Colon adenocarcinoma

Summary

Colon adenocarcinoma (MONDO:0002271) is a disease (an umbrella term covering 5 Mondo subtypes) with 6 cohort genes and 105 clinical trials. Molecularly, NCOA3 Mutation confers sensitivity to PD-1 Ligand Inhibitor + Anti-PDL1 Therapy in Colon Adenocarcinoma (CIViC Level B); 4 further subtype–drug associations are mapped below. Top therapeutic interventions include leucovorin, encorafenib, and irinotecan.

At a glance

• Umbrella term: 5 Mondo subtypes
• Cohort genes: 6
• ClinVar variants: 5
• Clinical trials: 105
• Precision-medicine evidence (CIViC): 5 subtype–drug associations

Clinical features

No curated clinical features (Orphanet) for this disease.

Identifiers

Disease identifiers

Field	Value
Canonical name	colon adenocarcinoma
Mondo ID	MONDO:0002271
EFO	EFO:1001949
DOID	DOID:234
ICD-11	773139368
NCIT	C4349
UMLS	C0338106
MedGen	137834
Anatomy (UBERON)	UBERON:0001155
Is cancer (heuristic)	no

Also known as: adenocarcinoma - colon · adenocarcinoma of colon · adenocarcinoma of the colon · COAD · colon adenocarcinoma · colonic adenocarcinoma

Data availability: 5 ClinVar variants · 834 cell lines · 42 intOGen driver records.

Disease family

An umbrella term covering 5 Mondo subtypes.

Classification path: disease › human disease › disease by body system or component › digestive system disorder › intestinal disorder › large intestine disorder › colonic disorder › colonic neoplasm › malignant colon neoplasm › colon carcinoma › colon adenocarcinoma

Related subtypes (5): rectosigmoid carcinoma, colon small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma, colon carcinoma in situ, cecum carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma of colon

Subtypes (5): colon medullary carcinoma, colon signet ring cell adenocarcinoma, submucosal invasive colon adenocarcinoma, colon mucinous adenocarcinoma, cecum adenocarcinoma

Genetics & variants

GWAS landscape

No GWAS associations recorded — common-variant (GWAS) studies don’t cover this disease (typical for Mendelian / rare diseases). See the curated gene cohort and Mendelian overlap below.

Variant details and genetic-evidence tiers

ClinVar germline variants

5 retrieved; paginated sample, class counts are floors:

3 pathogenic, 1 conflicting classifications of pathogenicity, 1 uncertain significance

ClinVar	Variant (HGVS)	Gene	Classification	Review
816	NM_000038.6(APC):c.3927_3931del (p.Glu1309fs)	APC	Pathogenic	reviewed by expert panel
560013	NM_000179.3(MSH6):c.1808dup (p.Glu604fs)	MSH6	Pathogenic	criteria provided, single submitter
6191	NM_003579.4(RAD54L):c.188C>A (p.Pro63His)	RAD54L	Pathogenic	no assertion criteria provided
133523	NM_000038.6(APC):c.7832C>T (p.Thr2611Ile)	APC	Conflicting classifications of pathogenicity	criteria provided, conflicting classifications
559962	NM_000038.6(APC):c.1463T>C (p.Leu488Pro)	APC	Uncertain significance	criteria provided, multiple submitters, no conflicts

Genes & proteins

Mendelian disease overlap and somatic drivers

GenCC: 0 · Orphanet: 22 · OMIM-shared: 0 · Dual-evidence (GWAS+Mendelian): 0

Orphanet rare-disease linkage (cohort genes)

Gene	Orphanet ID	Rare disease
EGFR	Orphanet:251576	Gliosarcoma
EGFR	Orphanet:251579	Giant cell glioblastoma
FOS	Orphanet:675396	Epithelioid hemangioma
KRAS	Orphanet:1333	Familial pancreatic carcinoma
KRAS	Orphanet:1340	Cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome
KRAS	Orphanet:144	Lynch syndrome
KRAS	Orphanet:146	Differentiated thyroid carcinoma
KRAS	Orphanet:2396	Encephalocraniocutaneous lipomatosis
KRAS	Orphanet:251615	Pilomyxoid astrocytoma
KRAS	Orphanet:2612	Linear nevus sebaceus syndrome
KRAS	Orphanet:268114	RAS-associated autoimmune leukoproliferative disease
KRAS	Orphanet:3339	Oculoectodermal syndrome
KRAS	Orphanet:648	Noonan syndrome
KRAS	Orphanet:86834	Juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia
APC	Orphanet:220460	Attenuated familial adenomatous polyposis
APC	Orphanet:261584	5q22 microdeletion syndrome
APC	Orphanet:314022	Gastric adenocarcinoma and proximal polyposis of the stomach
APC	Orphanet:3258	Cenani-Lenz syndrome
APC	Orphanet:873	Desmoid tumor
MSH6	Orphanet:144	Lynch syndrome
MSH6	Orphanet:252202	Constitutional mismatch repair deficiency syndrome
RAD54L	Orphanet:227535	Hereditary breast cancer

Cohort genes → proteins

6 cohort genes, 6 distinct canonical proteins.

Evidence partition

Subset	Genes
civic_only	3
multi_evidence	3

Cohort genes (full)

Symbol	HGNC	Ensembl	UniProt	Name	Evidence
EGFR	HGNC:3236	ENSG00000146648	P00533	Epidermal growth factor receptor	civic_evidence
FOS	HGNC:3796	ENSG00000170345	P01100	Protein c-Fos	civic_evidence
KRAS	HGNC:6407	ENSG00000133703	P01116	GTPase KRas	civic_evidence
APC	HGNC:583	ENSG00000134982	P25054	Adenomatous polyposis coli protein	clinvar
MSH6	HGNC:7329	ENSG00000116062	P52701	DNA mismatch repair protein Msh6	clinvar
RAD54L	HGNC:9826	ENSG00000085999	Q92698	DNA repair and recombination protein RAD54-like	clinvar

Cohort function summary

Lead sentence per gene, UniProt-curated.

Symbol	Protein name	Function (lead sentence)
EGFR	Epidermal growth factor receptor	Receptor tyrosine kinase binding ligands of the EGF family and activating several signaling cascades to convert extracellular cues into appropriate cellular responses.
FOS	Protein c-Fos	Nuclear phosphoprotein which forms a tight but non-covalently linked complex with the JUN/AP-1 transcription factor.
KRAS	GTPase KRas	Ras proteins bind GDP/GTP and possess intrinsic GTPase activity.
APC	Adenomatous polyposis coli protein	Tumor suppressor.
MSH6	DNA mismatch repair protein Msh6	Component of the post-replicative DNA mismatch repair system (MMR).
RAD54L	DNA repair and recombination protein RAD54-like	Multifunctional ATPase that plays a role in homologous recombination (HR) which is a major pathway for repairing DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) gaps, and stalled or collapsed replication forks.

Protein-family classification

Druggable: 3 · Difficult: 0 · Unknown: 3 · Druggable fraction: 0.5

Family distribution

Cohort families vs a genome-wide background (hypergeometric, BH-FDR; fold = observed/expected). Counts kept; sorted by enrichment, so the catch-all Other/Unknown bucket no longer leads.

Family	Genes	Fold	FDR
Enzyme (other)	2	4.0×	0.249
Kinase	1	4.6×	0.297
Other/Unknown	3	0.9×	0.758

Per-gene assignment

Symbol	Family	Druggable?	EC	InterPro (top 3)
EGFR	Kinase	yes	2.7.10.1	Rcpt_L-dom, Prot_kinase_dom, Ser-Thr/Tyr_kinase_cat_dom
FOS	Other/Unknown	no		AP-1, bZIP, bZIP_sf
KRAS	Enzyme (other)	yes	3.6.5.2	Small_GTPase, Small_GTP-bd, Small_GTPase_Ras-type
APC	Other/Unknown	no		Armadillo, APC_rpt, SAMP
MSH6	Other/Unknown	no		PWWP_dom, DNA_mismatch_repair_MutS_C, DNA_mismatch_repair_MutS-lik_N
RAD54L	Enzyme (other)	yes	3.6.4.B9	SNF2_N, Helicase_C-like, Helicase_ATP-bd

Expression context

Cohort genes with no expression data: 0.

5 cohort genes are a single-cell marker in ≥1 SCXA experiment.

Breadth distribution (Bgee present_calls)

Bucket	Genes
narrow (1-5 tissues)	0
moderate (6-20)	0
broad (>20)	6
unknown	0

Top tissues across cohort

Tissue	Cohort genes
nipple	2
ventricular zone	2
gingiva	1
gingival epithelium	1
gall bladder	1
mucosa of stomach	1
upper leg skin	1
pylorus	1
trigeminal ganglion	1
medial globus pallidus	1
substantia nigra pars compacta	1
substantia nigra pars reticulata	1
embryo	1
ganglionic eminence	1
left testis	1
right testis	1

Per-gene tissue summary (top 30)

Symbol	Bgee breadth	FANTOM5 breadth	SCXA	Top tissues
EGFR	285	ubiquitous	marker	nipple, gingiva, gingival epithelium
FOS	294	ubiquitous	marker	mucosa of stomach, upper leg skin, gall bladder
KRAS	298	ubiquitous	marker	trigeminal ganglion, pylorus, nipple
APC	297	ubiquitous	marker	substantia nigra pars compacta, substantia nigra pars reticulata, medial globus pallidus
MSH6	293	ubiquitous	marker	ventricular zone, embryo, ganglionic eminence
RAD54L	173	ubiquitous	yes	left testis, right testis, ventricular zone

Protein interactions among cohort

Intra-cohort edges: 0.

Hub genes (top 10 by interactor count)

Symbol	Interactor count
EGFR	18,421
KRAS	14,509
FOS	8,853
MSH6	4,091
RAD54L	2,927
APC	2,903

Structural data

PDB: 6 · AlphaFold-only: 0 · No structure: 0

Cohort genes with PDB structures (top 30)

Symbol	UniProt	PDB entries
KRAS	P01116	511
EGFR	P00533	388
APC	P25054	31
MSH6	P52701	8
FOS	P01100	3
RAD54L	Q92698	1

Function

Pathway analysis

Distinct Reactome pathways touched by cohort: 145. Enrichment computed across 6 evidence-associated genes (5 with Reactome annotation).

Pathways by enrichment

Over-representation of cohort genes vs the genome-wide background (hypergeometric test, Benjamini-Hochberg FDR; fold = observed/expected over 5 annotated cohort genes). Counts and members are kept as ground-truth; sorted by enrichment.

Pathway	Cohort genes	Fold	FDR	Sample cohort genes
EGFR Transactivation by Gastrin	2	456.8×	6e-04	EGFR, KRAS
GRB2 events in EGFR signaling	2	304.5×	6e-04	EGFR, KRAS
SHC1 events in EGFR signaling	2	285.5×	6e-04	EGFR, KRAS
Constitutive Signaling by EGFRvIII	2	285.5×	6e-04	EGFR, KRAS
Signaling by ERBB2 ECD mutants	2	268.7×	6e-04	EGFR, KRAS
GRB2 events in ERBB2 signaling	2	253.8×	6e-04	EGFR, KRAS
Constitutive Signaling by Ligand-Responsive EGFR Cancer Variants	2	228.4×	6e-04	EGFR, KRAS
SHC1 events in ERBB2 signaling	2	190.3×	7e-04	EGFR, KRAS
Signaling by ERBB2 TMD/JMD mutants	2	190.3×	7e-04	EGFR, KRAS
Estrogen-dependent nuclear events downstream of ESR-membrane signaling	2	175.7×	7e-04	EGFR, FOS
Signaling by ERBB2 KD Mutants	2	169.2×	7e-04	EGFR, KRAS
FCERI mediated MAPK activation	2	138.4×	1e-03	FOS, KRAS
APC truncation mutants are not K63 polyubiquitinated	1	2284.0×	0.005	APC
Defective Mismatch Repair Associated With MSH6	1	1142.0×	0.009	MSH6
Defective Mismatch Repair Associated With MSH2	1	761.3×	0.011	MSH6
Signaling by RAS GAP mutants	1	761.3×	0.011	KRAS
Signaling by RAS GTPase mutants	1	761.3×	0.011	KRAS
PLCG1 events in ERBB2 signaling	1	571.0×	0.013	EGFR
Mismatch Repair	1	571.0×	0.013	MSH6
Diseases of Mismatch Repair (MMR)	1	571.0×	0.013	MSH6
Activation of RAS in B cells	1	456.8×	0.015	KRAS
RAS signaling downstream of NF1 loss-of-function variants	1	326.3×	0.016	KRAS
PTK6 promotes HIF1A stabilization	1	326.3×	0.016	EGFR
Estrogen-stimulated signaling through PRKCZ	1	326.3×	0.016	KRAS
SOS-mediated signalling	1	285.5×	0.016	KRAS
Inhibition of Signaling by Overexpressed EGFR	1	253.8×	0.016	EGFR
Activated NTRK3 signals through RAS	1	253.8×	0.016	KRAS
EGFR interacts with phospholipase C-gamma	1	228.4×	0.016	EGFR
SHC-related events triggered by IGF1R	1	228.4×	0.016	KRAS
Activation of the AP-1 family of transcription factors	1	228.4×	0.016	FOS

GO biological processes by enrichment

Over-representation of cohort genes vs the genome-wide background (hypergeometric test, Benjamini-Hochberg FDR; fold = observed/expected over 6 annotated cohort genes). Counts and members are kept as ground-truth; sorted by enrichment.

GO term	Cohort genes	Fold	FDR	Sample cohort genes
response to gravity	2	936.2×	3e-04	FOS, KRAS
myoblast proliferation	2	468.1×	6e-04	FOS, KRAS
determination of adult lifespan	2	144.0×	0.004	MSH6, RAD54L
meiotic mismatch repair	1	2808.7×	0.005	MSH6
response to mineralocorticoid	1	2808.7×	0.005	KRAS
medium-term memory	1	2808.7×	0.005	FOS
mononuclear cell differentiation	1	2808.7×	0.005	FOS
negative regulation of cardiocyte differentiation	1	2808.7×	0.005	EGFR
cellular response to prolactin	1	2808.7×	0.005	FOS
skeletal muscle cell differentiation	2	114.6×	0.005	FOS, KRAS
cellular response to epidermal growth factor stimulus	2	106.0×	0.005	EGFR, FOS
positive regulation of miRNA transcription	2	96.8×	0.005	EGFR, FOS
female pregnancy	2	70.2×	0.005	FOS, KRAS
response to forskolin	1	1404.3×	0.008	FOS
conditioned taste aversion	1	936.2×	0.010	FOS
forebrain astrocyte development	1	936.2×	0.010	KRAS
positive regulation of protein kinase C signaling	1	936.2×	0.010	EGFR
somatic recombination of immunoglobulin gene segments	1	702.2×	0.010	MSH6
response to isolation stress	1	702.2×	0.010	KRAS
double-strand break repair via synthesis-dependent strand annealing	1	702.2×	0.010	RAD54L
morphogenesis of an epithelial fold	1	702.2×	0.010	EGFR
response to UV-A	1	702.2×	0.010	EGFR
neuron differentiation	2	33.4×	0.010	EGFR, FOS
skeletal muscle cell proliferation	1	561.7×	0.012	FOS
regulation of peptidyl-tyrosine phosphorylation	1	561.7×	0.012	EGFR
regulation of microtubule-based movement	1	468.1×	0.013	APC
salivary gland morphogenesis	1	401.2×	0.013	EGFR
cellular response to zinc ion starvation	1	401.2×	0.013	FOS
negative regulation of cell cycle G1/S phase transition	1	401.2×	0.013	APC
positive regulation of protein localization to centrosome	1	401.2×	0.013	APC

Therapeutics

Drugs indicated for this disease

0 approved, 4 in late-stage (phase 3) trials. Disease-direct ChEMBL indications, not inferred from the associated-gene cohort below.

Drug	Development status
Bevacizumab	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Capecitabine	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Fluorouracil	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Oxaliplatin	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)

Earlier-phase candidates (phase 2, investigational — efficacy not yet established): Cabozantinib, Cetuximab, Clobetasol Propionate, Encorafenib, Fospropofol, Nivolumab, Propofol, Regorafenib, Savolitinib, Sevoflurane.

Drug target analysis

Approved (phase 4): 2 · Phase ≥3: 3 · Phased (≥1): 5 · Undrugged: 1

Druggability breadth: 6 of 6 evidence-associated genes (100%) have a ChEMBL target (buckets above are over the deeply-mined display cohort).

Genes with an approved drug

The molecule shown is one approved compound that hits the gene — not necessarily a drug of choice or one indicated for this disease.

Symbol	Example approved molecule
EGFR	LEVODOPA
KRAS	VEMURAFENIB

Top cohort targets by molecule count

Symbol	Molecules	Max phase
EGFR	175	4
KRAS	11	4
FOS	1	3
MSH6	1	2
RAD54L	1	2
APC	0	0

Drugs targeting cohort genes (top 30)

Molecule	Max phase	Targets in cohort
LEVODOPA	4	EGFR
CLOTRIMAZOLE	4	EGFR
ERLOTINIB HYDROCHLORIDE	4	EGFR
CISPLATIN	4	EGFR
PONATINIB	4	EGFR
AFATINIB	4	EGFR
CHROMIC CHLORIDE	4	EGFR
BACITRACIN	4	EGFR
ZINC CHLORIDE	4	EGFR
LAPATINIB DITOSYLATE	4	EGFR
VEMURAFENIB	4	EGFR, KRAS
FEDRATINIB	4	EGFR
AXITINIB	4	EGFR
SORAFENIB	4	EGFR
DASATINIB ANHYDROUS	4	EGFR
NICLOSAMIDE	4	EGFR
SELUMETINIB	4	EGFR
TERFENADINE	4	EGFR
ALECTINIB	4	EGFR
NERATINIB	4	EGFR
IBRUTINIB	4	EGFR
AFATINIB DIMALEATE	4	EGFR
CABOZANTINIB	4	EGFR
DACOMITINIB	4	EGFR
DACOMITINIB ANHYDROUS	4	EGFR
CERITINIB	4	EGFR
VANDETANIB	4	EGFR
TRIBROMSALAN	4	EGFR
BOSUTINIB	4	EGFR
BITHIONOL	4	EGFR

Bioactivity and enzyme data

Enzyme cohort genes (≥1 EC): 3.

Cohort genes with ChEMBL bioactivity (full, sorted by assay count)

Symbol	Assays	Type breakdown
EGFR	6,531	Binding:6211, Functional:173, ADMET:138, Toxicity:9
KRAS	861	Binding:829, Functional:32
APC	24	Binding:24
FOS	11	Binding:10, Functional:1
MSH6	10	Binding:10
RAD54L	3	Functional:2, Binding:1

Cohort enzymes (BRENDA EC)

Symbol	EC numbers	Names
EGFR	2.7.10.1	receptor protein-tyrosine kinase
KRAS	3.6.5.2	small monomeric GTPase
RAD54L	3.6.4.B9

Cohort genes with high screening signal

≥100 ChEMBL assays — a studied-ness signal; see Therapeutics for approved-drug status.

Symbol	ChEMBL assays
EGFR	6,531
KRAS	861

Pharmacogenomics

Cohort genes with a PharmGKB record: 6; with CPIC/DPWG dosing guidelines: 0.

No cohort gene has a CPIC/DPWG genotype-guided dosing guideline (PharmGKB).

Chemical tractability of cohort targets

29 approved/phased compounds have measured bioactivity against a cohort gene (and aren’t yet in disease-level trials). This is a research / tractability signal, NOT a therapeutic recommendation — a bioactivity row often reflects off-target or screening binding (e.g. promiscuous kinase inhibitors against a cohort kinase), implying no disease mechanism.

Compound	Max phase	Cohort target (bioactivity)
LEVODOPA	4	EGFR
CLOTRIMAZOLE	4	EGFR
CISPLATIN	4	EGFR
PONATINIB	4	EGFR
AFATINIB	4	EGFR
CHROMIC CHLORIDE	4	EGFR
BACITRACIN	4	EGFR
ZINC CHLORIDE	4	EGFR
LAPATINIB DITOSYLATE	4	EGFR
VEMURAFENIB	4	EGFR, KRAS
FEDRATINIB	4	EGFR
AXITINIB	4	EGFR
SORAFENIB	4	EGFR
DASATINIB ANHYDROUS	4	EGFR
NICLOSAMIDE	4	EGFR
SELUMETINIB	4	EGFR
TERFENADINE	4	EGFR
ALECTINIB	4	EGFR
NERATINIB	4	EGFR
IBRUTINIB	4	EGFR
AFATINIB DIMALEATE	4	EGFR
CABOZANTINIB	4	EGFR
DACOMITINIB	4	EGFR
DACOMITINIB ANHYDROUS	4	EGFR
CERITINIB	4	EGFR
VANDETANIB	4	EGFR
TRIBROMSALAN	4	EGFR
BOSUTINIB	4	EGFR
BITHIONOL	4	EGFR

Druggability pyramid

Cohort genes binned by druggability tier (high → low):

Tier	Definition	Genes	Symbols
A	Approved (phase 4 drug)	2	EGFR, KRAS
B	Phased (≥1) drug, not yet approved	3	FOS, MSH6, RAD54L
C	Druggable family + PDB, no drug	0
D	Druggable family + AlphaFold only, no drug	0
E	Difficult family or no structure, no drug	1	APC

Undrugged target profiles

1 cohort genes are undrugged. Ranked by ‘starting-point quality’ (assay depth + drugged-partner adjacency).

Symbol	ChEMBL assays	Drugged partners (top 3)
APC	24	—

Clinical trials & evidence

Clinical trials

Clinical trials: 105.

Phase distribution (across all retrieved trials)

Phase	Trials
Not specified	40
PHASE2	30
PHASE3	12
PHASE1/PHASE2	11
PHASE1	10
PHASE2/PHASE3	2

Top trials by phase / activity

NCT	Phase	Status	Title
NCT00217737	PHASE3	ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING	Oxaliplatin, Leucovorin, and Fluorouracil With or Without Bevacizumab in Treating Patients Who Have Undergone Surgery for Stage II Colon Cancer
NCT02355379	PHASE3	RECRUITING	Randomised Study Evaluating Adjuvant Chemotherapy After Resection of Stage III Colonic Adenocarcinoma in Patients of 70 and Over
NCT02912559	PHASE3	ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING	Combination Chemotherapy With or Without Atezolizumab in Treating Patients With Stage III Colon Cancer and Deficient DNA Mismatch Repair
NCT04068103	PHASE2/PHASE3	ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING	Circulating Tumor DNA Testing in Predicting Treatment for Patients With Stage IIA Colon Cancer After Surgery
NCT05482516	PHASE3	RECRUITING	Evaluating Novel Therapies in ctDNA Positive GI Cancers
NCT05710406	PHASE2/PHASE3	ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING	Testing the Use of BRAF-Targeted Therapy After Surgery and Usual Chemotherapy for BRAF-Mutated Colon Cancer
NCT06997497	PHASE3	RECRUITING	A Clinical Study of Calderasib (MK-1084) With Targeted Therapy and Chemotherapy in People With Colorectal Cancer (MK-1084-012/KANDLELIT-012)
NCT00003835	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Combination Chemotherapy in Treating Patients With Stage III Colon Cancer
NCT00003873	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Fluorouracil With or Without Eniluracil in Treating Patients With Advanced Colorectal Cancer
NCT00025337	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Combination Chemotherapy With or Without Bevacizumab Compared With Bevacizumab Alone in Treating Patients With Advanced or Metastatic Colorectal Cancer That Has Been Previously Treated
NCT00070122	PHASE3	TERMINATED	Combination Chemotherapy and Bevacizumab in Treating Patients With Locally Advanced, Metastatic, or Recurrent Colorectal Cancer
NCT00079274	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Comparison of Combination Chemotherapy Regimens With or Without Cetuximab in Treating Patients Who Have Undergone Surgery For Stage III Colon Cancer
NCT00096278	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Fluorouracil, Leucovorin, and Oxaliplatin With or Without Bevacizumab in Treating Patients Who Have Undergone Surgery for Stage II or Stage III Colon Cancer
NCT01455831	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Extended Peri-operative Tinzaparin to Improve Disease-free Survival in Patients With Resectable Colorectal Cancer
NCT04017650	PHASE1/PHASE2	ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING	Encorafenib, Cetuximab, and Nivolumab in Treating Patients With Microsatellite Stable, BRAFV600E Mutated Unresectable or Metastatic Colorectal Cancer
NCT04599140	PHASE1/PHASE2	ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING	SX-682 and Nivolumab for the Treatment of RAS-Mutated, MSS Unresectable or Metastatic Colorectal Cancer, the STOPTRAFFIC-1 Trial
NCT04616183	PHASE1/PHASE2	ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING	LY3214996 and Cetuximab Alone or in Combination With Abemaciclib for the Treatment of Unresectable or Metastatic Colorectal Cancer
NCT04963283	PHASE2	ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING	Study of Cabozantinib and Nivolumab in Refractory Metastatic Microsatellite Stable (MSS) Colorectal Cancer
NCT05197322	PHASE2	RECRUITING	NEOadjuvant PembRolizumab In Stratified Medicine - ColoRectal Cancer
NCT05308446	PHASE2	ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING	Testing the Addition of Nivolumab to Standard Treatment for Patients With Metastatic or Unresectable Colorectal Cancer That Have a BRAF Mutation
NCT05627635	PHASE1/PHASE2	ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING	FOLFOX and Bevacizumab in Combination With Botensilimab and Balstilimab (3B-FOLFOX) for the Treatment of Microsatellite Stable (MSS) Metastatic Colorectal Cancer
NCT06640166	PHASE2	RECRUITING	Encorafenib + Cetuximab Beyond Progression in Combination With FOLFIRI in Patients With BRAF V600E Mutated Metastatic Colorectal Cancer Progressing on Encorafenib + Cetuximab.
NCT06709885	PHASE2	RECRUITING	HDAC Inhibitor Combination With Chemoimmunotherapy in the Neoadjuvant Treatment of pMMR Locally Advanced Colon Cancer
NCT07462650	PHASE1/PHASE2	RECRUITING	Dual-Target CAR-NK Cells for Biomarker-Selected Advanced Colorectal Cancer
NCT07468630	PHASE2	RECRUITING	Tolecizumab Plus Chemoimmunotherapy for pMMR/MSS Locally Advanced Colon Adenocarcinoma
NCT07595874	PHASE2	NOT_YET_RECRUITING	Neoadjuvant Botensilimab and Balstilimab for the Treatment of Advanced Resectable Colorectal Cancer NEST3
NCT00003486	PHASE2	WITHDRAWN	Antineoplaston Therapy in Treating Patients With Colon Cancer
NCT00005818	PHASE1/PHASE2	COMPLETED	SU5416 and Irinotecan in Treating Patients With Advanced Colorectal Cancer
NCT00026234	PHASE2	COMPLETED	Hepatic Arterial Infusion Plus Chemotherapy in Treating Patients With Colorectal Cancer Metastatic to the Liver
NCT00032110	PHASE2	COMPLETED	Erlotinib in Treating Patients With Recurrent or Metastatic Colorectal Cancer
NCT00052585	PHASE2	TERMINATED	Gefitinib and Combination Chemotherapy in Treating Patients With Advanced or Recurrent Colorectal Cancer
NCT00397878	PHASE2	TERMINATED	AZD0530 (NSC 735464) in Treating Patients With Previously Treated Metastatic Colon Cancer or Rectal Cancer
NCT00551421	PHASE1/PHASE2	COMPLETED	Pertuzumab and Cetuximab in Treating Patients With Previously Treated Locally Advanced or Metastatic Colorectal Cancer
NCT00707889	PHASE2	COMPLETED	Phase 2 Study of ABT-869 in Combination With mFOLFOX6 Versus Bevacizumab in Combination With mFOLFOX6 to Treat Advanced Colorectal Cancer
NCT00942266	PHASE2	COMPLETED	Vorinostat, Fluorouracil, and Leucovorin Calcium in Treating Patients With Metastatic Colorectal Cancer That Has Not Responded to Previous Treatment
NCT01037790	PHASE2	COMPLETED	Phase II Trial of the Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor PD 0332991 in Patients With Cancer
NCT01270438	PHASE2	WITHDRAWN	Combination Chemotherapy and Bevacizumab With or Without RO4929097 in Treating Patients With Metastatic Colorectal Cancer
NCT01402648	PHASE1/PHASE2	COMPLETED	Estrogen Receptor Beta Agonists (Eviendep) and Polyp Recurrence
NCT01606124	PHASE2	TERMINATED	Polyphenon E in Treating Patients With High-Risk of Colorectal Cancer
NCT01703910	PHASE2	COMPLETED	Study of Individualized Therapies Selection for Patients With Metastatic Colorectal Carcinoma According to the Therapeutic

Drugs tested across these trials (top 30)

Molecule	Max phase	Trials referencing
LEUCOVORIN	4	23
ENCORAFENIB	4	5
IRINOTECAN	4	5
OXALIPLATIN	4	5
BEVACIZUMAB	4	4
TIPIRACIL HYDROCHLORIDE	4	4
TRIFLURIDINE	4	4
CETUXIMAB	4	2
FLUOROURACIL	4	2
REGORAFENIB	4	2
ABEMACICLIB	4	1
ATEZOLIZUMAB	4	1
CAPECITABINE	4	1
CLOBETASOL PROPIONATE	4	1
ERLOTINIB HYDROCHLORIDE	4	1
FENTANYL CITRATE	4	1
FLOXURIDINE	4	1
GEFITINIB	4	1
LEVOLEUCOVORIN CALCIUM	4	1
NINTEDANIB	4	1
PALBOCICLIB	4	1
PERTUZUMAB	4	1
SEVOFLURANE	4	1
TUCATINIB	4	1
VORINOSTAT	4	1
BALSTILIMAB	3	3
BOTENSILIMAB	3	3
ANTINEOPLASTON A10	3	1
ENILURACIL	3	1
LINIFANIB	3	1

Precision-medicine subtype map (CIViC)

Drug × molecular subtype: 5 predictive associations from 5 curated evidence items; also 2 oncogenic.

Molecular subtype	Therapy	Effect	Level	CIViC
NCOA3 Mutation	PD-1 Ligand Inhibitor + Anti-PDL1 Therapy	Sensitivity/Response	CIViC B	EID12626
EGFR Amplification AND EGFR::SEPTIN14 Fusion	Erlotinib	Sensitivity/Response	CIViC C	EID10913
FOS Overexpression	Irbesartan	Sensitivity/Response	CIViC C	EID1634
STRN::ALK Fusion	Ceritinib	Sensitivity/Response	CIViC C	EID5952
EGFR EGFRVIII	Erlotinib	Resistance	CIViC C	EID11116