Colonic neoplasm

Summary

Colonic neoplasm (MONDO:0005401) is a cancer (an umbrella term covering 8 Mondo subtypes) with 16 cohort genes (42 GWAS associations across 8 studies; 8 CIViC-evidence somatic drivers; 11 ClinVar predisposition records) and 212 clinical trials. The dominant Reactome pathway is Stabilization of p53 (3 cohort genes). Top therapeutic interventions include oxaliplatin, ketorolac, and orphenadrine.

At a glance

• Classification: Cancer
• Umbrella term: 8 Mondo subtypes
• Cohort genes: 16
• GWAS associations: 42
• ClinVar variants: 11
• Clinical trials: 212

Clinical features

No curated clinical features (Orphanet) for this disease.

Identifiers

Disease identifiers

Field	Value
Canonical name	colonic neoplasm
Mondo ID	MONDO:0005401
EFO	EFO:0004288
MeSH	D003110
NCIT	C2953
UMLS	C0009375
MedGen	3165
Anatomy (UBERON)	UBERON:0001155
Is cancer (heuristic)	yes

Also known as: colon neoplasm · colon neoplasm (disease) · colon tumor · colon tumour · colonic neoplasm · colonic tumor · colonic tumour · neoplasm of colon · neoplasm of the colon · tumor of colon · tumor of the colon · tumour of colon · tumour of the colon

Data availability: 11 ClinVar variants · 42 GWAS associations (8 studies).

Disease family

An umbrella term covering 8 Mondo subtypes.

Classification path: disease › human disease › disease by body system or component › digestive system disorder › intestinal disorder › large intestine disorder › colonic disorder › colonic neoplasm

Related subtypes (12): neuronal intestinal dysplasia, functional diarrhea, megacolon, diverticulitis of colon, cecal disorder, sigmoid disease, functional colonic disease, colitis, colon dysplasia, polyp of colon, Chilaiditi syndrome, colonic duplication

Subtypes (8): benign colon neoplasm, colon neuroendocrine neoplasm, cecal neoplasm, colon inflammatory polyp, colon juvenile polyp, sigmoid neoplasm, malignant colon neoplasm, epithelial tumor of colon

Genetics & variants

GWAS landscape

42 GWAS associations across 8 studies. Top hits map to 28 distinct genes (as reported by GWAS).

Top associations by p-value

rsID	p-value	Gene	Risk allele	Odds ratio
rs56848936	2e-08	SYMPK	A	1.64
rs17280262	1e-07	PAPOLA - RN7SKP108	?	3.02
rs16933489	2e-07	NTF3	T	34.9
rs73171906	6e-07	CNTNAP2	T	2.2
rs4812219	7e-07	MIR646HG - LINC01718	?	3.27
rs76653793	8e-07	NIPAL1, CNGA1	G	21.7
rs28495197	9e-07	APOL6	T	39.9
rs148452202	1e-06	GNG7	A	34.6
rs35914129	1e-06	BICRA	T	56.2
rs72774468	1e-06	COL5A1	C	15.1
rs114144417	1e-06	ABCC12	T	149.8
rs62005704	1e-06	FERMT2 - DDHD1	A	0.4
rs6105057	2e-06	ISM1	?	2.2
rs190591066	2e-06	GTPBP10	A	40.6
rs78263620	2e-06	TSHZ1	T	43.6
rs117820381	2e-06	TNRC6B - ADSL	A	37
rs3004681	2e-06	DEPDC1-AS1 - LINC01707	T	11.8
rs4696337	2e-06	TMEM154 - TIGD4	A	35.8
rs13211079	2e-06	FGD2	G	43.9
rs17721600	2e-06	PHF12	A	25.9
rs9773025	2e-06	XKR5	G	0.5
rs79619562	2e-06	DYRK1A	C	2.7
rs13180087	3e-06	HCN1	?	2.4
rs17325431	3e-06	AFF2 - IDS	?	2.47
rs139432545	3e-06	LINC02269	G	48.4
rs139367040	3e-06	MAP3K20	T	33
rs3794924	4e-06	DSG3	?	2.37
rs10921219	4e-06	RGS2-AS1	?	1.9
rs75772232	4e-06	HNRNPA1P4 - DPPA3P9	T	15.8
rs118025264	4e-06	ASTN2	T	25.7

Top studies (by case count)

Study	Lead author	Year	Cases	Controls	Title
GCST004167	Wang H	2017	1,451	4,703	Novel colon cancer susceptibility variants identified from a genome-wide association study in African Americans.
GCST90043849	Jiang L	2021	378	455,970	A generalized linear mixed model association tool for biobank-scale data.
GCST002822	Xu W	2015	334	0	A genome wide association study on Newfoundland colorectal cancer patients’ survival outcomes.
GCST90043855	Jiang L	2021	274	456,074	A generalized linear mixed model association tool for biobank-scale data.
GCST90179122	Garcia-Etxebarria K	2022	235	0	Performance of the Use of Genetic Information to Assess the Risk of Colorectal Cancer in the Basque Population.
GCST90162554	Garcia-Etxebarria K	2022	219	0	Performance of the Use of Genetic Information to Assess the Risk of Colorectal Cancer in the Basque Population.
GCST90179121	Garcia-Etxebarria K	2022	219	0	Performance of the Use of Genetic Information to Assess the Risk of Colorectal Cancer in the Basque Population.
GCST90162553	Garcia-Etxebarria K	2022	170	0	Performance of the Use of Genetic Information to Assess the Risk of Colorectal Cancer in the Basque Population.

Variant details and genetic-evidence tiers

Tier distribution (top 50 variants)

Tier	Variants
Tier 1: coding	0
Tier 2: splice/UTR	1
Tier 3: regulatory	1
Tier 4: intronic/intergenic	38

MAF distribution

Bucket	Variants
common (>=0.05)	18
low_freq (0.01-0.05)	22
rare (<0.01)	0
unknown	0

Functional consequences

Consequence	Count
intron_variant	32
intergenic_variant	6
3_prime_UTR_variant	1
regulatory_region_variant	1

Top variants

rsID	Chr	Pos	Alleles	MAF	Consequence	Gene	p-value	Tier
rs56848936	19	45818249	A>G	0.06	intron_variant	SYMPK	2e-08	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs17280262	14	96587587	C>T	0.05	intergenic_variant	PAPOLA - RN7SKP108	1e-07	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs16933489	12	5463044	C>T	0.02	intron_variant	NTF3	2e-07	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs73171906	7	148289437	C>T	0.23	intron_variant	CNTNAP2	6e-07	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs4812219	20	60847915	C>T	0.05	intergenic_variant	MIR646HG - LINC01718	7e-07	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs76653793	4	47960917	T>G	0.028	intron_variant	NIPAL1, CNGA1	8e-07	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs28495197	22	35654585	C>T	0.023	intron_variant	APOL6	9e-07	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs148452202	19	2527579	G>A	0.022	intron_variant	GNG7	1e-06	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs35914129	19	47612309	G>T	0.013	intron_variant	BICRA	1e-06	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs72774468	9	134805472	T>C	0.035	intron_variant	COL5A1	1e-06	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs114144417	16	48083065	C>T	0.01	3_prime_UTR_variant	ABCC12	1e-06	Tier 2: splice/UTR
rs62005704	14	52998432	A>G	0.464	regulatory_region_variant	FERMT2 - DDHD1	1e-06	Tier 3: regulatory
rs6105057	20	13248679	A>C,G	0.05	intron_variant	ISM1	2e-06	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs190591066	7	90358980	G>A,T	0.017	intron_variant	GTPBP10	2e-06	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs78263620	18	75283725	C>T	0.011	intron_variant	TSHZ1	2e-06	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs117820381	22	40342482	G>A	0.013	intergenic_variant	TNRC6B - ADSL	2e-06	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs3004681	1	68589032	T>A,C,G	0.062	intergenic_variant	DEPDC1-AS1 - LINC01707	2e-06	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs4696337	4	152681522	A>C	0.023	intron_variant	TMEM154 - TIGD4	2e-06	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs13211079	6	37009573	C>G	0.019	intron_variant	FGD2	2e-06	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs17721600	17	28941495	G>A	0.037	intron_variant	PHF12	2e-06	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs9773025	8	6816936	A>C,G,T	0.414	intron_variant	XKR5	2e-06	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs79619562	21	37370120	T>C	0.1	intron_variant	DYRK1A	2e-06	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs13180087	5	45265666	T>C,G	0.05	intron_variant	HCN1	3e-06	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs17325431	X	149380542	C>T	0.05	intron_variant	AFF2 - IDS	3e-06	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs139432545	4	173703044	A>G	0.012	intron_variant	LINC02269	3e-06	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs139367040	2	173085886	C>G,T	0.019	intron_variant	MAP3K20	3e-06	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs3794924	18	31461771	G>A,C	0.05	intron_variant	DSG3	4e-06	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs10921219	1	192618733	C>A,G,T	0.05	intron_variant	RGS2-AS1	4e-06	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs75772232	8	82777290	C>T	0.039	intron_variant	HNRNPA1P4 - DPPA3P9	4e-06	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs118025264	9	116645502	C>T	0.026	intron_variant	ASTN2	4e-06	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic

ClinVar germline variants

11 retrieved; paginated sample, class counts are floors:

5 pathogenic, 3 pathogenic/likely pathogenic, 1 uncertain significance, 1 conflicting classifications of pathogenicity, 1 benign

ClinVar	Variant (HGVS)	Gene	Classification	Review
433620	NM_000038.6(APC):c.1370C>A (p.Ser457Ter)	APC	Pathogenic	criteria provided, multiple submitters, no conflicts
651311	NM_000051.4(ATM):c.6415G>T (p.Glu2139Ter)	ATM	Pathogenic/Likely pathogenic	criteria provided, multiple submitters, no conflicts
1244227	NM_002354.3(EPCAM):c.903+1G>A	EPCAM	Pathogenic	no assertion criteria provided
1255698	NM_000249.4(MLH1):c.1A>T (p.Met1Leu)	MLH1	Pathogenic	criteria provided, single submitter
90356	NM_000249.4(MLH1):c.790+1G>A	MLH1	Pathogenic	reviewed by expert panel
184445	NM_005591.4(MRE11):c.1726C>T (p.Arg576Ter)	MRE11	Pathogenic/Likely pathogenic	criteria provided, multiple submitters, no conflicts
406825	NM_001048174.2(MUTYH):c.420+19_420+31del	MUTYH	Pathogenic/Likely pathogenic	criteria provided, multiple submitters, no conflicts
410108	NM_024675.4(PALB2):c.1671_1674del (p.Ile558fs)	PALB2	Pathogenic	criteria provided, multiple submitters, no conflicts
128089	NM_007194.4(CHEK2):c.917G>C (p.Gly306Ala)	CHEK2	Conflicting classifications of pathogenicity	criteria provided, conflicting classifications
1255699	NM_000249.4(MLH1):c.884+3A>C	MLH1	Uncertain significance	criteria provided, single submitter
231485	NM_000546.6(TP53):c.1060C>A (p.Gln354Lys)	TP53	Benign	reviewed by expert panel

Genes & proteins

Mendelian disease overlap and somatic drivers

GenCC: 0 · Orphanet: 54 · OMIM-shared: 0 · Dual-evidence (GWAS+Mendelian): 0

Somatic driver evidence (intOGen + CIViC, cohort fanout)

Gene	intOGen role	Cancer types	CIViC
EPCAM			CIViC #3364
TP53	LoF	ACC,ALL,AML,ANGS,ANSC,BCC,BL,BLADDER,BLCA,BRCA,CCRCC,CEAD,CESC,CHOL,CHRCC,CLLSLL,COAD,COADREAD,CSCC,DLBCLNOS,EGC,ES,ESCA,ESCC,GB,GBC,GBM,GIST,HCC,HGGNOS,HNSC,LGGNOS,LIPO,LMS,LNM,LUAD,LUSC,MBL,MEL,MLYM,MT,NBL,NETNOS,NHL,NPC,NSCLC,OS,OVT,PAAD,PANCREAS,PAST,PCM,PLMESO,PRAD,PRCC,PROSTATE,RCC,READ,SACA,SARCNOS,SCLC,SIC,SKCM,SKIN,SOFT_TISSUE,STAD,STOMACH,THYM,UCEC,UCS,UTUC,VULVA,WDTC,WT	CIViC #45
CHEK2	Act	BRCA	CIViC #8950
PALB2	LoF	OVT	CIViC #15013
APC	LoF	AML,ANSC,CHOL,COAD,COADREAD,CSCC,EGC,ESCA,ESCC,HCC,LUAD,MEL,MT,NETNOS,NSCLC,PRAD,PROSTATE,READ,STAD,STOMACH,UM,VULVA	CIViC #66
MLH1			CIViC #3532
MRE11			CIViC #3586
ATM	LoF	BLCA,BRCA,CCRCC,CHOL,CLLSLL,COAD,COADREAD,ESCA,HCC,LUAD,LUSC,MEL,NSCLC,PAAD,PANCREAS,PANET,PCM,PLMESO,PRAD,PROSTATE,STAD,UCEC,UTUC,WDTC	CIViC #69

Orphanet rare-disease linkage (cohort genes)

Gene	Orphanet ID	Rare disease
EPCAM	Orphanet:144	Lynch syndrome
EPCAM	Orphanet:92050	Congenital tufting enteropathy
TP53	Orphanet:1333	Familial pancreatic carcinoma
TP53	Orphanet:145	Hereditary breast and/or ovarian cancer syndrome
TP53	Orphanet:1501	Adrenocortical carcinoma
TP53	Orphanet:210159	Adult hepatocellular carcinoma
TP53	Orphanet:251576	Gliosarcoma
TP53	Orphanet:251579	Giant cell glioblastoma
TP53	Orphanet:251899	Choroid plexus carcinoma
TP53	Orphanet:2807	Papilloma of choroid plexus
TP53	Orphanet:293199	Pleomorphic rhabdomyosarcoma
TP53	Orphanet:3318	Essential thrombocythemia
TP53	Orphanet:524	Li-Fraumeni syndrome
TP53	Orphanet:52688	Myelodysplastic syndrome
TP53	Orphanet:585909	B-lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma with t(9;22)(q34.1;q11.2)
TP53	Orphanet:667662	Breast implant-associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma
TP53	Orphanet:668	Osteosarcoma
TP53	Orphanet:67038	B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia
TP53	Orphanet:70573	Small cell lung cancer
TP53	Orphanet:96253	Cushing disease
TP53	Orphanet:99756	Alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma
TP53	Orphanet:99757	Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma
CHEK2	Orphanet:1331	Familial prostate cancer
CHEK2	Orphanet:145	Hereditary breast and/or ovarian cancer syndrome
CHEK2	Orphanet:440437	Familial colorectal cancer Type X
CHEK2	Orphanet:524	Li-Fraumeni syndrome
CHEK2	Orphanet:668	Osteosarcoma
PALB2	Orphanet:1333	Familial pancreatic carcinoma
PALB2	Orphanet:145	Hereditary breast and/or ovarian cancer syndrome
PALB2	Orphanet:178	Chordoma
PALB2	Orphanet:227535	Hereditary breast cancer
PALB2	Orphanet:84	Fanconi anemia
HCN1	Orphanet:36387	Genetic epilepsy with febrile seizure plus
HCN1	Orphanet:442835	Non-specific early-onset epileptic encephalopathy
APC	Orphanet:220460	Attenuated familial adenomatous polyposis
APC	Orphanet:261584	5q22 microdeletion syndrome
APC	Orphanet:314022	Gastric adenocarcinoma and proximal polyposis of the stomach
APC	Orphanet:3258	Cenani-Lenz syndrome
APC	Orphanet:873	Desmoid tumor
MLH1	Orphanet:144	Lynch syndrome
MLH1	Orphanet:252202	Constitutional mismatch repair deficiency syndrome
MRE11	Orphanet:145	Hereditary breast and/or ovarian cancer syndrome
MRE11	Orphanet:240760	Nijmegen breakage syndrome-like disorder
MRE11	Orphanet:251347	Ataxia-telangiectasia-like disorder
MUTYH	Orphanet:247798	MUTYH-related polyposis
MUTYH	Orphanet:440437	Familial colorectal cancer Type X
ATM	Orphanet:100	Ataxia-telangiectasia
ATM	Orphanet:1331	Familial prostate cancer
ATM	Orphanet:145	Hereditary breast and/or ovarian cancer syndrome
ATM	Orphanet:227535	Hereditary breast cancer

Cohort genes → proteins

16 cohort genes, 16 distinct canonical proteins.

Evidence partition

Subset	Genes
gwas_only	7
multi_evidence	9

Cohort genes (full)

Symbol	HGNC	Ensembl	UniProt	Name	Evidence
EPCAM	HGNC:11529	ENSG00000119888	P16422	Epithelial cell adhesion molecule	clinvar
TP53	HGNC:11998	ENSG00000141510	P04637	Cellular tumor antigen p53	clinvar
PARVG	HGNC:14654	ENSG00000138964	Q9HBI0	Gamma-parvin	gwas
ADISSP	HGNC:15873	ENSG00000101220	Q9GZN8	Adipose-secreted signaling protein	gwas
ISM1	HGNC:16213	ENSG00000101230	B1AKI9	Isthmin-1	gwas
CHEK2	HGNC:16627	ENSG00000183765	O96017	Serine/threonine-protein kinase Chk2	clinvar
DPP10	HGNC:20823	ENSG00000175497	Q8N608	Inactive dipeptidyl peptidase 10	gwas
SYMPK	HGNC:22935	ENSG00000125755	Q92797	Symplekin	gwas
PALB2	HGNC:26144	ENSG00000083093	Q86YC2	Partner and localizer of BRCA2	clinvar
DSG3	HGNC:3050	ENSG00000134757	P32926	Desmoglein-3	gwas
HCN1	HGNC:4845	ENSG00000164588	O60741	Potassium/sodium hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated channel 1	gwas
APC	HGNC:583	ENSG00000134982	P25054	Adenomatous polyposis coli protein	clinvar
MLH1	HGNC:7127	ENSG00000076242	P40692	DNA mismatch repair protein Mlh1	clinvar
MRE11	HGNC:7230	ENSG00000020922	P49959	Double-strand break repair protein MRE11	clinvar
MUTYH	HGNC:7527	ENSG00000132781	Q9UIF7	Adenine DNA glycosylase	clinvar
ATM	HGNC:795	ENSG00000149311	Q13315	Serine-protein kinase ATM	clinvar

Cohort function summary

Lead sentence per gene, UniProt-curated.

Symbol	Protein name	Function (lead sentence)
EPCAM	Epithelial cell adhesion molecule	May act as a physical homophilic interaction molecule between intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) and intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) at the mucosal epithelium for providing immunological barrier as a first line of defense against mucosa…
TP53	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Multifunctional transcription factor that induces cell cycle arrest, DNA repair or apoptosis upon binding to its target DNA sequence.
PARVG	Gamma-parvin	Plays a role with ILK in promoting the cell adhesion and spreading of leukocytes.
ADISSP	Adipose-secreted signaling protein	Adipocyte-secreted protein (adipokine) that acts as a key regulator for white adipose tissue (WAT) thermogenesis and glucose homeostasis at least in part through activation of protein kinase A (PKA).
ISM1	Isthmin-1	Acts as an angiogenesis inhibitor.
CHEK2	Serine/threonine-protein kinase Chk2	Serine/threonine-protein kinase which is required for checkpoint-mediated cell cycle arrest, activation of DNA repair and apoptosis in response to the presence of DNA double-strand breaks.
DPP10	Inactive dipeptidyl peptidase 10	Promotes cell surface expression of the potassium channel KCND2.
SYMPK	Symplekin	Scaffold protein that functions as a component of a multimolecular complex involved in histone mRNA 3’-end processing.
PALB2	Partner and localizer of BRCA2	Plays a critical role in homologous recombination repair (HRR) through its ability to recruit BRCA2 and RAD51 to DNA breaks.
DSG3	Desmoglein-3	A component of desmosome cell-cell junctions which are required for positive regulation of cellular adhesion.
HCN1	Potassium/sodium hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated channel 1	Hyperpolarization-activated ion channel that are permeable to sodium and potassium ions.
APC	Adenomatous polyposis coli protein	Tumor suppressor.
MLH1	DNA mismatch repair protein Mlh1	Heterodimerizes with PMS2 to form MutL alpha, a component of the post-replicative DNA mismatch repair system (MMR).
MRE11	Double-strand break repair protein MRE11	Core component of the MRN complex, which plays a central role in double-strand break (DSB) repair, DNA recombination, maintenance of telomere integrity and meiosis.
MUTYH	Adenine DNA glycosylase	Involved in oxidative DNA damage repair.
ATM	Serine-protein kinase ATM	Serine/threonine protein kinase which activates checkpoint signaling upon double strand breaks (DSBs), apoptosis and genotoxic stresses such as ionizing ultraviolet A light (UVA), thereby acting as a DNA damage sensor.

Protein-family classification

Druggable: 6 · Difficult: 2 · Unknown: 8 · Druggable fraction: 0.38

Family distribution

Cohort families vs a genome-wide background (hypergeometric, BH-FDR; fold = observed/expected). Counts kept; sorted by enrichment, so the catch-all Other/Unknown bucket no longer leads.

Family	Genes	Fold	FDR
Ion channel	1	7.0×	0.537
Kinase	2	3.5×	0.537
Protease	1	2.3×	0.873
GPCR	1	1.5×	0.873
Scaffold/PPI	1	1.1×	0.873
Other/Unknown	8	0.9×	0.873
Enzyme (other)	1	0.8×	0.873
Transcription factor	1	0.5×	0.873

Per-gene assignment

Symbol	Family	Druggable?	EC	InterPro (top 3)
EPCAM	Enzyme (other)	yes	2.4.1.37	Thyroglobulin_1, Thyroglobulin_1_sf, EpCAM_N
TP53	Transcription factor	no		p53_tumour_suppressor, p53-like_TF_DNA-bd_sf, p53_tetrameristn
PARVG	Other/Unknown	no		CH_dom, Parvin, CH_dom_sf
ADISSP	Other/Unknown	no		ADISSP
ISM1	GPCR	yes		TSP1_rpt, AMOP_dom, TSP1_rpt_sf
CHEK2	Kinase	yes	2.7.11.1	FHA_dom, Prot_kinase_dom, Ser/Thr_kinase_AS
DPP10	Protease	yes		Peptidase_S9_cat, Peptidase_S9B_N, AB_hydrolase_fold
SYMPK	Other/Unknown	no		ARM-like, ARM-type_fold, Symplekin/Pta1
PALB2	Scaffold/PPI	no		WD40/YVTN_repeat-like_dom_sf, PALB2_WD40, WD40_repeat_dom_sf
DSG3	Other/Unknown	no		Cadherin-like_dom, Desmosomal_cadherin, Cadherin-like_sf
HCN1	Ion channel	yes		cNMP-bd_dom, K_chnl_volt-dep_EAG/ELK/ERG, Ion_trans_dom
APC	Other/Unknown	no		Armadillo, APC_rpt, SAMP
MLH1	Other/Unknown	no		MutL/Mlh/PMS, DNA_mismatch_S5_2-like, Ribsml_uS5_D2-typ_fold_subgr
MRE11	Other/Unknown	no		Mre11, Calcineurin-like_PHP, Mre11_DNA-bd
MUTYH	Other/Unknown	no		NUDIX_hydrolase_dom, HhH_motif, HhH-GPD_domain
ATM	Kinase	yes	2.7.11.1	PI3/4_kinase_cat_dom, PIK-rel_kinase_FAT, FATC_dom

Expression context

Cohort genes with no expression data: 0.

15 cohort genes are a single-cell marker in ≥1 SCXA experiment.

Breadth distribution (Bgee present_calls)

Bucket	Genes
narrow (1-5 tissues)	0
moderate (6-20)	0
broad (>20)	16
unknown	0

Top tissues across cohort

Tissue	Cohort genes
Brodmann (1909) area 23	2
endothelial cell	2
oocyte	2
secondary oocyte	2
calcaneal tendon	2
colonic mucosa	1
jejunal mucosa	1
mucosa of sigmoid colon	1
ganglionic eminence	1
tendon of biceps brachii	1
ventricular zone	1
granulocyte	1
leukocyte	1
monocyte	1
caudate nucleus	1
nucleus accumbens	1
putamen	1
left lobe of thyroid gland	1
pericardium	1
right lobe of thyroid gland	1

Per-gene tissue summary (top 30)

Symbol	Bgee breadth	FANTOM5 breadth	SCXA	Top tissues
EPCAM	253	broad	marker	jejunal mucosa, colonic mucosa, mucosa of sigmoid colon
TP53	223	ubiquitous	marker	ventricular zone, ganglionic eminence, tendon of biceps brachii
PARVG	200	broad	marker	granulocyte, monocyte, leukocyte
ADISSP	261	ubiquitous	marker	nucleus accumbens, caudate nucleus, putamen
ISM1	185	broad	marker	pericardium, right lobe of thyroid gland, left lobe of thyroid gland
CHEK2	183	ubiquitous	marker	primordial germ cell in gonad, lower esophagus mucosa, male germ line stem cell (sensu Vertebrata) in testis
DPP10	176	broad	marker	adrenal tissue, endothelial cell, Brodmann (1909) area 23
SYMPK	255	ubiquitous	marker	left testis, right testis, adenohypophysis
PALB2	232	ubiquitous	yes	secondary oocyte, buccal mucosa cell, oocyte
DSG3	143	tissue_specific	marker	gingiva, gingival epithelium, pharyngeal mucosa
HCN1	147	broad	marker	endothelial cell, Brodmann (1909) area 23, primary visual cortex
APC	297	ubiquitous	marker	substantia nigra pars compacta, substantia nigra pars reticulata, medial globus pallidus
MLH1	296	ubiquitous	marker	tibialis anterior, skeletal muscle tissue of rectus abdominis, deltoid
MRE11	254	ubiquitous	marker	calcaneal tendon, oocyte, secondary oocyte
MUTYH	134	ubiquitous	marker	cerebellar hemisphere, cerebellar cortex, right hemisphere of cerebellum
ATM	286	ubiquitous	marker	calcaneal tendon, colonic epithelium, corpus callosum

Protein interactions among cohort

Intra-cohort edges: 9.

Hub genes (top 10 by interactor count)

Symbol	Interactor count
TP53	22,736
ATM	7,383
PALB2	5,641
CHEK2	4,795
MLH1	4,435
MRE11	3,932
EPCAM	3,359
APC	2,903
SYMPK	2,455
MUTYH	1,815

Intra-cohort edges

A	B	Sources
ATM	CHEK2	string_interaction
ATM	MLH1	string_interaction
ATM	MRE11	string_interaction
ATM	TP53	biogrid_interaction, string_interaction
CHEK2	MRE11	string_interaction
CHEK2	PALB2	string_interaction
CHEK2	TP53	intact, string_interaction
EPCAM	MLH1	string_interaction
MLH1	MUTYH	string_interaction

Structural data

PDB: 14 · AlphaFold-only: 2 · No structure: 0

Cohort genes with PDB structures (top 30)

Symbol	UniProt	PDB entries
TP53	P04637	313
CHEK2	O96017	38
APC	P25054	31
HCN1	O60741	17
ATM	Q13315	14
SYMPK	Q92797	13
MRE11	P49959	10
MLH1	P40692	7
PALB2	Q86YC2	4
MUTYH	Q9UIF7	3
EPCAM	P16422	2
ISM1	B1AKI9	1
DPP10	Q8N608	1
DSG3	P32926	1

AlphaFold-only cohort genes (top 30 by pLDDT)

Symbol	UniProt	pLDDT
PARVG	Q9HBI0	81.77
ADISSP	Q9GZN8	80.45

Function

Pathway analysis

Distinct Reactome pathways touched by cohort: 166. Enrichment computed across 16 evidence-associated genes (12 with Reactome annotation).

Pathways by enrichment

Over-representation of cohort genes vs the genome-wide background (hypergeometric test, Benjamini-Hochberg FDR; fold = observed/expected over 12 annotated cohort genes). Counts and members are kept as ground-truth; sorted by enrichment.

Pathway	Cohort genes	Fold	FDR	Sample cohort genes
Stabilization of p53	3	190.3×	4e-05	TP53, CHEK2, ATM
Diseases of DNA repair	3	142.8×	4e-05	MLH1, MRE11, ATM
Regulation of TP53 Activity through Methylation	3	135.9×	4e-05	TP53, CHEK2, ATM
Impaired BRCA2 binding to PALB2	3	114.2×	4e-05	PALB2, MRE11, ATM
Defective homologous recombination repair (HRR) due to BRCA1 loss of function	3	105.7×	4e-05	PALB2, MRE11, ATM
Defective HDR through Homologous Recombination Repair (HRR) due to PALB2 loss of BRCA1 binding function	3	105.7×	4e-05	PALB2, MRE11, ATM
Defective HDR through Homologous Recombination Repair (HRR) due to PALB2 loss of BRCA2/RAD51/RAD51C binding function	3	105.7×	4e-05	PALB2, MRE11, ATM
Recruitment and ATM-mediated phosphorylation of repair and signaling proteins at DNA double strand breaks	4	48.8×	4e-05	TP53, CHEK2, MRE11, ATM
G2/M DNA damage checkpoint	4	40.1×	4e-05	TP53, CHEK2, MRE11, ATM
Regulation of TP53 Activity through Phosphorylation	4	39.2×	4e-05	TP53, CHEK2, MRE11, ATM
Resolution of D-loop Structures through Synthesis-Dependent Strand Annealing (SDSA)	3	98.5×	5e-05	PALB2, MRE11, ATM
Homologous DNA Pairing and Strand Exchange	3	95.2×	5e-05	PALB2, MRE11, ATM
Resolution of D-loop Structures through Holliday Junction Intermediates	3	75.1×	9e-05	PALB2, MRE11, ATM
Regulation of TP53 Degradation	3	73.2×	9e-05	TP53, CHEK2, ATM
Meiosis	3	71.4×	9e-05	MLH1, MRE11, ATM
Sensing of DNA Double Strand Breaks	2	317.2×	2e-04	MRE11, ATM
Reproduction	3	47.6×	3e-04	MLH1, MRE11, ATM
HDR through Homologous Recombination (HRR)	3	47.6×	3e-04	PALB2, MRE11, ATM
TP53 Regulates Transcription of DNA Repair Genes	3	45.3×	3e-04	TP53, MLH1, ATM
DNA Damage/Telomere Stress Induced Senescence	3	40.8×	4e-04	TP53, MRE11, ATM
TP53 Regulates Transcription of Caspase Activators and Caspases	2	158.6×	5e-04	TP53, ATM
Defective homologous recombination repair (HRR) due to PALB2 loss of function	2	158.6×	5e-04	MRE11, ATM
Diseases of DNA Double-Strand Break Repair	2	135.9×	6e-04	MRE11, ATM
Defective homologous recombination repair (HRR) due to BRCA2 loss of function	2	135.9×	6e-04	MRE11, ATM
G2/M Checkpoints	3	33.6×	6e-04	TP53, MRE11, ATM
Meiotic recombination	3	32.4×	6e-04	MLH1, MRE11, ATM
Resolution of D-Loop Structures	2	105.7×	9e-04	MRE11, ATM
TP53 Regulates Transcription of Genes Involved in Cytochrome C Release	2	90.6×	0.001	TP53, ATM
DNA Repair	3	24.6×	0.001	MLH1, MRE11, ATM
DNA Double Strand Break Response	2	79.3×	0.002	MRE11, ATM

GO biological processes by enrichment

Over-representation of cohort genes vs the genome-wide background (hypergeometric test, Benjamini-Hochberg FDR; fold = observed/expected over 16 annotated cohort genes). Counts and members are kept as ground-truth; sorted by enrichment.

GO term	Cohort genes	Fold	FDR	Sample cohort genes
replicative senescence	3	185.9×	1e-04	TP53, CHEK2, ATM
double-strand break repair	4	50.8×	1e-04	TP53, CHEK2, MRE11, ATM
cellular response to gamma radiation	3	112.8×	2e-04	TP53, CHEK2, ATM
double-strand break repair via nonhomologous end joining	3	79.0×	5e-04	MLH1, MRE11, ATM
somitogenesis	3	70.2×	5e-04	TP53, PALB2, ATM
DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator	3	67.2×	5e-04	TP53, CHEK2, ATM
DNA damage response	5	16.7×	5e-04	TP53, CHEK2, APC, MRE11, ATM
intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to DNA damage	3	60.8×	6e-04	CHEK2, MLH1, ATM
meiotic telomere clustering	2	234.1×	0.001	MLH1, ATM
DNA double-strand break processing	2	191.5×	0.001	MRE11, ATM
thymocyte apoptotic process	2	175.5×	0.002	TP53, CHEK2
regulation of autophagosome assembly	2	140.4×	0.002	CHEK2, ATM
mitotic intra-S DNA damage checkpoint signaling	2	117.0×	0.003	CHEK2, MRE11
double-strand break repair via homologous recombination	3	29.3×	0.003	PALB2, MRE11, ATM
cellular response to stress	2	105.3×	0.003	CHEK2, ATM
signal transduction in response to DNA damage	2	100.3×	0.003	CHEK2, ATM
multicellular organism growth	3	25.7×	0.004	TP53, PALB2, ATM
mismatch repair	2	81.0×	0.005	MLH1, MUTYH
homologous chromosome pairing at meiosis	2	75.2×	0.005	MLH1, MRE11
mitotic spindle assembly checkpoint signaling	2	70.2×	0.005	APC, ATM
reciprocal meiotic recombination	2	70.2×	0.005	MRE11, ATM
intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to DNA damage by p53 class mediator	2	62.0×	0.006	TP53, CHEK2
embryonic organ development	2	60.2×	0.006	TP53, PALB2
mitotic G2 DNA damage checkpoint signaling	2	55.4×	0.007	MRE11, ATM
determination of adult lifespan	2	54.0×	0.007	TP53, ATM
meiotic metaphase I homologous chromosome alignment	1	1053.2×	0.008	MLH1
negative regulation of helicase activity	1	1053.2×	0.008	TP53
cellular response to actinomycin D	1	1053.2×	0.008	TP53
mitochondrial double-strand break repair via homologous recombination	1	1053.2×	0.008	MRE11
regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway by p53 class mediator	1	1053.2×	0.008	TP53

Therapeutics

Drugs indicated for this disease

2 approved, 22 in late-stage (phase 3) trials. Disease-direct ChEMBL indications, not inferred from the associated-gene cohort below.

Drug	Development status
Bevacizumab	Approved (phase 4)
Capecitabine	Approved (phase 4)
Aspirin	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Avelumab	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Calcium	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Celecoxib	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Cetuximab	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Curcumin	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Dostarlimab	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Eniluracil	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Ergocalciferol	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Estrogens, Conjugated	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Fluorouracil	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Gentamicin	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Interferon	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Irinotecan	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Ornidazole	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Oxaliplatin	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL 3350	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Panitumumab	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Polyethylene Glycol	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Regorafenib	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Sennosides	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Vatalanib	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)

Earlier-phase candidates (phase 2, investigational — efficacy not yet established): ANTINEOPLASTON A10, Aflibercept, Atezolizumab, Azacitidine, Camrelizumab, Cholecalciferol, Dasatinib Anhydrous, Durvalumab, Entinostat, Envafolimab, Everolimus, Fruquintinib, Ganetespib, Gemcitabine, Gevokizumab, Icosapent Ethyl, Imatinib, Ipilimumab, Linifanib, Mangafodipir, Nivolumab, PEGINTERFERON ALFA-2A, Palifermin, Patupilone, Pegfilgrastim, Pembrolizumab, Perifosine, Ramucirumab, Regramostim, Rituximab, Rivoceranib, Saracatinib, Serplulimab, Sodium Chloride, Thalidomide, Thrombomodulin Alfa, Tislelizumab, Topotecan, Trametinib, Vorinostat.

Drug target analysis

Approved (phase 4): 3 · Phase ≥3: 3 · Phased (≥1): 4 · Undrugged: 12

Druggability breadth: 10 of 16 evidence-associated genes (62%) have a ChEMBL target (buckets above are over the deeply-mined display cohort).

Genes with an approved drug

The molecule shown is one approved compound that hits the gene — not necessarily a drug of choice or one indicated for this disease.

Symbol	Example approved molecule
TP53	NITROFURANTOIN
CHEK2	NERATINIB
ATM	AMIODARONE HYDROCHLORIDE

Top cohort targets by molecule count

Symbol	Molecules	Max phase
TP53	196	4
ATM	35	4
CHEK2	30	4
SYMPK	1	2
EPCAM	0	0
PARVG	0	0
ADISSP	0	0
ISM1	0	0
DPP10	0	0
PALB2	0	0

Drugs targeting cohort genes (top 30)

Molecule	Max phase	Targets in cohort
NITROFURANTOIN	4	TP53
DIOSMIN	4	TP53
VERTEPORFIN	4	TP53
CANDESARTAN CILEXETIL	4	TP53
DIENESTROL	4	TP53
CLOTRIMAZOLE	4	TP53
COLCHICINE	4	TP53
NABUMETONE	4	TP53
SALMETEROL XINAFOATE	4	TP53
AMIODARONE HYDROCHLORIDE	4	ATM, TP53
FURAZOLIDONE	4	ATM, TP53
AMOXAPINE	4	TP53
RALOXIFENE HYDROCHLORIDE	4	TP53
NICARDIPINE HYDROCHLORIDE	4	TP53
SULCONAZOLE NITRATE	4	TP53
PYRITHIONE ZINC	4	TP53
LACTIC ACID	4	TP53
OXYMETHOLONE	4	TP53
CHLOROXINE	4	TP53
PROPIOLACTONE	4	TP53
CLOMIPRAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE	4	TP53
PHENYL AMINOSALICYLATE	4	TP53
THIORIDAZINE HYDROCHLORIDE	4	TP53
AMITRIPTYLINE HYDROCHLORIDE	4	ATM, TP53
ETHOPROPAZINE HYDROCHLORIDE	4	TP53
MECHLORETHAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE	4	TP53
ECONAZOLE NITRATE	4	TP53
TRIFLUPROMAZINE HYDROCHLORIDE	4	TP53
PROCHLORPERAZINE EDISYLATE	4	TP53
DEQUALINIUM CHLORIDE	4	TP53

Bioactivity and enzyme data

Enzyme cohort genes (≥1 EC): 3.

Cohort genes with ChEMBL bioactivity (full, sorted by assay count)

Symbol	Assays	Type breakdown
TP53	869	Binding:775, ADMET:83, Functional:10, Toxicity:1
CHEK2	690	Binding:687, Functional:2, ADMET:1
ATM	240	Binding:233, Functional:5, ADMET:2
MRE11	36	Binding:36
APC	24	Binding:24
HCN1	21	Binding:12, Functional:8, ADMET:1
SYMPK	7	Binding:7
EPCAM	1	Binding:1
PARVG	1	Binding:1
MUTYH	1	Functional:1

Cohort enzymes (BRENDA EC)

Symbol	EC numbers	Names
EPCAM	2.4.1.37, 2.4.1.40	fucosylgalactoside 3-alpha-galactosyltransferase, glycoprotein-fucosylgalactoside alpha-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase
CHEK2	2.7.11.1	non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase
ATM	2.7.11.1	non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase

Cohort genes with high screening signal

≥100 ChEMBL assays — a studied-ness signal; see Therapeutics for approved-drug status.

Symbol	ChEMBL assays
TP53	869
CHEK2	690
ATM	240

Pharmacogenomics

Cohort genes with a PharmGKB record: 16; with CPIC/DPWG dosing guidelines: 0.

No cohort gene has a CPIC/DPWG genotype-guided dosing guideline (PharmGKB).

Drug repurposing candidates

30 approved/phased drugs hit cohort targets but don’t yet appear in disease-level clinical trials. Target-inhibition rationale is strongest for cancer driver genes; a bioactivity hit is a screening signal, not a treatment claim.

Compound	Max phase	Cohort target (bioactivity)
NITROFURANTOIN	4	TP53
DIOSMIN	4	TP53
VERTEPORFIN	4	TP53
CANDESARTAN CILEXETIL	4	TP53
DIENESTROL	4	TP53
CLOTRIMAZOLE	4	TP53
COLCHICINE	4	TP53
NABUMETONE	4	TP53
SALMETEROL XINAFOATE	4	TP53
AMIODARONE HYDROCHLORIDE	4	ATM, TP53
FURAZOLIDONE	4	ATM, TP53
AMOXAPINE	4	TP53
RALOXIFENE HYDROCHLORIDE	4	TP53
NICARDIPINE HYDROCHLORIDE	4	TP53
SULCONAZOLE NITRATE	4	TP53
PYRITHIONE ZINC	4	TP53
LACTIC ACID	4	TP53
OXYMETHOLONE	4	TP53
CHLOROXINE	4	TP53
PROPIOLACTONE	4	TP53
CLOMIPRAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE	4	TP53
PHENYL AMINOSALICYLATE	4	TP53
THIORIDAZINE HYDROCHLORIDE	4	TP53
AMITRIPTYLINE HYDROCHLORIDE	4	ATM, TP53
ETHOPROPAZINE HYDROCHLORIDE	4	TP53
MECHLORETHAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE	4	TP53
ECONAZOLE NITRATE	4	TP53
TRIFLUPROMAZINE HYDROCHLORIDE	4	TP53
PROCHLORPERAZINE EDISYLATE	4	TP53
DEQUALINIUM CHLORIDE	4	TP53

Druggability pyramid

Cohort genes binned by druggability tier (high → low):

Tier	Definition	Genes	Symbols
A	Approved (phase 4 drug)	3	TP53, CHEK2, ATM
B	Phased (≥1) drug, not yet approved	1	SYMPK
C	Druggable family + PDB, no drug	4	EPCAM, ISM1, DPP10, HCN1
D	Druggable family + AlphaFold only, no drug	0
E	Difficult family or no structure, no drug	8	PARVG, ADISSP, PALB2, DSG3, APC, MLH1, MRE11, MUTYH

Undrugged target profiles

12 cohort genes are undrugged. Ranked by ‘starting-point quality’ (assay depth + drugged-partner adjacency).

Symbol	ChEMBL assays	Drugged partners (top 3)
MRE11	36	ATM
EPCAM	1	—
PARVG	1	—
ADISSP	0	—
ISM1	0	—
DPP10	0	—
PALB2	0	—
DSG3	0	—
HCN1	21	—
APC	24	—
MLH1	0	—
MUTYH	1	—

Clinical trials & evidence

Clinical trials

Clinical trials: 212.

Phase distribution (across all retrieved trials)

Phase	Trials
Not specified	150
PHASE2	20
PHASE3	12
PHASE4	10
PHASE1	10
PHASE1/PHASE2	6
PHASE2/PHASE3	3
EARLY_PHASE1	1

Top trials by phase / activity

NCT	Phase	Status	Title
NCT05345613	PHASE4	RECRUITING	Tranexamic Acid During Colonic Endoscopic Resection Procedures
NCT00263055	PHASE4	COMPLETED	MASCOT : Multicenter Asia Study in Adjuvant Treatment of Colon Cancer With OxaliplaTin/5FU-LV
NCT00535652	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Concentration of Ertapenem in Colorectal Tissue
NCT00628147	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Clinical Evaluation of Narrow Band Imaging Colonoscope
NCT00654212	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Endo-Laparoscopic Approach Versus Conventional Open Surgery in Obstructing Left-sided Colon Cancer: RCT
NCT01056913	PHASE4	COMPLETED	NITI CAR27 (ColonRing) Compression Anastomosis in Colorectal Surgery
NCT01975064	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Cancer and Anesthesia: Survival After Radical Surgery - a Comparison Between Propofol or Sevoflurane Anesthesia
NCT02688699	PHASE4	UNKNOWN	Additive Hemostatic Efficacy of EndoClot After EMR or ESD in the Gastrointestinal Tract
NCT02958566	PHASE4	UNKNOWN	Multimodal Narcotic Limited Perioperative Pain Control With Colorectal Surgery
NCT05068180	PHASE4	UNKNOWN	Low-dose Neuroleptanalgesia for Postoperative Delirium in Elderly Patients
NCT05855200	PHASE3	RECRUITING	Study of Perioperative Dostarlimab in Participants With Untreated T4N0 or Stage III dMMR/MSI-H Resectable Colon Cancer
NCT07132008	PHASE3	NOT_YET_RECRUITING	Neoadjuvant CAPOX Plus Tislelizumab vs CAPOX in MSS High-Risk Locally Advanced Colon Cancer
NCT00000611	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Women’s Health Initiative (WHI)
NCT00056446	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Study of Oxaliplatin/5-FU/Leucovorin Plus Vatalanib Versus Oxaliplatin/5-FU/Leucovorin in Patients With Previously Treated Metastatic Colorectal Cancer
NCT00056459	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Study of Oxaliplatin/5-FU/Leucovorin Plus Vatalanib Versus Oxaliplatin/5-FU/Leucovorin in Patients With Metastatic Colorectal Cancer.
NCT00188305	PHASE3	COMPLETED	A Randomized Trial of Cancer Risk and Health Education in Relatives of Colorectal Cancer Patients
NCT00275210	PHASE3	COMPLETED	MOSAIC - Multicenter International Study of Oxaliplatin/ 5FU-LV in the Adjuvant Treatment of Colon Cancer
NCT00295035	PHASE3	UNKNOWN	Phase III Trial of Gemcitabine, Curcumin and Celebrex in Patients With Metastatic Colon Cancer
NCT00387842	PHASE3	UNKNOWN	COlon Cancer Laparoscopic or Open Resection
NCT00813540	PHASE2/PHASE3	COMPLETED	The Effects of Exercise Training on the Health-related Fitness of Colon Cancer Survivors
NCT02598414	PHASE2/PHASE3	UNKNOWN	The Role of Indocyanine Green (ICG) Fluorescence Imaging on Anastomotic Leak in Robotic Colorectal Surgery
NCT02777437	PHASE2/PHASE3	UNKNOWN	Laparoscopic Surgery VS Laparoscopic Surgery + Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy for T4 Tumor of the Colon Cancer
NCT02852915	PHASE3	UNKNOWN	Laparoscopic Surgery for T4 Tumor of the Colon Cancer
NCT06119867	PHASE3	UNKNOWN	CompariSon Between the EuroPeAn and Japanese pathologiCal InvEstigation for Colon Cancer (SPACE)
NCT06910514	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Efficacy and Safety of a Solution for Endoscopic Mucosal Resection of Colonic Lesions
NCT03985891	PHASE1/PHASE2	RECRUITING	The Efficacy of JS001 Combined With Chemotherapy in Patients With Locally Advanced Colon Cancer
NCT04920149	PHASE2	RECRUITING	Mesalamine for Colorectal Cancer Prevention Program in Lynch Syndrome
NCT05914389	PHASE2	RECRUITING	Induction Chemotherapy Combined With Neoadjuvant Immunotherapy for MSS Colon Cancer
NCT06124378	PHASE2	ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING	Neoadjuvant Tislelizumab With Chemotherapy for the Treatment of MSS Colon Cancer
NCT06640166	PHASE2	RECRUITING	Encorafenib + Cetuximab Beyond Progression in Combination With FOLFIRI in Patients With BRAF V600E Mutated Metastatic Colorectal Cancer Progressing on Encorafenib + Cetuximab.
NCT00001805	PHASE2	COMPLETED	A Phase II Clinical Trial of Suppression of Human Antimouse Antibody and Human Antitoxin Response to Immunotoxin LMB-1 by Rituximab
NCT00004547	PHASE2	COMPLETED	Treatment of Peritoneal Cancer With Surgery, Perfused Heated Cisplatin and Chemotherapy
NCT00035087	PHASE2	COMPLETED	EPO906 Therapy in Patients With Advanced Colorectal Cancer
NCT00063427	PHASE2	COMPLETED	Study Evaluating MAC-321 in Colorectal Cancer
NCT00072748	PHASE2	COMPLETED	Study Evaluating EKB-569 in Advanced Colorectal Cancer
NCT00147550	PHASE1/PHASE2	TERMINATED	MEK Inhibitor PD-325901 To Treat Advanced Breast Cancer, Colon Cancer, And Melanoma.
NCT00180960	PHASE2	TERMINATED	Treatment of a Cancerous Disease of the Peritoneum With Complete Cytoreductive Surgery and Intraperitoneal Chemohyperthermia
NCT00192114	PHASE2	COMPLETED	Enzastaurin for Patients With Metastatic Colorectal Cancer
NCT00826579	PHASE1/PHASE2	COMPLETED	Swiss Prospective, Multicenter Study Sentinel Lymph Node Procedure in Colon Cancer
NCT01547130	PHASE1/PHASE2	COMPLETED	Yoga and Bolus Lukewarm Saline as Rapid Colonoscopy Preparation

Drugs tested across these trials (top 30)

Molecule	Max phase	Trials referencing
OXALIPLATIN	4	7
KETOROLAC	4	3
ORPHENADRINE	4	3
INDOCYANINE GREEN ACID FORM	4	2
LEVOLEUCOVORIN	4	2
SELUMETINIB	4	2
BUPIVACAINE HYDROCHLORIDE	4	1
CALCIUM	4	1
DOSTARLIMAB	4	1
ENCORAFENIB	4	1
ERTAPENEM	4	1
GABAPENTIN	4	1
HYDROMORPHONE HYDROCHLORIDE	4	1
ISOFLURANE	4	1
LACTULOSE	4	1
MESALAMINE	4	1
METHADONE	4	1
MORPHINE SULFATE	4	1
NEFOPAM	4	1
NITROUS OXIDE	4	1
PALBOCICLIB	4	1
PRALSETINIB	4	1
PROPOFOL	4	1
SEVOFLURANE	4	1
SIMETHICONE	4	1
TISLELIZUMAB	4	1
TRAMADOL	4	1
VATALANIB	3	4
CURCUMIN	3	1
ENZASTAURIN HYDROCHLORIDE	3	1