Brain neoplasm

Summary

Brain neoplasm (MONDO:0021211) is a cancer (an umbrella term covering 17 Mondo subtypes) with 4 cohort genes (2 GWAS associations across 16 studies; 3 CIViC-evidence somatic drivers; 4 ClinVar predisposition records) and 649 clinical trials. Top therapeutic interventions include aminolevulinic acid, lomustine, and 2-mercaptoethanesulfonic acid.

At a glance

• Classification: Cancer
• Umbrella term: 17 Mondo subtypes
• Cohort genes: 4
• GWAS associations: 2
• ClinVar variants: 4
• Clinical trials: 649

Clinical features

No curated clinical features (Orphanet) for this disease.

Identifiers

Disease identifiers

Field	Value
Canonical name	brain neoplasm
Mondo ID	MONDO:0021211
EFO	EFO:0003833
NCIT	C2907
UMLS	C0006118
MedGen	14216
Anatomy (UBERON)	UBERON:0000955
Is cancer (heuristic)	yes

Also known as: brain neoplasm (disease) · brain neoplasms · brain tumor · brain tumour · neoplasm of brain · neoplasm of the brain · tumor of brain · tumor of the Brain · tumour of brain · tumour of the Brain

Data availability: 4 ClinVar variants · 2 GWAS associations (16 studies) · 1 cell line.

Disease family

An umbrella term covering 17 Mondo subtypes.

Classification path: disease › human disease › disease by body system or component › nervous system disorder › central nervous system disorder › brain disorder › brain neoplasm

Related subtypes (70): leukoencephalopathy, megalencephalic, encephalopathy, acute, infection-induced, diabetic encephalopathy, complex cortical dysplasia with other brain malformations, hydrocephalus, brain compression, cerebral sarcoidosis, hepatic encephalopathy, visual pathway disorder, central nervous system origin vertigo, cerebellar disorder, cerebritis, olfactory nerve disorder, thalamic disorder, pituitary gland disorder, disorder of optic chiasm, basal ganglia disorder, epilepsy, mental disorder, central nervous system cyst, migraine disorder, multiple sclerosis, prion disease, carbon monoxide-induced delayed encephalopathy, cerebral malaria, akinetic mutism, bulbar polio, Reye syndrome, brain edema, encephalomalacia, intracranial hypertension, intracranial hypotension, Wernicke encephalopathy, encephalopathy, recurrent, of childhood, XK aprosencephaly, progressive bulbar palsy, cerebrovascular disorder, glycine encephalopathy, autosomal recessive frontotemporal pachygyria, occipital pachygyria and polymicrogyria, insomnia, narcolepsy-cataplexy syndrome, megalencephaly, meningoencephalocele, cerebral cortical dysplasia, encephaloclastic disorder, bilirubin encephalopathy, autoimmune encephalopathy with parasomnia and obstructive sleep apnea, narcolepsy without cataplexy, hypothalamic hamartomas with gelastic seizures, encephalitis, cerebral lipidosis with dementia, colpocephaly, corpus callosum agenesis of blepharophimosis robin type, corpus callosum dysgenesis X-linked recessive, corpus callosum dysgenesis cleft spasm, corpus callosum dysgenesis hypopituitarism, cerebral degeneration, acute bilirubin encephalopathy, chronic bilirubin encephalopathy, atelencephaly, aprosencephaly, brain injury, traumatic encephalopathy, cluster headache syndrome, cerebral cortex disorder, midbrain disorder, encephalopathy due to mitochondrial and peroxisomal fission defect, brain malformations with or without urinary tract defects, encephalopathy, acute transient

Subtypes (17): brain cancer, cerebellopontine angle tumor, olfactory nerve neoplasm, cerebellar neoplasm, childhood brain meningioma, olfactory groove meningioma, dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumor, hypothalamic neoplasm, optic pathway glioma, choroid plexus neoplasm, brainstem neoplasm, pineal body neoplasm, neoplasm of cerebral hemisphere, benign neoplasm of brain, primary brain neoplasm, optic tract meningioma, infratentorial neoplasm

Genetics & variants

GWAS landscape

2 GWAS associations across 16 studies. Top hits map to 2 distinct genes (as reported by GWAS).

Top associations by p-value

rsID	p-value	Gene	Risk allele	Odds ratio
rs11278847	4e-12	TERT	G	0.3
rs10712703	2e-08	CDKN2B-AS1	T	0.33

Top studies (by case count)

Study	Lead author	Year	Cases	Controls	Title
GCST90018800	Sakaue S	2021	833	490,709	A cross-population atlas of genetic associations for 220 human phenotypes.
GCST90079614	Backman JD	2021	678	387,224	Exome sequencing and analysis of 454,787 UK Biobank participants.
GCST90083600	Backman JD	2021	678	387,224	Exome sequencing and analysis of 454,787 UK Biobank participants.
GCST90079613	Backman JD	2021	550	387,380	Exome sequencing and analysis of 454,787 UK Biobank participants.
GCST90083599	Backman JD	2021	550	387,380	Exome sequencing and analysis of 454,787 UK Biobank participants.
GCST90079117	Backman JD	2021	549	73,681	Exome sequencing and analysis of 454,787 UK Biobank participants.
GCST90083103	Backman JD	2021	549	73,681	Exome sequencing and analysis of 454,787 UK Biobank participants.
GCST90041861	Jiang L	2021	497	455,851	A generalized linear mixed model association tool for biobank-scale data.
GCST90018580	Sakaue S	2021	405	178,321	A cross-population atlas of genetic associations for 220 human phenotypes.
GCST90041899	Jiang L	2021	206	456,070	A generalized linear mixed model association tool for biobank-scale data.

Variant details and genetic-evidence tiers

Tier distribution (top 50 variants)

Tier	Variants
Tier 1: coding	0
Tier 2: splice/UTR	0
Tier 3: regulatory	0
Tier 4: intronic/intergenic	2

MAF distribution

Bucket	Variants
common (>=0.05)	2
low_freq (0.01-0.05)	0
rare (<0.01)	0
unknown	0

Functional consequences

Consequence	Count
intron_variant	2

Top variants

rsID	Chr	Pos	Alleles	MAF	Consequence	Gene	p-value	Tier
rs11278847	5	1280826	GAGCCCACC>G,GAGCCCACCAGCCCACC	0.05	intron_variant	TERT	4e-12	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs10712703	9	22053958	TAA>T,TA,TAAA	0.05	intron_variant	CDKN2B-AS1	2e-08	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic

ClinVar germline variants

4 retrieved; paginated sample, class counts are floors:

1 conflicting classifications of pathogenicity, 1 pathogenic/likely pathogenic, 1 benign, 1 risk factor

ClinVar	Variant (HGVS)	Gene	Classification	Review
2098090	NM_001042492.3(NF1):c.8161-2A>G	NF1	Pathogenic/Likely pathogenic	criteria provided, multiple submitters, no conflicts
984953	NM_032489.3(ACRBP):c.1040dup (p.Tyr348fs)	ACRBP	risk factor	no assertion criteria provided
141401	NM_004168.4(SDHA):c.818C>T (p.Thr273Ile)	SDHA	Conflicting classifications of pathogenicity	criteria provided, conflicting classifications
49957	NM_000548.5(TSC2):c.482-3C>T	TSC2	Benign	criteria provided, multiple submitters, no conflicts

Genes & proteins

Mendelian disease overlap and somatic drivers

GenCC: 0 · Orphanet: 21 · OMIM-shared: 0 · Dual-evidence (GWAS+Mendelian): 0

Somatic driver evidence (intOGen + CIViC, cohort fanout)

Gene	intOGen role	Cancer types	CIViC
SDHA	Act	CHRCC,HCC,LGGNOS	CIViC #5176
TSC2	LoF	ANGS,BLCA,CHOL,CHRCC,ESCA,HCC,PANCREAS,PANET,SCLC,STAD	CIViC #47
NF1	LoF	ACC,ALL,AML,ANGS,BLCA,BRCA,CCRCC,CHOL,CLLSLL,COADREAD,GB,GBM,GIST,HCC,HNSC,LGGNOS,LMS,LUAD,LUNG,LUSC,MEL,NBL,NSCLC,OVT,PAST,PGNG,PLMESO,RMS,SKCM,SOFT_TISSUE,STAD,THYM,UCS	CIViC #3867

Orphanet rare-disease linkage (cohort genes)

Gene	Orphanet ID	Rare disease
SDHA	Orphanet:139411	Carney triad
SDHA	Orphanet:154	Familial isolated dilated cardiomyopathy
SDHA	Orphanet:29072	Hereditary pheochromocytoma-paraganglioma
SDHA	Orphanet:3208	Isolated succinate-CoQ reductase deficiency
SDHA	Orphanet:44890	Gastrointestinal stromal tumor
SDHA	Orphanet:97286	Carney-Stratakis syndrome
TSC2	Orphanet:210159	Adult hepatocellular carcinoma
TSC2	Orphanet:269001	Isolated focal cortical dysplasia type IIa
TSC2	Orphanet:269008	Isolated focal cortical dysplasia type IIb
TSC2	Orphanet:538	Lymphangioleiomyomatosis
TSC2	Orphanet:805	Tuberous sclerosis complex
TSC2	Orphanet:88924	Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease type 1 with tuberous sclerosis
NF1	Orphanet:139474	17q11.2 microduplication syndrome
NF1	Orphanet:29072	Hereditary pheochromocytoma-paraganglioma
NF1	Orphanet:293199	Pleomorphic rhabdomyosarcoma
NF1	Orphanet:363700	Neurofibromatosis type 1 due to NF1 mutation or intragenic deletion
NF1	Orphanet:638	Neurofibromatosis-Noonan syndrome
NF1	Orphanet:86834	Juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia
NF1	Orphanet:97685	17q11 microdeletion syndrome
NF1	Orphanet:99756	Alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma
NF1	Orphanet:99757	Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma

Cohort genes → proteins

4 cohort genes, 4 distinct canonical proteins.

Evidence partition

Subset	Genes
multi_evidence	4

Cohort genes (full)

Symbol	HGNC	Ensembl	UniProt	Name	Evidence
SDHA	HGNC:10680	ENSG00000073578	P31040	Succinate dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] flavoprotein subunit, mitochondrial	clinvar
TSC2	HGNC:12363	ENSG00000103197	P49815	Tuberin	clinvar
ACRBP	HGNC:17195	ENSG00000111644	Q8NEB7	Acrosin-binding protein	clinvar
NF1	HGNC:7765	ENSG00000196712	P21359	Neurofibromin	clinvar

Cohort function summary

Lead sentence per gene, UniProt-curated.

Symbol	Protein name	Function (lead sentence)
SDHA	Succinate dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] flavoprotein subunit, mitochondrial	Flavoprotein (FP) subunit of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) that is involved in complex II of the mitochondrial electron transport chain and is responsible for transferring electrons from succinate to ubiquinone (coenzyme Q).
TSC2	Tuberin	Catalytic component of the TSC-TBC complex, a multiprotein complex that acts as a negative regulator of the canonical mTORC1 complex, an evolutionarily conserved central nutrient sensor that stimulates anabolic reactions and macromolecule…
ACRBP	Acrosin-binding protein	Acrosomal protein that maintains proacrosin (pro-ACR) as an enzymatically inactive zymogen in the acrosome.
NF1	Neurofibromin	Stimulates the GTPase activity of Ras.

Protein-family classification

Druggable: 0 · Difficult: 0 · Unknown: 4 · Druggable fraction: 0.0

Family distribution

Cohort families vs a genome-wide background (hypergeometric, BH-FDR; fold = observed/expected). Counts kept; sorted by enrichment, so the catch-all Other/Unknown bucket no longer leads.

Family	Genes	Fold	FDR
Other/Unknown	4	1.8×	0.097

Per-gene assignment

Symbol	Family	Druggable?	EC	InterPro (top 3)
SDHA	Other/Unknown	no		FRD_SDH_FAD_BS, FAD-dep_OxRdtase_2_FAD-bd, Succ_DH_flav_su_fwd
TSC2	Other/Unknown	no		Rap/Ran_GAP_dom, Tuberin, ARM-like
ACRBP	Other/Unknown	no		Proacrosin-bd, Kazal_dom_sf
NF1	Other/Unknown	no		CRAL-TRIO_dom, RasGAP_dom, Rho_GTPase_activation_prot

Expression context

Cohort genes with no expression data: 0.

4 cohort genes are a single-cell marker in ≥1 SCXA experiment.

Breadth distribution (Bgee present_calls)

Bucket	Genes
narrow (1-5 tissues)	0
moderate (6-20)	0
broad (>20)	4
unknown	0

Top tissues across cohort

Tissue	Cohort genes
apex of heart	1
heart left ventricle	1
mucosa of transverse colon	1
cerebellar cortex	1
cerebellar hemisphere	1
right hemisphere of cerebellum	1
left testis	1
monocyte	1
right testis	1
adrenal tissue	1
calcaneal tendon	1
colonic epithelium	1

Per-gene tissue summary (top 30)

Symbol	Bgee breadth	FANTOM5 breadth	SCXA	Top tissues
SDHA	143	ubiquitous	marker	apex of heart, heart left ventricle, mucosa of transverse colon
TSC2	282	ubiquitous	marker	right hemisphere of cerebellum, cerebellar hemisphere, cerebellar cortex
ACRBP	177	broad	marker	left testis, right testis, monocyte
NF1	283	ubiquitous	marker	colonic epithelium, calcaneal tendon, adrenal tissue

Protein interactions among cohort

Intra-cohort edges: 0.

Hub genes (top 10 by interactor count)

Symbol	Interactor count
SDHA	6,141
NF1	5,540
TSC2	4,135
ACRBP	1,029

Structural data

PDB: 3 · AlphaFold-only: 1 · No structure: 0

Cohort genes with PDB structures (top 30)

Symbol	UniProt	PDB entries
NF1	P21359	26
SDHA	P31040	5
TSC2	P49815	2

AlphaFold-only cohort genes (top 30 by pLDDT)

Symbol	UniProt	pLDDT
ACRBP	Q8NEB7	64.09

Function

Pathway analysis

Distinct Reactome pathways touched by cohort: 21. Enrichment computed across 4 evidence-associated genes (3 with Reactome annotation).

Pathways by enrichment

Over-representation of cohort genes vs the genome-wide background (hypergeometric test, Benjamini-Hochberg FDR; fold = observed/expected over 3 annotated cohort genes). Counts and members are kept as ground-truth; sorted by enrichment.

Pathway	Cohort genes	Fold	FDR	Sample cohort genes
Inhibition of TSC complex formation by AKT (PKB)	1	761.3×	0.019	TSC2
RAS signaling downstream of NF1 loss-of-function variants	1	543.8×	0.019	NF1
AKT phosphorylates targets in the cytosol	1	271.9×	0.023	TSC2
Maturation of TCA enzymes and regulation of TCA cycle	1	190.3×	0.023	SDHA
Constitutive Signaling by AKT1 E17K in Cancer	1	141.0×	0.023	TSC2
Citric acid cycle (TCA cycle)	1	141.0×	0.023	SDHA
Energy dependent regulation of mTOR by LKB1-AMPK	1	131.3×	0.023	TSC2
TBC/RABGAPs	1	86.5×	0.028	TSC2
Oncogenic MAPK signaling	1	82.8×	0.028	NF1
Regulation of RAS by GAPs	1	64.5×	0.032	NF1
MAPK1/MAPK3 signaling	1	43.8×	0.040	NF1
TP53 Regulates Metabolic Genes	1	43.3×	0.040	TSC2
Macroautophagy	1	38.5×	0.042	TSC2
MAPK family signaling cascades	1	34.3×	0.043	NF1
Respiratory electron transport	1	31.7×	0.044	SDHA
Aerobic respiration and respiratory electron transport	1	29.5×	0.044	SDHA
RAF/MAP kinase cascade	1	20.4×	0.060	NF1
Diseases of signal transduction by growth factor receptors and second messengers	1	18.9×	0.061	NF1
Disease	1	4.4×	0.235	NF1
Metabolism	1	3.9×	0.248	SDHA
Signal Transduction	1	3.4×	0.267	NF1

GO biological processes by enrichment

Over-representation of cohort genes vs the genome-wide background (hypergeometric test, Benjamini-Hochberg FDR; fold = observed/expected over 4 annotated cohort genes). Counts and members are kept as ground-truth; sorted by enrichment.

GO term	Cohort genes	Fold	FDR	Sample cohort genes
positive regulation of mast cell apoptotic process	1	4213.0×	0.007	NF1
regulation of glial cell differentiation	1	4213.0×	0.007	NF1
observational learning	1	4213.0×	0.007	NF1
gamma-aminobutyric acid secretion, neurotransmission	1	2106.5×	0.007	NF1
Schwann cell proliferation	1	1404.3×	0.007	NF1
forebrain astrocyte development	1	1404.3×	0.007	NF1
Schwann cell migration	1	1404.3×	0.007	NF1
glutamate secretion, neurotransmission	1	1404.3×	0.007	NF1
negative regulation of mast cell proliferation	1	1404.3×	0.007	NF1
negative regulation of Schwann cell migration	1	1404.3×	0.007	NF1
vascular associated smooth muscle cell migration	1	1404.3×	0.007	NF1
mast cell apoptotic process	1	1053.2×	0.007	NF1
negative regulation of Rac protein signal transduction	1	1053.2×	0.007	NF1
myeloid leukocyte migration	1	1053.2×	0.007	NF1
protein import into nucleus	2	72.0×	0.007	TSC2, NF1
heart development	2	39.4×	0.007	TSC2, NF1
succinate metabolic process	1	842.6×	0.008	SDHA
mitochondrial electron transport, succinate to ubiquinone	1	842.6×	0.008	SDHA
mast cell proliferation	1	842.6×	0.008	NF1
amygdala development	1	702.2×	0.008	NF1
regulation of blood vessel endothelial cell migration	1	702.2×	0.008	NF1
vascular associated smooth muscle cell proliferation	1	702.2×	0.008	NF1
negative regulation of Schwann cell proliferation	1	601.9×	0.009	NF1
negative regulation of neurotransmitter secretion	1	601.9×	0.009	NF1
hair follicle maturation	1	526.6×	0.009	NF1
negative regulation of leukocyte migration	1	421.3×	0.010	NF1
regulation of insulin receptor signaling pathway	1	421.3×	0.010	TSC2
negative regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell migration	1	421.3×	0.010	NF1
regulation of bone resorption	1	383.0×	0.010	NF1
negative regulation of astrocyte differentiation	1	383.0×	0.010	NF1

Therapeutics

Drugs indicated for this disease

3 approved, 22 in late-stage (phase 3) trials. Disease-direct ChEMBL indications, not inferred from the associated-gene cohort below.

Drug	Development status
Lomustine	Approved (phase 4)
Methylprednisolone Acetate	Approved (phase 4)
Prednisone	Approved (phase 4)
Bevacizumab	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Carboplatin	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Cisplatin	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Doxorubicin	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Etoposide	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Filgrastim	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Gadopiclenol	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Gadoterate Meglumine	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Irinotecan	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Isotretinoin	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Metformin	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Methotrexate	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Methylphenidate	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Modafinil	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Motexafin Gadolinium	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Nivolumab	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Pembrolizumab	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Temozolomide	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Thioguanine	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Thiotepa	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Tranexamic Acid	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Vincristine	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)

Earlier-phase candidates (phase 2, investigational — efficacy not yet established): ANG1005, ANTINEOPLASTON A10, Abemaciclib, Aflibercept, Alectinib, Aminolevulinic Acid, Capecitabine, Carmustine, Cilengitide, Dacomitinib Anhydrous, Dasatinib Anhydrous, Dexmedetomidine, Dovitinib, Everolimus, Fenretinide, Karenitecin, Lacosamide, Levetiracetam, Melphalan, Paclitaxel Poliglumex, Phenylbutanoic Acid, Porfimer Sodium, Potassium Chloride, Remifentanil, Sargramostim, Sodium Acetate, Sodium Chloride, Sodium Gluconate, Streptozocin, Sunitinib, Tesevatinib, Topotecan, Trebananib, Valproic Acid, Vinblastine, Vitespen, Vorinostat.

Drug target analysis

Approved (phase 4): 1 · Phase ≥3: 1 · Phased (≥1): 1 · Undrugged: 3

Druggability breadth: 2 of 4 evidence-associated genes (50%) have a ChEMBL target (buckets above are over the deeply-mined display cohort).

Genes with an approved drug

The molecule shown is one approved compound that hits the gene — not necessarily a drug of choice or one indicated for this disease.

Symbol	Example approved molecule
SDHA	LINEZOLID

Top cohort targets by molecule count

Symbol	Molecules	Max phase
SDHA	1	4
TSC2	0	0
ACRBP	0	0
NF1	0	0

Drugs targeting cohort genes (top 30)

Molecule	Max phase	Targets in cohort
LINEZOLID	4	SDHA

Bioactivity and enzyme data

Enzyme cohort genes (≥1 EC): 0.

Cohort genes with ChEMBL bioactivity (full, sorted by assay count)

Symbol	Assays	Type breakdown
SDHA	3	Binding:3
TSC2	1	Binding:1

Pharmacogenomics

Cohort genes with a PharmGKB record: 4; with CPIC/DPWG dosing guidelines: 0.

No cohort gene has a CPIC/DPWG genotype-guided dosing guideline (PharmGKB).

Drug repurposing candidates

1 approved/phased drugs hit cohort targets but don’t yet appear in disease-level clinical trials. Target-inhibition rationale is strongest for cancer driver genes; a bioactivity hit is a screening signal, not a treatment claim.

Compound	Max phase	Cohort target (bioactivity)
LINEZOLID	4	SDHA

Druggability pyramid

Cohort genes binned by druggability tier (high → low):

Tier	Definition	Genes	Symbols
A	Approved (phase 4 drug)	1	SDHA
B	Phased (≥1) drug, not yet approved	0
C	Druggable family + PDB, no drug	0
D	Druggable family + AlphaFold only, no drug	0
E	Difficult family or no structure, no drug	3	TSC2, ACRBP, NF1

Undrugged target profiles

3 cohort genes are undrugged. Ranked by ‘starting-point quality’ (assay depth + drugged-partner adjacency).

Symbol	ChEMBL assays	Drugged partners (top 3)
TSC2	1	—
ACRBP	0	—
NF1	0	—

Clinical trials & evidence

Clinical trials

Clinical trials: 649.

Phase distribution (across all retrieved trials)

Phase	Trials
Not specified	369
PHASE1	88
PHASE2	79
PHASE1/PHASE2	35
PHASE3	32
EARLY_PHASE1	23
PHASE4	18
PHASE2/PHASE3	5

Top trials by phase / activity

NCT	Phase	Status	Title
NCT02670161	PHASE4	ENROLLING_BY_INVITATION	Quality Improvement and Practice Based Research in Neurology Using the EMR
NCT05926336	PHASE4	RECRUITING	The Effects of Using Different Anesthetics on the Prognosis of Primary Tumors and Its Mechanism of Action
NCT00075166	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Surgery Versus Radiosurgery to Treat Metastatic Brain Tumors
NCT00336531	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Efficacy of Prophylactic Itraconazole in High-Dose Chemotherapy and Autologous Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation
NCT00395863	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Multihance at 3 Tesla (3T) in Brain Tumors
NCT00415467	PHASE4	TERMINATED	Treatment of Resectable Malignant Brain Tumors
NCT00576472	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Learning Impairments Among Survivors of Childhood Cancer
NCT00952081	PHASE4	COMPLETED	A Pilot Study to Evaluate Efficacy and Safety of Clevidipine in Neurosurgical Patients
NCT02057367	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Scalp Nerve Block and Opioid Consumption in Brain Surgery
NCT02334722	PHASE4	COMPLETED	1 Week Versus 6 Weeks of Levetiracetam in Surgical Brain Tumor Patients
NCT02558569	PHASE4	COMPLETED	The Use of Fentanyl in General Anesthesia for Craniotomy With or Without 0.5% Levobupivacaine Scalp Block
NCT02713087	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Vasopressor Effects in Anesthetized Patients
NCT02810899	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Dexmedetomidine and Intelligence Development in Pediatric Patients Undergoing Craniotomy
NCT02964416	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Single Dose Tramadol Effect on Extubation Response and Quality of Emergence Post-supratentorial Intracranial Surgery
NCT04266665	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Effect of Dexmedetomidine on Brain Homeostasis and Neurocognitive Outcome
NCT04313374	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Integrated Pulmonary Index and Opioid Based Patient Controlled Analgesia
NCT05141877	PHASE4	UNKNOWN	Influences of Propofol and Sevoflurane Anesthesia in Brain Tumor
NCT05202899	PHASE4	UNKNOWN	Effect of Sugammadex for Reversal of Rocuronium-induced Neuromuscular Block on Perioperative Management of Awake Craniotomy
NCT02066220	PHASE2/PHASE3	ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING	International Society of Paediatric Oncology (SIOP) PNET 5 Medulloblastoma
NCT04706910	PHASE3	RECRUITING	18F-DOPA II - PET Imaging Optimization
NCT05317858	PHASE3	RECRUITING	Blood-brain Barrier (BBB) Opening Using Exablate Focused Ultrasound With Standard of Care Treatment of NSCLC Brain Mets
NCT05770544	PHASE2/PHASE3	RECRUITING	DETERMINE Trial Treatment Arm 03: Entrectinib in Adult, Paediatric and Teenage/Young Adult Patients With ROS1 Gene Fusion-Positive Cancers.
NCT05897658	PHASE3	NOT_YET_RECRUITING	Levetiracetam Prophylaxis in Brain Tumor Resection Pilot
NCT06229483	PHASE3	RECRUITING	The Effects of Intraoperative Tranexamic Acid on Perioperative Bleeding In Craniotomies
NCT06388733	PHASE3	RECRUITING	A Study Comparing Niraparib With Temozolomide in Adult Participants With Newly-diagnosed, MGMT Unmethylated Glioblastoma
NCT06442748	PHASE3	RECRUITING	Short Versus Long-term Levetiracetam in Brain Tumors
NCT06496971	PHASE3	RECRUITING	A Prospective Pivotal Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Avastin® Bevacizumab (BEV) With or Without Microbubble-mediated Focused Ultrasound (FUS-MB) Using NaviFUS System in Recurrent Glioblastoma Multiforme Patients
NCT07165262	PHASE3	ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING	Effect of Different Anesthetic Drugs on Electrocorticography (ECOG).
NCT00002875	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Radiation Therapy Plus Combination Chemotherapy in Treating Children With Medulloblastoma
NCT00002944	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Combination Chemotherapy in Treating Children With Progressive Brain Tumors
NCT00045968	PHASE3	UNKNOWN	Study of a Drug [DCVax®-L] to Treat Newly Diagnosed GBM Brain Cancer
NCT00054795	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Study of Neurologic Progression With Motexafin Gadolinium and Radiation Therapy (SMART)
NCT00078988	PHASE3	COMPLETED	High-Dose Chemotherapy Plus Autologous Stem Cell Transplantation Compared With Intermediate-Dose Chemotherapy Plus Autologous Stem Cell Transplantation With or Without Isotretinoin in Treating Young Patients With Recurrent High-Grade Gliomas
NCT00085098	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Radiation Therapy Compared With Chemotherapy and Radiation Therapy in Treating Patients With Newly Diagnosed Primary Central Nervous System (CNS) Germ Cell Tumor
NCT00088166	PHASE3	COMPLETED	XERECEPT® (hCRF) for Patients Requiring Dexamethasone to Treat Edema Associated With Brain Tumors
NCT00123760	PHASE2/PHASE3	COMPLETED	Study of 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose (FluGlucoScan) in Patients With Cancer or Suspected Cancer
NCT00124761	PHASE3	COMPLETED	A Trial Comparing Radiosurgery With Surgery for Solitary Brain Metastases
NCT00135876	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Dalteparin Low Molecular Weight Heparin for Primary Prophylaxis of Venous Thromboembolism in Brain Tumour Patients
NCT00138788	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Brain Metastases Study: Radiotherapy Fractionation Schemes in the Treatment of Brain Metastases
NCT00181350	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Serial CT Scans in Fractionated Stereotactic Radiotherapy

Drugs tested across these trials (top 30)

Molecule	Max phase	Trials referencing
AMINOLEVULINIC ACID	4	8
LOMUSTINE	4	7
2-MERCAPTOETHANESULFONIC ACID	4	4
INDOCYANINE GREEN ACID FORM	4	4
MANNITOL	4	4
THIOTEPA	4	4
DONEPEZIL	4	3
FERUMOXYTOL	4	3
FILGRASTIM	4	3
LEVETIRACETAM	4	3
PROCARBAZINE	4	3
SORBITOL	4	3
SUGAMMADEX	4	3
CARMUSTINE	4	2
GADOBENATE DIMEGLUMINE	4	2
ISOTRETINOIN	4	2
PHENYLBUTANOIC ACID	4	2
SORAFENIB	4	2
TEMOZOLOMIDE	4	2
VINCRISTINE SULFATE	4	2
ABEMACICLIB	4	1
ALECTINIB	4	1
AMIFOSTINE	4	1
ARMODAFINIL	4	1
ASCIMINIB	4	1
ATEZOLIZUMAB	4	1
BRIVARACETAM	4	1
BRODALUMAB	4	1
CARBOPLATIN	4	1
CEMIPLIMAB	4	1