Chronic venous insufficiency

Summary

Chronic venous insufficiency (MONDO:0000492) is a disease with 12 cohort genes (15 GWAS associations across 6 studies) and 73 clinical trials. The dominant Reactome pathway is Activation of anterior HOX genes in hindbrain development during early embryogenesis (4 cohort genes). Top therapeutic interventions include diosmin, coumarin, and troxerutin.

At a glance

• Cohort genes: 12
• GWAS associations: 15
• Clinical trials: 73

Clinical features

No curated clinical features (Orphanet) for this disease.

Identifiers

Disease identifiers

Field	Value
Canonical name	chronic venous insufficiency
Mondo ID	MONDO:0000492
DOID	DOID:0050853
UMLS	C1306557
MedGen	727071
Is cancer (heuristic)	no

Also known as: chronic venous insufficiency (disease) · venous insufficiency (disease), chronic

Data availability: 15 GWAS associations (6 studies).

Disease family

Classification path: disease › human disease › disease by body system or component › cardiovascular disorder › vascular disorder › vein disorder › venous insufficiency › chronic venous insufficiency

Related subtypes (1): post-thrombotic syndrome

Genetics & variants

GWAS landscape

15 GWAS associations across 6 studies. Top hits map to 7 distinct genes (as reported by GWAS).

Top associations by p-value

rsID	p-value	Gene	Risk allele	Odds ratio
rs62048402	7e-38	FTO	G	0.12
rs34576922	5e-35	SLC12A2-DT	C	0.13
rs1894692	3e-33	SLC19A2 - F5	G	0.34
rs56094641	2e-30	FTO	A	0.11
rs115478735	2e-18	ABO	A	0.1
rs62106252	1e-12	LINC01865	G	0.17
rs9496614	4e-12	PRDX2P4 - SIM1	T	0.07
chr18:57850422	6e-12		G	0.07
rs727139	5e-11	KCNH8	A	1.37
rs17278665	2e-08	EFEMP1	G	1.32
rs2030136	3e-07	SKAP2	C	1.25

Top studies (by case count)

Study	Lead author	Year	Cases	Controls	Title
GCST90476016	Verma A	2024	25,476	408,634	Diversity and scale: Genetic architecture of 2068 traits in the VA Million Veteran Program.
GCST90478045	Verma A	2024	5,227	112,387	Diversity and scale: Genetic architecture of 2068 traits in the VA Million Veteran Program.
GCST90480227	Verma A	2024	5,227	112,387	Diversity and scale: Genetic architecture of 2068 traits in the VA Million Veteran Program.
GCST90478044	Verma A	2024	2,121	56,059	Diversity and scale: Genetic architecture of 2068 traits in the VA Million Veteran Program.
GCST004343	Ellinghaus E	2017	323	4,619	Genome-wide association analysis for chronic venous disease identifies EFEMP1 and KCNH8 as susceptibility loci.
GCST90436181	Zhou W	2018	188	369,592	Efficiently controlling for case-control imbalance and sample relatedness in large-scale genetic association studies.

Variant details and genetic-evidence tiers

Tier distribution (top 50 variants)

Tier	Variants
Tier 1: coding	0
Tier 2: splice/UTR	0
Tier 3: regulatory	0
Tier 4: intronic/intergenic	11

MAF distribution

Bucket	Variants
common (>=0.05)	9
low_freq (0.01-0.05)	2
rare (<0.01)	0
unknown	0

Functional consequences

Consequence	Count
intron_variant	9
non_coding_transcript_exon_variant	1
unknown	1

Top variants

rsID	Chr	Pos	Alleles	MAF	Consequence	Gene	p-value	Tier
rs62048402	16	53769311	G>A,T	0.403	intron_variant	FTO	7e-38	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs34576922	5	128028411	C>G	0.23	intron_variant	SLC12A2-DT	5e-35	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs1894692	1	169498416	G>A	0.037	non_coding_transcript_exon_variant	SLC19A2 - F5	3e-33	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs56094641	16	53772541	A>G,T	0.332	intron_variant	FTO	2e-30	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs115478735	9	133274295	A>T	0.193	intron_variant	ABO	2e-18	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs62106252	2	408713	G>A	0.044	intron_variant	LINC01865	1e-12	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs9496614	6	100165675	T>A,C	0.255	intron_variant	PRDX2P4 - SIM1	4e-12	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
chr18:57850422				0.232			6e-12	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs727139	3	19293203	A>G	0.21	intron_variant	KCNH8	5e-11	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs17278665	2	55868859	C>A,G	0.15	intron_variant	EFEMP1	2e-08	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs2030136	7	26851397	T>C	0.24	intron_variant	SKAP2	3e-07	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic

Genes & proteins

Mendelian disease overlap and somatic drivers

GenCC: 0 · Orphanet: 6 · OMIM-shared: 0 · Dual-evidence (GWAS+Mendelian): 0

Orphanet rare-disease linkage (cohort genes)

Gene	Orphanet ID	Rare disease
EFEMP1	Orphanet:75376	Familial drusen
EFEMP1	Orphanet:98977	Juvenile glaucoma
HOXA1	Orphanet:69737	Bosley-Salih-Alorainy syndrome
HOXA1	Orphanet:69739	Athabaskan brainstem dysgenesis syndrome
HOXA2	Orphanet:140963	Bilateral microtia-deafness-cleft palate syndrome
HOXA2	Orphanet:83463	Microtia

Cohort genes → proteins

12 cohort genes, 9 distinct canonical proteins.

Evidence partition

Subset	Genes
gwas_only	12

Cohort genes (full)

Symbol	HGNC	Ensembl	UniProt	Name	Evidence
SKAP2	HGNC:15687	ENSG00000005020	O75563	Src kinase-associated phosphoprotein 2	gwas
KCNH8	HGNC:18864	ENSG00000183960	Q96L42	Voltage-gated delayed rectifier potassium channel KCNH8	gwas
LINC02860	HGNC:22364	ENSG00000222004		long intergenic non-protein coding RNA 2860	gwas
EFEMP1	HGNC:3218	ENSG00000115380	Q12805	EGF-containing fibulin-like extracellular matrix protein 1	gwas
HOTAIRM1	HGNC:37117	ENSG00000233429		HOXA transcript antisense RNA, myeloid-specific 1	gwas
HOXA-AS3	HGNC:43748	ENSG00000254369		HOXA cluster antisense RNA 3	gwas
HOXA1	HGNC:5099	ENSG00000105991	P49639	Homeobox protein Hox-A1	gwas
HOXA2	HGNC:5103	ENSG00000105996	O43364	Homeobox protein Hox-A2	gwas
HOXA3	HGNC:5104	ENSG00000105997	O43365	Homeobox protein Hox-A3	gwas
HOXA4	HGNC:5105	ENSG00000197576	Q00056	Homeobox protein Hox-A4	gwas
HOXA5	HGNC:5106	ENSG00000106004	P20719	Homeobox protein Hox-A5	gwas
HOXA6	HGNC:5107	ENSG00000106006	P31267	Homeobox protein Hox-A6	gwas

Cohort function summary

Lead sentence per gene, UniProt-curated.

Symbol	Protein name	Function (lead sentence)
SKAP2	Src kinase-associated phosphoprotein 2	May be involved in B-cell and macrophage adhesion processes.
KCNH8	Voltage-gated delayed rectifier potassium channel KCNH8	Pore-forming (alpha) subunit of a voltage-gated delayed rectifier potassium channel that mediates outward-rectifying potassium currents.
EFEMP1	EGF-containing fibulin-like extracellular matrix protein 1	Binds EGFR, the EGF receptor, inducing EGFR autophosphorylation and the activation of downstream signaling pathways.
HOXA1	Homeobox protein Hox-A1	Sequence-specific transcription factor.
HOXA2	Homeobox protein Hox-A2	Sequence-specific transcription factor which is part of a developmental regulatory system that provides cells with specific positional identities on the anterior-posterior axis.
HOXA3	Homeobox protein Hox-A3	Sequence-specific transcription factor which is part of a developmental regulatory system that provides cells with specific positional identities on the anterior-posterior axis.
HOXA4	Homeobox protein Hox-A4	Sequence-specific transcription factor which is part of a developmental regulatory system that provides cells with specific positional identities on the anterior-posterior axis.
HOXA5	Homeobox protein Hox-A5	Sequence-specific transcription factor which is part of a developmental regulatory system that provides cells with specific positional identities on the anterior-posterior axis.
HOXA6	Homeobox protein Hox-A6	Sequence-specific transcription factor which is part of a developmental regulatory system that provides cells with specific positional identities on the anterior-posterior axis.

Protein-family classification

Druggable: 1 · Difficult: 7 · Unknown: 4 · Druggable fraction: 0.08

Family distribution

Cohort families vs a genome-wide background (hypergeometric, BH-FDR; fold = observed/expected). Counts kept; sorted by enrichment, so the catch-all Other/Unknown bucket no longer leads.

Family	Genes	Fold	FDR
Transcription factor	6	4.1×	0.006
Ion channel	1	9.3×	0.205
Scaffold/PPI	1	1.4×	0.681
Other/Unknown	4	0.6×	0.969

Per-gene assignment

Symbol	Family	Druggable?	EC	InterPro (top 3)
SKAP2	Scaffold/PPI	no		SH3_domain, PH_domain, PH-like_dom_sf
KCNH8	Ion channel	yes		PAS, cNMP-bd_dom, PAS-assoc_C
LINC02860	Other/Unknown	no
EFEMP1	Other/Unknown	no		EGF-type_Asp/Asn_hydroxyl_site, EGF, EGF-like_Ca-bd_dom
HOTAIRM1	Other/Unknown	no
HOXA-AS3	Other/Unknown	no
HOXA1	Transcription factor	no		HD, Homeodomain-like_sf, Homeobox_CS
HOXA2	Transcription factor	no		HD, Homeobox_Antennapedia_CS, Homeodomain-like_sf
HOXA3	Transcription factor	no		HD, Homeobox_Antennapedia_CS, Homeodomain-like_sf
HOXA4	Transcription factor	no		HD, Homeobox_Antennapedia_CS, Homeodomain-like_sf
HOXA5	Transcription factor	no		HD, Homeobox_Antennapedia_CS, Homeodomain-like_sf
HOXA6	Transcription factor	no		HD, Homeobox_Antennapedia_CS, Homeodomain-like_sf

Expression context

Cohort genes with no expression data: 0.

7 cohort genes are a single-cell marker in ≥1 SCXA experiment.

Breadth distribution (Bgee present_calls)

Bucket	Genes
narrow (1-5 tissues)	0
moderate (6-20)	0
broad (>20)	12
unknown	0

Top tissues across cohort

Tissue	Cohort genes
secondary oocyte	2
descending thoracic aorta	2
right uterine tube	2
left uterine tube	2
metanephros cortex	2
caput epididymis	2
corpus epididymis	2
pericardium	1
sperm	1
C1 segment of cervical spinal cord	1
corpus callosum	1
endothelial cell	1
left testis	1
male germ line stem cell (sensu Vertebrata) in testis	1
right testis	1
right coronary artery	1
thoracic aorta	1
lower esophagus	1
lower esophagus mucosa	1
colonic epithelium	1

Per-gene tissue summary (top 30)

Symbol	Bgee breadth	FANTOM5 breadth	SCXA	Top tissues
SKAP2	287	ubiquitous	marker	sperm, secondary oocyte, pericardium
KCNH8	168	broad	marker	corpus callosum, endothelial cell, C1 segment of cervical spinal cord
LINC02860	41	tissue_specific	yes	male germ line stem cell (sensu Vertebrata) in testis, left testis, right testis
EFEMP1	286	ubiquitous	marker	right coronary artery, thoracic aorta, descending thoracic aorta
HOTAIRM1	130	ubiquitous	marker	lower esophagus mucosa, right uterine tube, lower esophagus
HOXA-AS3	108	tissue_specific	yes	colonic epithelium, left uterine tube, metanephros cortex
HOXA1	142	broad	marker	esophagus squamous epithelium, secondary oocyte, hair follicle
HOXA2	133	broad	yes	buccal mucosa cell, mucosa of transverse colon, descending thoracic aorta
HOXA3	192	ubiquitous	marker	caput epididymis, corpus epididymis, right uterine tube
HOXA4	111	broad	yes	esophagogastric junction muscularis propria, mucosa of stomach, lower esophagus muscularis layer
HOXA5	203	broad	marker	adrenal tissue, caput epididymis, corpus epididymis
HOXA6	114		yes	left uterine tube, stromal cell of endometrium, metanephros cortex

Protein interactions among cohort

Intra-cohort edges: 2.

Hub genes (top 10 by interactor count)

Symbol	Interactor count
EFEMP1	2,988
HOXA1	2,373
HOXA5	1,562
HOXA2	1,256
HOXA3	1,203
KCNH8	1,116
SKAP2	1,029
HOXA4	882
HOXA6	681
LINC02860	0

Intra-cohort edges

A	B	Sources
HOXA3	HOXA6	string_interaction
HOXA5	HOXA6	string_interaction

Structural data

PDB: 1 · AlphaFold-only: 8 · No structure: 3

Cohort genes with PDB structures (top 30)

Symbol	UniProt	PDB entries
SKAP2	O75563	1

AlphaFold-only cohort genes (top 30 by pLDDT)

Symbol	UniProt	pLDDT
EFEMP1	Q12805	77.67
HOXA6	P31267	64.92
KCNH8	Q96L42	64.41
HOXA5	P20719	64.02
HOXA4	Q00056	63.88
HOXA3	O43365	59.41
HOXA1	P49639	59.15
HOXA2	O43364	58.47

Function

Pathway analysis

Distinct Reactome pathways touched by cohort: 9. Enrichment computed across 12 evidence-associated genes (8 with Reactome annotation).

Pathways by enrichment

Over-representation of cohort genes vs the genome-wide background (hypergeometric test, Benjamini-Hochberg FDR; fold = observed/expected over 8 annotated cohort genes). Counts and members are kept as ground-truth; sorted by enrichment.

Pathway	Cohort genes	Fold	FDR	Sample cohort genes
Activation of anterior HOX genes in hindbrain development during early embryogenesis	4	45.7×	8e-06	HOXA1, HOXA2, HOXA3, HOXA4
Signal regulatory protein family interactions	1	84.0×	0.038	SKAP2
Formation of the nephric duct	1	79.3×	0.038	HOXA6
Molecules associated with elastic fibres	1	38.6×	0.058	EFEMP1
Voltage gated Potassium channels	1	30.4×	0.058	KCNH8
Cell-Cell communication	1	17.2×	0.075	SKAP2
Potassium Channels	1	16.8×	0.075	KCNH8
Regulation of expression of SLITs and ROBOs	1	8.7×	0.124	HOXA2
Neuronal System	1	5.5×	0.167	KCNH8

GO biological processes by enrichment

Over-representation of cohort genes vs the genome-wide background (hypergeometric test, Benjamini-Hochberg FDR; fold = observed/expected over 9 annotated cohort genes). Counts and members are kept as ground-truth; sorted by enrichment.

GO term	Cohort genes	Fold	FDR	Sample cohort genes
anterior/posterior pattern specification	5	100.7×	5e-08	HOXA2, HOXA3, HOXA4, HOXA5, HOXA6
embryonic skeletal system morphogenesis	3	130.6×	6e-05	HOXA3, HOXA4, HOXA5
thyroid gland development	2	120.8×	0.003	HOXA3, HOXA5
rhombomere 3 morphogenesis	1	1872.4×	0.008	HOXA2
semicircular canal formation	1	1872.4×	0.008	HOXA1
regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II	5	6.5×	0.008	HOXA1, HOXA2, HOXA3, HOXA5, HOXA6
optokinetic behavior	1	936.2×	0.009	HOXA1
rhombomere 2 development	1	936.2×	0.009	HOXA2
abducens nerve formation	1	936.2×	0.009	HOXA1
specification of animal organ position	1	624.1×	0.009	HOXA3
brain segmentation	1	624.1×	0.009	HOXA2
post-embryonic eye morphogenesis	1	624.1×	0.009	EFEMP1
lung goblet cell differentiation	1	624.1×	0.009	HOXA5
trachea cartilage morphogenesis	1	624.1×	0.009	HOXA5
mesenchymal-epithelial cell signaling	1	624.1×	0.009	HOXA5
cell-cell signaling involved in mammary gland development	1	624.1×	0.009	HOXA5
anatomical structure morphogenesis	2	30.9×	0.009	HOXA1, HOXA4
glossopharyngeal nerve morphogenesis	1	468.1×	0.009	HOXA3
intestinal epithelial cell maturation	1	468.1×	0.009	HOXA5
positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II	4	6.6×	0.009	HOXA1, HOXA2, HOXA4, HOXA5
positive regulation of myeloid cell differentiation	1	374.5×	0.010	HOXA5
animal organ formation	1	374.5×	0.010	HOXA3
bronchiole development	1	374.5×	0.010	HOXA5
regulation of mammary gland epithelial cell proliferation	1	312.1×	0.011	HOXA5
parathyroid gland development	1	267.5×	0.013	HOXA3
segment specification	1	234.1×	0.014	HOXA2
magnesium ion homeostasis	1	208.1×	0.015	HOXA3
embryonic neurocranium morphogenesis	1	208.1×	0.015	HOXA1
embryonic viscerocranium morphogenesis	1	187.2×	0.015	HOXA2
lung-associated mesenchyme development	1	187.2×	0.015	HOXA5

Therapeutics

Drug target analysis

Approved (phase 4): 0 · Phase ≥3: 0 · Phased (≥1): 0 · Undrugged: 12

Druggability breadth: 1 of 12 evidence-associated genes (8%) have a ChEMBL target (buckets above are over the deeply-mined display cohort).

Top cohort targets by molecule count

Symbol	Molecules	Max phase
SKAP2	0	0
KCNH8	0	0
LINC02860	0	0
EFEMP1	0	0
HOTAIRM1	0	0
HOXA-AS3	0	0
HOXA1	0	0
HOXA2	0	0
HOXA3	0	0
HOXA4	0	0

Bioactivity and enzyme data

Enzyme cohort genes (≥1 EC): 0.

Cohort genes with ChEMBL bioactivity (full, sorted by assay count)

Symbol	Assays	Type breakdown
KCNH8	21	Binding:20, Toxicity:1

Pharmacogenomics

Cohort genes with a PharmGKB record: 10; with CPIC/DPWG dosing guidelines: 0.

No cohort gene has a CPIC/DPWG genotype-guided dosing guideline (PharmGKB).

Chemical tractability of cohort targets

0 approved/phased compounds have measured bioactivity against a cohort gene (and aren’t yet in disease-level trials). This is a research / tractability signal, NOT a therapeutic recommendation — a bioactivity row often reflects off-target or screening binding (e.g. promiscuous kinase inhibitors against a cohort kinase), implying no disease mechanism.

Druggability pyramid

Cohort genes binned by druggability tier (high → low):

Tier	Definition	Genes	Symbols
A	Approved (phase 4 drug)	0
B	Phased (≥1) drug, not yet approved	0
C	Druggable family + PDB, no drug	0
D	Druggable family + AlphaFold only, no drug	1	KCNH8
E	Difficult family or no structure, no drug	11	SKAP2, LINC02860, EFEMP1, HOTAIRM1, HOXA-AS3, HOXA1, HOXA2, HOXA3, HOXA4, HOXA5 (+1 more)

Undrugged target profiles

12 cohort genes are undrugged. Ranked by ‘starting-point quality’ (assay depth + drugged-partner adjacency).

Symbol	ChEMBL assays	Drugged partners (top 3)
SKAP2	0	—
KCNH8	21	—
LINC02860	0	—
EFEMP1	0	—
HOTAIRM1	0	—
HOXA-AS3	0	—
HOXA1	0	—
HOXA2	0	—
HOXA3	0	—
HOXA4	0	—
HOXA5	0	—
HOXA6	0	—

Clinical trials & evidence

Clinical trials

Clinical trials: 73.

Phase distribution (across all retrieved trials)

Phase	Trials
Not specified	57
PHASE4	9
PHASE3	4
PHASE1	2
PHASE2/PHASE3	1

Top trials by phase / activity

NCT	Phase	Status	Title
NCT07390097	PHASE4	NOT_YET_RECRUITING	Calcium Dobesilate After Radiofrequency Ablation for Varicose Veins
NCT01372020	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Neuromuscular Electrical Therapy in Venous Ulcers
NCT01432795	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Practicability of Gliding Aids for Medical Compression Stockings
NCT01654016	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Study of Antiinflammatory Effects of Detralex (Daflon)
NCT01848210	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Efficacy and Safety of Coumarin and Troxerutin in the Symptomatic Treatment of Chronic Venous Insufficiency
NCT02236338	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Radiofrequency Ablation vs Laser Ablation of the Incompetent Greater Saphenous Vein
NCT02248740	PHASE4	TERMINATED	Radiofrequency Ablation vs. Laser Ablation of the Incompetent Small Saphenous Vein
NCT02346058	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Efficacy and Safety of Esarin Gel in Chronic Venous Insufficiency and Varicose Veins
NCT06579482	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Clinical Trial of Aesculus Hippocastanum and Associations Versus Diosmina and Hesperidina in Chronic Venous Insuficiency
NCT06232421	PHASE2/PHASE3	NOT_YET_RECRUITING	Clinical Study in Adult Patients With Purulent-inflammatory Processes of the Skin and Soft Tissues, Phase I-II of the Wound Process
NCT01321619	PHASE3	UNKNOWN	Efficacy and Tolerability of the Use of Varicell Compared With Daflon
NCT01402921	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Efficacy on Volume Reduction and Tolerance of Progressiv’ Medical Compressive Therapy (MCT) V0322 BC in Patients With Chronic Venous Oedema
NCT01477281	PHASE3	UNKNOWN	Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Tolerability of Venaflon Use in Reducing the Symptoms Caused by Chronic Venous Insufficiency When Compared With Daflon
NCT02927483	PHASE3	UNKNOWN	Study to Assess the Efficacy and Safety of Endolex Forte VErsus Diosmin and Hesperidin in Reducing VeNous Insufficiency
NCT01501188	PHASE1	COMPLETED	Efficacy Study of Kinesio Taping to Treat Muscular and Joint Problems in Chronic Venous Insufficiency
NCT03784131	PHASE1	UNKNOWN	Tissue Engineered Veins in Patients With Chronic Venous Insufficiency
NCT04231942	Not specified	ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING	Elastic Compression Stockings and Varicose Veins Recurrence
NCT04253301	Not specified	RECRUITING	Feasibility of the InnoVein Valve and Delivery System for Chronic Venous Insufficiency
NCT05504070	Not specified	ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING	Venclose digiRF System Post Market Study
NCT06196541	Not specified	ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING	Respiratory and Physical Functions in Individuals With Chronic Venous Insufficiency
NCT06418282	Not specified	RECRUITING	Clinical Study to Evaluate the Effectiveness and Health Economics of a Novel Portable Non-Pneumatic Active Compression Device (NPCD) for Lymphedema/Phlebolymphedema
NCT07449728	Not specified	RECRUITING	The Influence of Laser Crossectomy With Different Wavelengths on Varicose Vein Progression
NCT00931424	Not specified	UNKNOWN	The Clinical Trial for Primary Chronic Venous Insufficiency
NCT01000909	Not specified	UNKNOWN	Venous Pressure Measurement of the Great Saphenous Vein Using Controlled Compression Ultrasound in Healthy Persons and Patients With Chronic Venous Disease as a New Non Invasive Method for Investigation of the Pathophysiology in Primary Varicose Veins
NCT01574911	Not specified	UNKNOWN	Validation of a New Method of Limb Volumetry
NCT01899482	Not specified	COMPLETED	Manual Lymphatic Drainage in Chronic Venous Insufficiency: a Randomized Controlled Trial
NCT02015221	Not specified	COMPLETED	Evaluation of a Dual Action Pneumatic Compression Device: Patient Ease of Use and Comfort
NCT02050061	Not specified	COMPLETED	Chronic Venous Insufficiency; Impact of Compression Stockings on Quality of Life
NCT02215369	Not specified	COMPLETED	SeCure Endovenous Laser Treatment Study
NCT02395302	Not specified	COMPLETED	Evaluation of a Dual Action Pneumatic Compression System: Tolerance and Comfort in Patients With Venous Leg Ulcers (VLUs)
NCT02462096	Not specified	TERMINATED	A Feasibility Study of the ReLeaf Catheter System
NCT02559427	Not specified	WITHDRAWN	SPA Therapy in the Treatment of Sleep Apnea Syndrome
NCT02662127	Not specified	UNKNOWN	Effect of Standing, Lying and Stockings on Blood Bio-markers (v.1)
NCT03104985	Not specified	COMPLETED	LLLT of Trophic Ulcers of Lower Extremities and Chronic Venous Insufficiency
NCT03216005	Not specified	TERMINATED	Investigation of Femoropopliteal In Situ Valve Formation With the InterVene System
NCT03283800	Not specified	COMPLETED	Copper Impact on Venous Insufficiency and Lipodermatosclerosis
NCT03384355	Not specified	UNKNOWN	Ecchymosis and Coldness in Patients With Varicose Vein
NCT03445091	Not specified	UNKNOWN	Study to Evaluate Impact SANKOM Patent Socks in Patients With CVI
NCT03562546	Not specified	UNKNOWN	The Effect of Structured Exercise on Chronic Venous Insufficiency
NCT03685838	Not specified	UNKNOWN	Compression Stockings Therapy Following Mechano-Chemical Ablation (Clarivein®)

Drugs tested across these trials (top 30)

Molecule	Max phase	Trials referencing
DIOSMIN	4	3
COUMARIN	4	1
TROXERUTIN	4	1
CALCIUM DOBESILATE	3	1
HESPERIDIN	3	1
MECRYLATE	3	1