Cerebral infarction

Summary

Cerebral infarction (MONDO:0002679) is a disease with 3 GWAS associations across 8 studies and 217 clinical trials. Top therapeutic interventions include aspirin, clopidogrel, and cilostazol. A subtype of brain infarction — broader associated-gene and molecular evidence is on the parent page (see Disease family below).

At a glance

• GWAS associations: 3
• Clinical trials: 217

Clinical features

No curated clinical features (Orphanet) for this disease.

Identifiers

Disease identifiers

Field	Value
Canonical name	cerebral infarction
Mondo ID	MONDO:0002679
MeSH	D002544
DOID	DOID:3526
ICD-10-CM	I63, I63.9
ICD-11	1614716959, 636274910
NCIT	C50486
SNOMED CT	432504007
UMLS	C0007785
MedGen	3321
Anatomy (UBERON)	UBERON:0001893
Is cancer (heuristic)	no

Also known as: brain infarction of telencephalon · cerebral infarct · cerebral infarction · cerebral ischemia · cerebral, infarction · CVA - cerebral infarction · infarction, cerebral · telencephalon brain infarction

Data availability: 3 GWAS associations (8 studies).

Disease family

This is a subtype of brain infarction. Genetic, therapeutic, and trial evidence is largely curated at the broader-term level — see the parent page for the associated-gene cohort and molecular evidence.

Classification path: disease › human disease › disease by body system or component › nervous system disorder › central nervous system disorder › brain disorder › cerebrovascular disorder › brain infarction › cerebral infarction

Related subtypes (2): MRI defined brain infarct, brain stem infarction

Subtypes (4): anterior cerebral artery infarction, middle cerebral artery infarction, posterior cerebral artery infarction, multi-infarct dementia

Genetics & variants

GWAS landscape

3 GWAS associations across 8 studies. Top hits map to 0 distinct genes (as reported by GWAS).

Top associations by p-value

rsID	p-value	Gene	Risk allele	Odds ratio
chr11:51721908	9e-09		G	1.26
chr2:47894987	2e-08		G	1.77
chr1:3195426	3e-08		T	1.66

Top studies (by case count)

Study	Lead author	Year	Cases	Controls	Title
GCST90473587	UK Biobank Whole-Genome Sequencing Consortium	2025	10,206	448,234	Whole-genome sequencing of 490,640 UK Biobank participants.
GCST90667931	UK Biobank Whole-Genome Sequencing Consortium	2025	10,206	448,234	Whole-genome sequencing of 490,640 UK Biobank participants.
GCST90080034	Backman JD	2021	3,386	384,117	Exome sequencing and analysis of 454,787 UK Biobank participants.
GCST90084020	Backman JD	2021	3,386	384,117	Exome sequencing and analysis of 454,787 UK Biobank participants.
GCST90080033	Backman JD	2021	552	387,378	Exome sequencing and analysis of 454,787 UK Biobank participants.
GCST90084019	Backman JD	2021	552	387,378	Exome sequencing and analysis of 454,787 UK Biobank participants.
GCST90473588	UK Biobank Whole-Genome Sequencing Consortium	2025	220	9,393	Whole-genome sequencing of 490,640 UK Biobank participants.
GCST90473586	UK Biobank Whole-Genome Sequencing Consortium	2025	205	9,010	Whole-genome sequencing of 490,640 UK Biobank participants.

Variant details and genetic-evidence tiers

Tier distribution (top 50 variants)

Tier	Variants
Tier 1: coding	0
Tier 2: splice/UTR	0
Tier 3: regulatory	0
Tier 4: intronic/intergenic	3

MAF distribution

Bucket	Variants
common (>=0.05)	0
low_freq (0.01-0.05)	0
rare (<0.01)	0
unknown	3

Functional consequences

Consequence	Count
unknown	3

Top variants

rsID	Chr	Pos	Alleles	MAF	Consequence	Gene	p-value	Tier
chr11:51721908							9e-09	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
chr2:47894987							2e-08	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
chr1:3195426							3e-08	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic

Genes & proteins

No associated-gene cohort resolved for this disease. Atlas builds the molecular and therapeutic sections — associated genes, protein families, druggability, pathways, interactions, and drug associations — by aggregating over a disease’s associated genes (resolved via GWAS / GenCC / ClinVar / CIViC), and none resolved here. This is expected for antibody-mediated, autoimmune, or otherwise non-gene-defined conditions; the curated evidence for this disease is its clinical features, GWAS susceptibility, and clinical trials (above).

Function

No pathway enrichment — requires an associated-gene cohort.

Therapeutics

Drugs indicated for this disease

0 approved, 6 in late-stage (phase 3) trials. Disease-direct ChEMBL indications, not inferred from the associated-gene cohort below.

Drug	Development status
Alteplase	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Aspirin	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Cilostazol	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Citicoline	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Sarpogrelate	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Warfarin	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)

Earlier-phase candidates (phase 2, investigational — efficacy not yet established): Albumin Human, Amantadine, Tenecteplase, Vorapaxar.

Clinical trials & evidence

Clinical trials

Clinical trials: 217.

Phase distribution (across all retrieved trials)

Phase	Trials
Not specified	135
PHASE4	24
PHASE3	23
PHASE2	18
PHASE2/PHASE3	8
PHASE1/PHASE2	5
PHASE1	4

Top trials by phase / activity

NCT	Phase	Status	Title
NCT05955326	PHASE4	RECRUITING	Study to Assess the Safety and Efficacy of Sovateltide in Patients With Acute Cerebral Ischemic Stroke
NCT06486792	PHASE4	NOT_YET_RECRUITING	Stroke Prevention In Ischemic Stroke With Covert Atrial Fibrillation
NCT06757764	PHASE4	RECRUITING	The Effect and Safety of Combined Anti-platelet Treatment in Acute Ischemic Stroke Due to Large Artery Atherosclerosis
NCT07563673	PHASE4	NOT_YET_RECRUITING	Early Low-dose ASpirin Use After Intravenous Thrombolysis for Acute Ischemic Cerebral Infarction（ELASTIC）
NCT00004727	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Antiplatelet Therapy to Prevent Stroke in African Americans
NCT00130039	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Trial of Cilostazol in Symptomatic Intracranial Arterial Stenosis II
NCT00200356	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Edaravone-Sodium Ozagrel Comparative Post-Marketing Study on Acute Ischemic Stroke
NCT00234065	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Post-marketing Study of Cilostazol (Cilostazol Stroke Prevention Study 2)
NCT00272454	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Cilostazol in Acute Ischemic Stroke Treatment (CAIST)
NCT00351806	PHASE4	COMPLETED	AISTCM-Outcome Measurement of Acute Ischemic Stroke With Traditional Chinese Medicine
NCT00386191	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Safety and Efficacy of Clopidogrel for Cerebral Infarction Treatment
NCT00446641	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Overcome Biochemical Aspirin Resistance Through Cilostazol Combination
NCT00741286	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Effect of Cilostazol in the Acute Lacunar Infarction Based on Pulsatility Index of Transcranial Doppler
NCT00766896	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Platelet Hyperreactivity to Aspirin and Stroke
NCT01174693	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Comparison of Triflusal and Clopidogrel in Secondary Prevention of Stroke Based on the Genotyping
NCT01926834	PHASE4	UNKNOWN	The Effect of Erigeron Injection on Acute Cerebral Infarction Serum VEGF, MMP-9 and EPC Levels
NCT02248233	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Nimodipine for Treating Acute Massive Cerebral Infarction
NCT02411903	PHASE4	UNKNOWN	The Dynamic Effect of Non-cytochrome P450 Isoenzyme 3A4（CYP3A4）-Metabolized and Cytochrome P450 Isoenzyme 3A4（CYP3A4）-Metabolized Statins on Clopidogrel Resistance in Patients With Cerebral Infarction
NCT02562183	PHASE4	UNKNOWN	The Study to Reevaluate the Safety and Efficacy of Human Urinary Kallikrein
NCT03749057	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Early Rivaroxaban for Acute Ischemic Stroke or TIA Patients With Atrial Fibrillation
NCT04091412	PHASE4	UNKNOWN	Study of Collateral Circulation in Patients With Symptomatic Intracranial Anterior Circulation Occlusion
NCT04162743	PHASE4	COMPLETED	The Effect of Trazodone on the Severity of Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Insomnic Stroke Patients With Depression
NCT04247659	PHASE4	UNKNOWN	Study on the Relationship Between Asymmetric Vascular Sign of Cortex and Prognosis in Massive Cerebral Infarction
NCT05068349	PHASE4	UNKNOWN	For Patients With Ischemic Stroke, Clinically Study the Effectiveness and Safety of Butylphthalide.
NCT05476991	PHASE3	RECRUITING	Evaluation of Low Dose Colchicine and Ticagrelor in Prevention of Ischemic Stroke in Patients With Stroke Due to Atherosclerosis
NCT06447701	PHASE3	NOT_YET_RECRUITING	Interleukin-6 Receptor Inhibition for Symptomatic Intracranial Atherosclerosis
NCT06548971	PHASE3	RECRUITING	Early Antiplatelet Administration After Intravenous Thrombolysis for Acute Ischemic Stroke (TREND-IVT)
NCT06587347	PHASE2/PHASE3	NOT_YET_RECRUITING	Tirofiban for the Prevention of Early Neurological Deterioration After Intravenous Thrombolysis in Acute Ischemic Stroke
NCT07379190	PHASE3	NOT_YET_RECRUITING	HR-MRI-Directed Tirofiban Therapy for Late-Window Acute Ischemic Stroke (TIAN)
NCT00004728	PHASE3	TERMINATED	Aspirin Or Warfarin To Prevent Stroke
NCT00004734	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Vitamin Therapy for Prevention of Stroke
NCT00029146	PHASE3	TERMINATED	Carotid Occlusion Surgery Study
NCT00129805	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Sarpogrelate-Aspirin Comparative Clinical Study for Efficacy and Safety in Secondary Prevention of Cerebral Infarction (S-ACCESS)
NCT00141011	PHASE3	TERMINATED	Ancrod (Viprinex™) for the Treatment of Acute, Ischemic Stroke
NCT00147303	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Effect of Sarpogrelate on Platelet Aggregation in Patients With Cerebral Infarction: Dose-responsive Clinical Pharmacology Study
NCT00147316	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Japan Alteplase Clinical Trial (J-ACT): Efficacy and Safety Study of Tissue Plasminogen Activator (Alteplase) for Ischemic Stroke
NCT00202020	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Efficacy and Safety Study of Cilostazol to Prevent Reoccurrence of Stroke
NCT00300196	PHASE3	TERMINATED	ASP-II: Ancrod Stroke Program: Ancrod (Viprinex™) for the Treatment of Acute, Ischemic Stroke
NCT00331890	PHASE3	TERMINATED	ICTUS Study: International Citicoline Trial on Acute Stroke
NCT00343174	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Intravenous Ancrod for the Treatment of Acute Ischemic Stroke Within 6 Hours After Onset of Symptoms

Drugs tested across these trials (top 30)

Molecule	Max phase	Trials referencing
ASPIRIN	4	14
CLOPIDOGREL	4	9
CILOSTAZOL	4	8
TIROFIBAN	4	4
PYRIDOXINE	4	3
OZAGREL	4	2
ROSUVASTATIN	4	2
ALBUMIN HUMAN	4	1
ALFENTANIL	4	1
ALTEPLASE	4	1
AMANTADINE	4	1
APIXABAN	4	1
ARGATROBAN	4	1
ATORVASTATIN CALCIUM	4	1
COLCHICINE	4	1
CYANOCOBALAMIN	4	1
DESFLURANE	4	1
EDARAVONE	4	1
EDOXABAN	4	1
NIMODIPINE	4	1
RIVAROXABAN	4	1
ROCURONIUM	4	1
TICLOPIDINE	4	1
TRAZODONE	4	1
VORAPAXAR	4	1
WARFARIN	4	1
XENON	4	1
CITICOLINE	3	4
ANCROD	3	3
RAC-3-N-BUTYLPHTHALIDE	3	3