inhibition rationale is strongest for cancer driver genes; a bioactivity hit is a screening signal, not a treatment claim.

Compound	Max phase	Cohort target (bioactivity)
FEDRATINIB	4	STK11
PACRITINIB	4	STK11
NINTEDANIB	4	STK11
SUNITINIB	4	STK11
MIDOSTAURIN	4	STK11
AMIODARONE HYDROCHLORIDE	4	ATM
FURAZOLIDONE	4	ATM
ESTRADIOL ACETATE	4	ATM
NAFTIFINE HYDROCHLORIDE	4	ATM
METHYSERGIDE MALEATE	4	ATM
AMITRIPTYLINE HYDROCHLORIDE	4	ATM
XYLOMETAZOLINE HYDROCHLORIDE	4	ATM
FLUVOXAMINE MALEATE	4	ATM
ESTRADIOL VALERATE	4	ATM
PERMETHRIN	4	ATM
MITOTANE	4	ATM
TICLOPIDINE HYDROCHLORIDE	4	ATM
ENOXIMONE	4	ATM
METHYLENE BLUE ANHYDROUS	4	ATM
DITHIAZANINE IODIDE	4	ATM
ETHACRYNIC ACID	4	ATM
SECNIDAZOLE	4	ATM
MENADIONE	4	ATM
FENOFIBRATE	4	ATM
DIPYRIDAMOLE	4	ATM
DINACICLIB	3	STK11
DOVITINIB	3	STK11
LESTAURTINIB	3	STK11
RUBOXISTAURIN	3	STK11
DACTOLISIB	3	ATM

Druggability pyramid

Cohort genes binned by druggability tier (high → low):

Tier	Definition	Genes	Symbols
A	Approved (phase 4 drug)	2	STK11, ATM
B	Phased (≥1) drug, not yet approved	0
C	Druggable family + PDB, no drug	0
D	Druggable family + AlphaFold only, no drug	0
E	Difficult family or no structure, no drug	0

Undrugged target profiles

0 cohort genes are undrugged. Ranked by ‘starting-point quality’ (assay depth + drugged-partner adjacency).

Clinical trials & evidence

Clinical trials

Clinical trials: 396.

Phase distribution (across all retrieved trials)

Phase	Trials
Not specified	180
PHASE1	83
PHASE2	70
PHASE1/PHASE2	35
PHASE3	11
EARLY_PHASE1	11
PHASE4	6

Top trials by phase / activity

NCT	Phase	Status	Title
NCT07049094	PHASE4	RECRUITING	The Analgesic Effect of Scalp Nerve Block Using Bupivacaine Liposomes for Postoperative Pain Relief After Craniotomy
NCT07225101	PHASE4	RECRUITING	Evaluation of the Efficacy of STRATAFIX for Neurosurgical Cranial and Spine Procedures
NCT02193568	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Light Sedation or Intubated General Anesthesia in Patients With Brain Cancer Undergoing Craniotomy
NCT02334722	PHASE4	COMPLETED	1 Week Versus 6 Weeks of Levetiracetam in Surgical Brain Tumor Patients
NCT02708056	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Sugammadex Given for the Reversal of Rocuronium Induced Neuromuscular Blockade Under Sevoflurane Anesthesia in Infants
NCT02964416	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Single Dose Tramadol Effect on Extubation Response and Quality of Emergence Post-supratentorial Intracranial Surgery
NCT05271240	PHASE3	RECRUITING	Repeated Superselective Intraarterial Cerebral Infusion (SIACI) of Bevacizumab With Temozolomide and Radiation Compared to Temozolomide and Radiation Alone in Newly Diagnosed GBM
NCT07376304	PHASE3	NOT_YET_RECRUITING	Intraoperative Ultrasound for Brain Tumor Surgery Enhanced by AI
NCT00045968	PHASE3	UNKNOWN	Study of a Drug [DCVax®-L] to Treat Newly Diagnosed GBM Brain Cancer
NCT00124761	PHASE3	COMPLETED	A Trial Comparing Radiosurgery With Surgery for Solitary Brain Metastases
NCT00241670	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Fluorescence-guided Resection of Malignant Gliomas With 5-Aminolevulinic Acid
NCT00460395	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Surgery Versus Stereotactic Radiosurgery in the Treatment of Single Brain Metastasis: A Randomized Trial
NCT00548756	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Randomized Trial Comparing Radiosurgery With vs Without Whole Brain Radiotherapy
NCT01014767	PHASE3	TERMINATED	Intercontinental Multidisciplinary Registry and Treatment Optimization Study for Choroid Plexus Tumors
NCT02617589	PHASE3	COMPLETED	An Investigational Immuno-therapy Study of Nivolumab Compared to Temozolomide, Each Given With Radiation Therapy, for Newly-diagnosed Patients With Glioblastoma (GBM, a Malignant Brain Cancer)
NCT03149575	PHASE3	TERMINATED	VAL-083 Phase 3 Study in Temozolomide-Avastin (Bevacizumab) Recurrent GBM
NCT04588246	PHASE3	TERMINATED	Comparing Whole Brain Radiotherapy Using a Technique That Avoids the Hippocampus to Stereotactic Radiosurgery in Patients With Cancer That Has Spread to the Brain and Come Back in Other Areas of the Brain After Earlier Stereotactic Radiosurgery
NCT02691923	PHASE2	RECRUITING	Diagnostic Performance of Fluorescein as an Intraoperative Brain Tumor Biomarker
NCT02800486	PHASE2	RECRUITING	Super Selective Intra-arterial Repeated Infusion of Cetuximab (Erbitux) With Reirradiation for Treatment of Relapsed/Refractory GBM, AA, and AOA
NCT02861898	PHASE1/PHASE2	RECRUITING	Super-selective Intra-arterial Repeated Infusion of Cetuximab for the Treatment of Newly Diagnosed Glioblastoma
NCT03213002	PHASE1/PHASE2	RECRUITING	Oral Capecitabine and Temozolomide (CAPTEM) for Newly Diagnosed GBM
NCT03510208	PHASE1/PHASE2	RECRUITING	Panitumumab-IRDye800 in Diagnosing Participants With Malignant Glioma Undergoing Surgery
NCT03649880	PHASE2	RECRUITING	Feasibility of FMISO in Brain Tumors
NCT04478279	PHASE1/PHASE2	ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING	A Phase 1-2 Study of ST101 in Patients With Advanced Solid Tumors
NCT04755920	PHASE2	RECRUITING	SGM-101 in Colorectal Brain Metastases.
NCT04899908	PHASE2	ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING	Stereotactic Brain-directed Radiation With or Without Aguix Gadolinium-Based Nanoparticles in Brain Metastases
NCT05139043	PHASE2	ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING	Low Dose Versus Standard Dose Dexamethasone for Reduction of Swelling in Patients with Primary or Metastatic Brain Tumors
NCT05554302	PHASE2	RECRUITING	Characterization of 18F-Fluciclovine PET Amino Acid Radiotracer in Resected Brain Metastasis
NCT06012695	PHASE1/PHASE2	RECRUITING	NBM-BMX Administered Orally to Patients With Solid Tumors or Newly Diagnosed Glioblastoma
NCT06058988	PHASE2	RECRUITING	Trastuzumab Deruxtecan (T-DXd) for People With Brain Cancer
NCT06132685	PHASE2	RECRUITING	Post-Operative Dosing of Dexamethasone in Patients With Brain Tumors After a Craniotomy, PODS Trial
NCT06377696	PHASE2	RECRUITING	Remote Cognitive Assessment and Wearable Device While Assessing the Impact of Metformin in Patients With History of Cranial Radiation Therapy
NCT06640582	PHASE1/PHASE2	RECRUITING	TIL Therapy Combined With Pembrolizumab for Advanced Brain Cancer Including Gliomas and Meningiomas
NCT06667726	PHASE2	RECRUITING	An Investigational Scan (18F-DOPA PET/CT) for Improving the Clinical Management of Brain Tumors
NCT06991101	PHASE2	RECRUITING	Ruxolitinib With Radiation and Temozolomide Compared to Radiation and Temozolomide for Newly Diagnosed Glioblastoma
NCT07003139	PHASE1/PHASE2	RECRUITING	A Study of the Boron Neutron Capture Therapy (BNCT) Using B10 L-BPA in Malignant Brain Tumors
NCT07326566	PHASE2	RECRUITING	Study of Silevertinib With Temozolomide for the Treatment of Newly Diagnosed GBM With Unmethylated MGMT and EGFRvIII
NCT07383649	PHASE2	RECRUITING	Trial to Study Anti- HCMV Therapy in Breast Cancer Patients With Progressive Intracranial Metastases and CMV Infection
NCT07416188	PHASE1/PHASE2	RECRUITING	Novel Indenoisoquinolone CMYC/TOPOISOMERASE 1 Inhibitor (LMP744) in Recurrent Glioblastoma
NCT07569042	PHASE1/PHASE2	RECRUITING	A Rollover Study of NBM-BMX in Combination With Temozolomide in Patients With Newly Diagnosed Glioblastoma

Drugs tested across these trials (top 30)

Molecule	Max phase	Trials referencing
ERLOTINIB	4	6
AMINOLEVULINIC ACID	4	4
FLUCYTOSINE	4	3
IRINOTECAN	4	3
SUGAMMADEX	4	3
TEMOZOLOMIDE	4	3
TEMSIROLIMUS	4	3
VORINOSTAT	4	3
DOXORUBICIN	4	2
FERUMOXYTOL	4	2
FLUDEOXYGLUCOSE F 18	4	2
FLUORESCEIN	4	2
FLUORODOPA F 18	4	2
GADOBUTROL	4	2
LOMUSTINE	4	2
MANNITOL	4	2
SORAFENIB TOSYLATE	4	2
SORBITOL	4	2
AFATINIB	4	1
ARSENIC TRIOXIDE	4	1
BORTEZOMIB D-MANNITOL	4	1
CABAZITAXEL	4	1
CABOZANTINIB	4	1
DACOMITINIB	4	1
DACOMITINIB ANHYDROUS	4	1
DACTINOMYCIN	4	1
EDOTREOTIDE GALLIUM GA-68	4	1
FLUCICLOVINE F18	4	1
GADOBENATE DIMEGLUMINE	4	1
HYDROXYUREA	4	1