COVID-19

Summary

COVID-19 (MONDO:0100096) is a disease with 28 cohort genes (4,745 GWAS associations across 290 studies) and 5,971 clinical trials. The dominant Reactome pathway is Chemokine receptors bind chemokines (3 cohort genes). Top therapeutic interventions include hydroxychloroquine, remdesivir, and ivermectin.

At a glance

• Cohort genes: 28
• GWAS associations: 4,745
• Clinical trials: 5,971

Clinical features

No curated clinical features (Orphanet) for this disease.

Identifiers

Disease identifiers

Field	Value
Canonical name	COVID-19
Mondo ID	MONDO:0100096
MeSH	C000657245, D000086382
DOID	DOID:0080600
ICD-10-CM	U07.1
ICD-11	1730556128
SNOMED CT	840539006
UMLS	C5203670
MedGen	1699653
Is cancer (heuristic)	no

Also known as: 2019 novel coronavirus · 2019 novel coronavirus infection · 2019-nCoV · 2019-nCoV infection · beta-CoV · beta-CoVs · betacoronavirus · coronavirus disease 2019 · SARS-coronavirus 2 · SARS-CoV-2 · severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 · severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infectious disease · β-coronavirus · β-CoV · β-CoVs

Data availability: 4,745 GWAS associations (290 studies).

Disease family

Classification path: disease › human disease › disease by etiologic mechanism › disease of primarily extrinsic mechanism › infectious disease › viral infectious disease › primary viral infectious disease › Nidovirales infectious disease › Coronaviridae infectious disease › Orthocoronavirinae infectious disease › COVID-19

Related subtypes (2): severe acute respiratory syndrome, Middle East respiratory syndrome

Genetics & variants

GWAS landscape

4,745 GWAS associations across 290 studies. Top hits map to 29 distinct genes (as reported by GWAS).

Top associations by p-value

rsID	p-value	Gene	Risk allele	Odds ratio
rs73064425	2e-133	LZTFL1	T	2.7
rs10490770	1e-73	SLC6A20 - LZTFL1	C	1.65
rs71325088	3e-54	SLC6A20 - LZTFL1	C	1.9
rs912805253	1e-39	ABO	T	0.9
rs12610495	4e-36	DPP9	G	1.3
rs2271616	2e-34	SLC6A20	T	1.15
rs879055593	7e-34	ABO	T	1.1
rs2109069	1e-21	DPP9	A	1.26
rs17860115	1e-21	IFNAR2, IFNAR2-IL10RB	A	1.2
rs13050728	3e-20	IFNAR2-IL10RB, IFNAR2	C	0.86
rs9411378	5e-20	ABO	C	0.86
rs8176719	4e-19	ABO	TC	1.11
rs73062389	4e-19	SLC6A20	A	1.25
rs13078854	2e-18	SLC6A20 - LZTFL1	G	0.59
rs34536443	7e-17	TYK2	C	1.5
rs11385942	3e-16	LZTFL1	?	1.61
rs11919389	3e-15	RPL24 - PDCL3P4	C	0.94
rs35044562	4e-14	LZTFL1	?	1.81
rs60870724	7e-14	CEP97 - NXPE3	C	0.91
rs11085727	1e-13	TYK2	T	1.2
rs140221038	1e-13	FYCO1	?	0.53
rs10774671	4e-13	OAS1	A	1.2
rs190509934	5e-13	ACE2	C	0.6
rs4424872	9e-13	RGMA	T	2.4
rs41264915	1e-12	THBS3-AS1, THBS3	A	1.3
rs550057	1e-12	ABO	?
rs12482060	2e-12	IFNAR2-IL10RB, IFNAR2	?	0.87
rs2531743	3e-12	SLC6A20 - LZTFL1	G	0.94
rs8178521	4e-12	IFNAR2-IL10RB, IL10RB	T	1.2
rs1886814	4e-12	FOXP4-AS1	?	1.28

Top studies (by case count)

Study	Lead author	Year	Cases	Controls	Title
GCST011073	COVID-19 Host Genetics Initiative	2020	38,984	1,644,784	The COVID-19 Host Genetics Initiative, a global initiative to elucidate the role of host genetic factors in susceptibility and severity of the SARS-CoV-2 virus pandemic.
GCST011074	COVID-19 Host Genetics Initiative	2020	32,494	1,316,207	The COVID-19 Host Genetics Initiative, a global initiative to elucidate the role of host genetic factors in susceptibility and severity of the SARS-CoV-2 virus pandemic.
GCST011072	COVID-19 Host Genetics Initiative	2020	31,562	1,026,848	The COVID-19 Host Genetics Initiative, a global initiative to elucidate the role of host genetic factors in susceptibility and severity of the SARS-CoV-2 virus pandemic.
GCST011476	Patrick MT	2021	30,937	1,566,815	Associations between COVID-19 and skin conditions identified through epidemiology and genomic studies.
GCST011071	COVID-19 Host Genetics Initiative	2020	29,071	1,559,712	The COVID-19 Host Genetics Initiative, a global initiative to elucidate the role of host genetic factors in susceptibility and severity of the SARS-CoV-2 virus pandemic.
GCST010776	COVID-19 Host Genetics Initiative	2020	14,134	1,284,876	The COVID-19 Host Genetics Initiative, a global initiative to elucidate the role of host genetic factors in susceptibility and severity of the SARS-CoV-2 virus pandemic.
GCST010780	COVID-19 Host Genetics Initiative	2020	14,134	1,284,876	The COVID-19 Host Genetics Initiative, a global initiative to elucidate the role of host genetic factors in susceptibility and severity of the SARS-CoV-2 virus pandemic.
GCST011081	COVID-19 Host Genetics Initiative	2020	9,986	1,877,672	The COVID-19 Host Genetics Initiative, a global initiative to elucidate the role of host genetic factors in susceptibility and severity of the SARS-CoV-2 virus pandemic.
GCST011084	COVID-19 Host Genetics Initiative	2020	9,373	1,197,256	The COVID-19 Host Genetics Initiative, a global initiative to elucidate the role of host genetic factors in susceptibility and severity of the SARS-CoV-2 virus pandemic.
GCST010778	COVID-19 Host Genetics Initiative	2020	8,818	101,806	The COVID-19 Host Genetics Initiative, a global initiative to elucidate the role of host genetic factors in susceptibility and severity of the SARS-CoV-2 virus pandemic.

Variant details and genetic-evidence tiers

Tier distribution (top 50 variants)

Tier	Variants
Tier 1: coding	4
Tier 2: splice/UTR	4
Tier 3: regulatory	1
Tier 4: intronic/intergenic	41

MAF distribution

Bucket	Variants
common (>=0.05)	40
low_freq (0.01-0.05)	5
rare (<0.01)	2
unknown	3

Functional consequences

Consequence	Count
intron_variant	34
intergenic_variant	5
missense_variant	3
5_prime_UTR_variant	2
frameshift_variant	1
non_coding_transcript_exon_variant	1
splice_acceptor_variant	1
3_prime_UTR_variant	1
unknown	1
regulatory_region_variant	1

Top variants

rsID	Chr	Pos	Alleles	MAF	Consequence	Gene	p-value	Tier
rs73064425	3	45859597	C>T	0.077	intron_variant	LZTFL1	2e-133	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs10490770	3	45823240	T>C	0.081	intron_variant	SLC6A20 - LZTFL1	1e-73	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs71325088	3	45821460	T>C	0.05	intron_variant	SLC6A20 - LZTFL1	3e-54	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs912805253	9	133274084		0.349	intron_variant	ABO	1e-39	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs12610495	19	4717660	A>G,T	0.31	intron_variant	DPP9	4e-36	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs2271616	3	45796521	G>A,T	0.118	5_prime_UTR_variant	SLC6A20	2e-34	Tier 2: splice/UTR
rs879055593	9	133271182			intron_variant	ABO	7e-34	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs2109069	19	4719431	G>A	0.316	intron_variant	DPP9	1e-21	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs17860115	21	33230000	C>A,G,T	0.32	5_prime_UTR_variant	IFNAR2, IFNAR2-IL10RB	1e-21	Tier 2: splice/UTR
rs13050728	21	33242905	T>A,C	0.349	intron_variant	IFNAR2-IL10RB, IFNAR2	3e-20	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs9411378	9	133270015	A>C,T	0.05	intron_variant	ABO	5e-20	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs8176719	9	133257522	T>TC	0.337	frameshift_variant	ABO	4e-19	Tier 1: coding
rs73062389	3	45793925	G>A	0.064	intron_variant	SLC6A20	4e-19	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs13078854	3	45820440	G>A	0.05	non_coding_transcript_exon_variant	SLC6A20 - LZTFL1	2e-18	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs34536443	19	10352442	G>C,T	0.05	missense_variant	TYK2	7e-17	Tier 1: coding
rs11385942	3	45834968	G>GA	0.05	intron_variant	LZTFL1	3e-16	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs11919389	3	101705614	T>C	0.351	intergenic_variant	RPL24 - PDCL3P4	3e-15	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs35044562	3	45867532	A>G	0.05	intron_variant	LZTFL1	4e-14	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs60870724	3	101776487	CAAAAA>C,CA,CAA,CAAA,CAAAA,CAAAAAA,CAAAAAAA,CAAAAAAAA,CAAAAAAAAAAAA	0.333	intergenic_variant	CEP97 - NXPE3	7e-14	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs11085727	19	10355447	C>T	0.05	intron_variant	TYK2	1e-13	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs140221038	3	45954233	AT>A,ATT	0.05	intron_variant	FYCO1	1e-13	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs10774671	12	112919388	G>A,C	0.348	splice_acceptor_variant	OAS1	4e-13	Tier 2: splice/UTR
rs190509934	X	15602217	T>C		intron_variant	ACE2	5e-13	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs4424872	15	93046840	T>A,G	0.008	intron_variant	RGMA	9e-13	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs41264915	1	155197995	A>G	0.11	intron_variant	THBS3-AS1, THBS3	1e-12	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs550057	9	133271182	T>A,C	0.05	intron_variant	ABO	1e-12	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs12482060	21	33239266	C>A,G,T	0.05	intron_variant	IFNAR2-IL10RB, IFNAR2	2e-12	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs2531743	3	45796808	G>A,C,T	0.05	intron_variant	SLC6A20 - LZTFL1	3e-12	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs8178521	21	33287378	C>T	0.27	intron_variant	IFNAR2-IL10RB, IL10RB	4e-12	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs1886814	6	41534945	A>C	0.05	intron_variant	FOXP4-AS1	4e-12	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic

Genes & proteins

Mendelian disease overlap and somatic drivers

GenCC: 0 · Orphanet: 10 · OMIM-shared: 0 · Dual-evidence (GWAS+Mendelian): 0

Orphanet rare-disease linkage (cohort genes)

Gene	Orphanet ID	Rare disease
TYK2	Orphanet:300865	Primary cutaneous anaplastic large cell lymphoma
TYK2	Orphanet:331226	Susceptibility to infection due to TYK2 deficiency
TYK2	Orphanet:98842	Lymphomatoid papulosis
FYCO1	Orphanet:98991	Early-onset nuclear cataract
FYCO1	Orphanet:98994	Total early-onset cataract
DPP9	Orphanet:2032	Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
SLC6A20	Orphanet:42062	Iminoglycinuria
IFNAR2	Orphanet:431166	Primary immunodeficiency with post-measles-mumps-rubella vaccine viral infection
IL10RB	Orphanet:238569	Immune dysregulation-inflammatory bowel disease-arthritis-recurrent infections syndrome
LZTFL1	Orphanet:110	Bardet-Biedl syndrome

Cohort genes → proteins

28 cohort genes, 23 distinct canonical proteins.

Evidence partition

Subset	Genes
gwas_only	28

Cohort genes (full)

Symbol	HGNC	Ensembl	UniProt	Name	Evidence
TYK2	HGNC:12440	ENSG00000105397	P29597	Non-receptor tyrosine-protein kinase TYK2	gwas
B3GNT3	HGNC:13528	ENSG00000179913	Q9Y2A9	N-acetyllactosaminide beta-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase 3	gwas
TINCR	HGNC:14607	ENSG00000223573	A0A2R8Y7D0	Ubiquitin domain-containing protein TINCR	gwas
FYCO1	HGNC:14673	ENSG00000163820	Q9BQS8	FYVE and coiled-coil domain-containing protein 1	gwas
CCR9	HGNC:1610	ENSG00000173585	P51686	C-C chemokine receptor type 9	gwas
XCR1	HGNC:1625	ENSG00000173578	P46094	Chemokine XC receptor 1	gwas
TRIM5	HGNC:16276	ENSG00000132256	Q9C035	Tripartite motif-containing protein 5	gwas
CXCR6	HGNC:16647	ENSG00000172215	O00574	C-X-C chemokine receptor type 6	gwas
DPP9	HGNC:18648	ENSG00000142002	Q86TI2	Dipeptidyl peptidase 9	gwas
TAFA2	HGNC:21589	ENSG00000198673	Q8N3H0	Chemokine-like protein TAFA-2	gwas
DELEC1	HGNC:23658	ENSG00000173077	Q9P2X7	Deleted in esophageal cancer 1	gwas
ZNF521	HGNC:24605	ENSG00000198795	Q96K83	Zinc finger protein 521	gwas
WDR59	HGNC:25706	ENSG00000103091	Q6PJI9	GATOR2 complex protein WDR59	gwas
DDX1	HGNC:2734	ENSG00000079785	Q92499	ATP-dependent RNA helicase DDX1	gwas
DLGAP1	HGNC:2905	ENSG00000170579	O14490	Disks large-associated protein 1	gwas
SLC6A20	HGNC:30927	ENSG00000163817	Q9NP91	Sodium- and chloride-dependent transporter XTRP3	gwas
HAS2-AS1	HGNC:34340	ENSG00000248690		HAS2 antisense RNA 1	gwas
RN7SKP190	HGNC:45914	ENSG00000251888		RN7SK pseudogene 190	gwas
PKN2-AS1	HGNC:50597	ENSG00000237505		PKN2 antisense RNA 1	gwas
MYHAS	HGNC:50609	ENSG00000272975		myosin heavy chain gene cluster antisense RNA	gwas
LINC02313	HGNC:53232	ENSG00000258474		long intergenic non-protein coding RNA 2313	gwas
IFNAR2	HGNC:5433	ENSG00000159110	P48551	Interferon alpha/beta receptor 2	gwas
IL10RB	HGNC:5965	ENSG00000243646	Q08334	Interleukin-10 receptor subunit beta	gwas
LZTFL1	HGNC:6741	ENSG00000163818	Q9NQ48	Leucine zipper transcription factor-like protein 1	gwas
ABO	HGNC:79	ENSG00000175164	P16442	Histo-blood group ABO system transferase	gwas
NPR3	HGNC:7945	ENSG00000113389	P17342	Atrial natriuretic peptide receptor 3	gwas
PAPPA	HGNC:8602	ENSG00000182752	Q13219	Pappalysin-1	gwas
PTPRN2	HGNC:9677	ENSG00000155093	Q92932	Receptor-type tyrosine-protein phosphatase N2	gwas

Cohort function summary

Lead sentence per gene, UniProt-curated.

Symbol	Protein name	Function (lead sentence)
TYK2	Non-receptor tyrosine-protein kinase TYK2	Tyrosine kinase of the non-receptor type involved in numerous cytokines and interferons signaling, which regulates cell growth, development, cell migration, innate and adaptive immunity.
B3GNT3	N-acetyllactosaminide beta-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase 3	Beta-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase involved in the synthesis of poly-N-acetyllactosamine.
TINCR	Ubiquitin domain-containing protein TINCR	Promotes epithelial differentiation by enhancing the sumoylation and activation of CDC42.
FYCO1	FYVE and coiled-coil domain-containing protein 1	May mediate microtubule plus end-directed vesicle transport.
CCR9	C-C chemokine receptor type 9	Receptor for chemokine SCYA25/TECK.
XCR1	Chemokine XC receptor 1	Receptor for chemokines SCYC1 and SCYC2.
TRIM5	Tripartite motif-containing protein 5	Capsid-specific restriction factor that prevents infection from non-host-adapted retroviruses.
CXCR6	C-X-C chemokine receptor type 6	Receptor for the C-X-C chemokine CXCL16.
DPP9	Dipeptidyl peptidase 9	Dipeptidyl peptidase that cleaves off N-terminal dipeptides from proteins having a Pro or Ala residue at position 2.
TAFA2	Chemokine-like protein TAFA-2	Has a role as neurotrophic factor involved in neuronal survival and neurobiological functions.
DELEC1	Deleted in esophageal cancer 1	Candidate tumor suppressor.
ZNF521	Zinc finger protein 521	Transcription factor that can both act as an activator or a repressor depending on the context.
WDR59	GATOR2 complex protein WDR59	As a component of the GATOR2 complex, functions as an activator of the amino acid-sensing branch of the mTORC1 signaling pathway.
DDX1	ATP-dependent RNA helicase DDX1	Acts as an ATP-dependent RNA helicase, able to unwind both RNA-RNA and RNA-DNA duplexes.
DLGAP1	Disks large-associated protein 1	Part of the postsynaptic scaffold in neuronal cells.
SLC6A20	Sodium- and chloride-dependent transporter XTRP3	Mediates the Na(+)- and Cl(-)-dependent uptake of imino acids such as L-proline, N-methyl-L-proline and pipecolate as well as N-methylated amino acids.
IFNAR2	Interferon alpha/beta receptor 2	Together with IFNAR1, forms the heterodimeric receptor for type I interferons (including interferons alpha, beta, epsilon, omega and kappa).
IL10RB	Interleukin-10 receptor subunit beta	Shared cell surface receptor required for the activation of five class 2 cytokines: IL10, IL22, IL26, IL28, and IFNL1.
LZTFL1	Leucine zipper transcription factor-like protein 1	Regulates ciliary localization of the BBSome complex.
ABO	Histo-blood group ABO system transferase	This protein is the basis of the ABO blood group system.
NPR3	Atrial natriuretic peptide receptor 3	Receptor for the natriuretic peptide hormones, binding with similar affinities atrial natriuretic peptide NPPA/ANP, brain natriuretic peptide NPPB/BNP, and C-type natriuretic peptide NPPC/CNP.
PAPPA	Pappalysin-1	Metalloproteinase which specifically cleaves IGFBP-4 and IGFBP-5, resulting in release of bound IGF.
PTPRN2	Receptor-type tyrosine-protein phosphatase N2	Plays a role in vesicle-mediated secretory processes.

Protein-family classification

Druggable: 11 · Difficult: 4 · Unknown: 13 · Druggable fraction: 0.39

Family distribution

Cohort families vs a genome-wide background (hypergeometric, BH-FDR; fold = observed/expected). Counts kept; sorted by enrichment, so the catch-all Other/Unknown bucket no longer leads.

Family	Genes	Fold	FDR
Phosphatase	1	3.0×	0.571
Protease	2	2.6×	0.571
GPCR	3	2.6×	0.571
Antibody/Immunoglobulin	2	2.1×	0.571
Transcription factor	4	1.2×	0.712
Kinase	1	1.0×	0.789
Enzyme (other)	2	0.9×	0.789
Other/Unknown	13	0.8×	0.883

Per-gene assignment

Symbol	Family	Druggable?	EC	InterPro (top 3)
TYK2	Kinase	yes	2.7.10.2	FERM_domain, Prot_kinase_dom, SH2
B3GNT3	Enzyme (other)	yes	2.4.1.146	Glyco_trans_31
TINCR	Other/Unknown	no		Ubiquitin-like_dom, Ubiquitin-like_domsf
FYCO1	Transcription factor	no		Znf_FYVE, Run_dom, GOLD_dom
CCR9	GPCR	yes		GPCR_Rhodpsn, Chemokine_rcpt, Chemokine_CCR9
XCR1	GPCR	yes		GPCR_Rhodpsn, Chemokine_XCR1, GPCR_Rhodpsn_7TM
TRIM5	Transcription factor	no	2.3.2.27	Znf_B-box, Znf_RING, B30.2/SPRY
CXCR6	GPCR	yes		GPCR_Rhodpsn, Chemokine_rcpt, Chemokine_CXCR6
DPP9	Protease	yes	3.4.13.19	Peptidase_S9_cat, Peptidase_S9B_N, AB_hydrolase_fold
TAFA2	Other/Unknown	no		Chemokine-like_TAFA, TAFA_chemokine-like
DELEC1	Other/Unknown	no		DEC1
ZNF521	Transcription factor	no		Znf_C2H2_type, Znf_C2H2_sf
WDR59	Transcription factor	no		WD40_rpt, RWD_dom, WD40/YVTN_repeat-like_dom_sf
DDX1	Other/Unknown	no		Helicase_C-like, B30.2/SPRY, SPRY_dom
DLGAP1	Other/Unknown	no		SAPAP
SLC6A20	Other/Unknown	no		Na/ntran_symport, Neutral_aa_SLC6, SNS_sf
HAS2-AS1	Other/Unknown	no
RN7SKP190	Other/Unknown	no
PKN2-AS1	Other/Unknown	no
MYHAS	Other/Unknown	no
LINC02313	Other/Unknown	no
IFNAR2	Antibody/Immunoglobulin	yes		FN3_dom, Ig-like_fold, Interferon/interleukin_rcp_dom
IL10RB	Antibody/Immunoglobulin	yes		FN3_dom, Ig-like_fold, Interferon/interleukin_rcp_dom
LZTFL1	Other/Unknown	no		LZTFL1
ABO	Enzyme (other)	yes	2.4.1.37	Glyco_trans_6, Nucleotide-diphossugar_trans
NPR3	Other/Unknown	no		ANPR/GUC, ANF_lig-bd_rcpt, Peripla_BP_I
PAPPA	Protease	yes	3.4.24.79	Sushi_SCR_CCP_dom, Notch_dom, LamG-like
PTPRN2	Phosphatase	yes	3.1.3.48	PTP_cat, Tyr_Pase_dom, Tyr_Pase_cat

Expression context

Cohort genes with no expression data: 0.

24 cohort genes are a single-cell marker in ≥1 SCXA experiment.

Breadth distribution (Bgee present_calls)

Bucket	Genes
narrow (1-5 tissues)	0
moderate (6-20)	1
broad (>20)	27
unknown	0

Top tissues across cohort

Tissue	Cohort genes
male germ line stem cell (sensu Vertebrata) in testis	4
primordial germ cell in gonad	4
buccal mucosa cell	4
granulocyte	3
skeletal muscle tissue	3
biceps brachii	2
skeletal muscle tissue of biceps brachii	2
duodenum	2
lymph node	2
hindlimb stylopod muscle	2
primary visual cortex	2
cerebellar vermis	2
right lobe of thyroid gland	2
blood	2
leukocyte	2
monocyte	2
placenta	2
adenohypophysis	1
right hemisphere of cerebellum	1
lower esophagus mucosa	1

Per-gene tissue summary (top 30)

Symbol	Bgee breadth	FANTOM5 breadth	SCXA	Top tissues
TYK2	288	ubiquitous	marker	granulocyte, right hemisphere of cerebellum, adenohypophysis
B3GNT3	132	broad	marker	mucosa of transverse colon, rectum, lower esophagus mucosa
TINCR	180	broad	marker	upper arm skin, skin of leg, skin of abdomen
FYCO1	284	ubiquitous	marker	skeletal muscle tissue of rectus abdominis, biceps brachii, skeletal muscle tissue of biceps brachii
CCR9	106	tissue_specific	yes	thymus, duodenum, small intestine Peyer’s patch
XCR1	121	tissue_specific	marker	primordial germ cell in gonad, male germ line stem cell (sensu Vertebrata) in testis, lymph node
TRIM5	235	ubiquitous	marker	sural nerve, germinal epithelium of ovary, palpebral conjunctiva
CXCR6	164	tissue_specific	marker	cervix squamous epithelium, spleen, lymph node
DPP9	236	ubiquitous	marker	gastrocnemius, hindlimb stylopod muscle, right lobe of liver
TAFA2	201	broad	marker	secondary oocyte, buccal mucosa cell, primary visual cortex
DELEC1	154	tissue_specific	marker	male germ line stem cell (sensu Vertebrata) in testis, primordial germ cell in gonad, granulocyte
ZNF521	240	ubiquitous	marker	cerebellar vermis, buccal mucosa cell, calcaneal tendon
WDR59	279	ubiquitous	marker	right lobe of thyroid gland, left lobe of thyroid gland, right uterine tube
DDX1	301	ubiquitous	marker	skeletal muscle tissue of biceps brachii, biceps brachii, heart right ventricle
DLGAP1	214	broad	marker	Brodmann (1909) area 23, endothelial cell, primary visual cortex
SLC6A20	172	tissue_specific	marker	pigmented layer of retina, choroid plexus epithelium, duodenum
HAS2-AS1	128	tissue_specific	marker	male germ line stem cell (sensu Vertebrata) in testis, primordial germ cell in gonad, left testis
RN7SKP190	18	tissue_specific	yes	bone marrow cell, granulocyte, blood
PKN2-AS1	124	tissue_specific	marker	male germ line stem cell (sensu Vertebrata) in testis, primordial germ cell in gonad, skeletal muscle tissue
MYHAS	65	tissue_specific	yes	skeletal muscle tissue, hindlimb stylopod muscle, muscle of leg
LINC02313	107	tissue_specific	yes	cerebellar vermis, quadriceps femoris, skeletal muscle tissue
IFNAR2	275	ubiquitous	marker	blood, monocyte, leukocyte
IL10RB	142	ubiquitous	marker	placenta, monocyte, leukocyte
LZTFL1	282	ubiquitous	marker	bronchial epithelial cell, sperm, epithelium of bronchus
ABO	169	broad	marker	tendon of biceps brachii, buccal mucosa cell, right lobe of thyroid gland
NPR3	236	broad	marker	adrenal tissue, kidney epithelium, renal glomerulus
PAPPA	244	broad	marker	decidua, placenta, buccal mucosa cell
PTPRN2	254	broad	marker	lateral nuclear group of thalamus, middle temporal gyrus, lateral globus pallidus

Protein interactions among cohort

Intra-cohort edges: 19.

Hub genes (top 10 by interactor count)

Symbol	Interactor count
DDX1	5,253
TYK2	3,932
IFNAR2	2,159
DPP9	1,878
CXCR6	1,705
WDR59	1,685
FYCO1	1,637
IL10RB	1,554
PTPRN2	1,491
CCR9	1,479

Intra-cohort edges

A	B	Sources
CCR9	FYCO1	string_interaction
CCR9	LZTFL1	string_interaction
CCR9	SLC6A20	string_interaction
CXCR6	FYCO1	string_interaction
CXCR6	LZTFL1	string_interaction
CXCR6	SLC6A20	string_interaction
DPP9	IFNAR2	string_interaction
DPP9	LZTFL1	string_interaction
DPP9	SLC6A20	string_interaction
DPP9	TYK2	string_interaction
FYCO1	LZTFL1	string_interaction
FYCO1	SLC6A20	string_interaction
FYCO1	XCR1	string_interaction
IFNAR2	IL10RB	string_interaction
IFNAR2	TYK2	string_interaction
IL10RB	TYK2	string_interaction
LZTFL1	SLC6A20	string_interaction
LZTFL1	XCR1	string_interaction
SLC6A20	XCR1	string_interaction

Structural data

PDB: 17 · AlphaFold-only: 6 · No structure: 5

Cohort genes with PDB structures (top 30)

Symbol	UniProt	PDB entries
ABO	P16442	151
TYK2	P29597	52
DPP9	Q86TI2	14
SLC6A20	Q9NP91	10
IFNAR2	P48551	9
PAPPA	Q13219	8
WDR59	Q6PJI9	5
IL10RB	Q08334	5
NPR3	P17342	4
FYCO1	Q9BQS8	3
DLGAP1	O14490	3
PTPRN2	Q92932	3
TRIM5	Q9C035	2
DDX1	Q92499	2
TINCR	A0A2R8Y7D0	1
CCR9	P51686	1
XCR1	P46094	1

AlphaFold-only cohort genes (top 30 by pLDDT)

Symbol	UniProt	pLDDT
B3GNT3	Q9Y2A9	88.47
TAFA2	Q8N3H0	87.99
LZTFL1	Q9NQ48	83.74
CXCR6	O00574	82.16
DELEC1	Q9P2X7	62.47
ZNF521	Q96K83	61.75

Function

Pathway analysis

Distinct Reactome pathways touched by cohort: 64. Enrichment computed across 28 evidence-associated genes (16 with Reactome annotation).

Pathways by enrichment

Over-representation of cohort genes vs the genome-wide background (hypergeometric test, Benjamini-Hochberg FDR; fold = observed/expected over 16 annotated cohort genes). Counts and members are kept as ground-truth; sorted by enrichment.

Pathway	Cohort genes	Fold	FDR	Sample cohort genes
Chemokine receptors bind chemokines	3	35.1×	0.005	CCR9, XCR1, CXCR6
Other interleukin signaling	2	59.5×	0.010	TYK2, IL10RB
Regulation of IFNA/IFNB signaling	2	54.9×	0.010	TYK2, IFNAR2
Interleukin-20 family signaling	2	52.9×	0.010	TYK2, IL10RB
Evasion by RSV of host interferon responses	2	40.8×	0.014	TYK2, IFNAR2
Interleukin-10 signaling	2	29.1×	0.022	TYK2, IL10RB
Variant SLC6A20 affecting neurotransmitter transport contributes towards hyperglycinuria (HG) and iminoglycinuria (IG)	1	356.9×	0.022	SLC6A20
Variant SLC6A20 affecting amino acid transport contributes towards hyperglycinuria (HG) and iminoglycinuria (IG)	1	356.9×	0.022	SLC6A20
Interferon alpha/beta signaling	2	19.0×	0.034	TYK2, IFNAR2
Potential therapeutics for SARS	2	14.3×	0.054	TYK2, IFNAR2
Interleukin-23 signaling	1	79.3×	0.056	TYK2
MAPK1 (ERK2) activation	1	71.4×	0.056	TYK2
Formation of the posterior neural plate	1	71.4×	0.056	ZNF521
MAPK3 (ERK1) activation	1	64.9×	0.056	TYK2
Interleukin-27 signaling	1	64.9×	0.056	TYK2
Formation of the anterior neural plate	1	64.9×	0.056	ZNF521
Interleukin-6 signaling	1	59.5×	0.056	TYK2
Interleukin-35 Signalling	1	59.5×	0.056	TYK2
SARS-CoV-2 activates/modulates innate and adaptive immune responses	2	11.2×	0.056	TYK2, IFNAR2
IL-6-type cytokine receptor ligand interactions	1	39.6×	0.080	TYK2
Signaling by CSF3 (G-CSF)	1	35.7×	0.084	TYK2
PD-L1(CD274) glycosylation and translocation to plasma membrane	1	32.4×	0.085	B3GNT3
Keratan sulfate/keratin metabolism	1	31.0×	0.085	B3GNT3
BBSome-mediated cargo-targeting to cilium	1	31.0×	0.085	LZTFL1
RUNX2 regulates osteoblast differentiation	1	28.6×	0.088	ZNF521
Inactivation of CSF3 (G-CSF) signaling	1	27.4×	0.088	TYK2
SLC-mediated transport of neurotransmitters	1	25.5×	0.088	SLC6A20
Interleukin-12 signaling	1	25.5×	0.088	TYK2
Keratan sulfate biosynthesis	1	23.8×	0.091	B3GNT3
Amino acid transport across the plasma membrane	1	18.8×	0.111	SLC6A20

GO biological processes by enrichment

Over-representation of cohort genes vs the genome-wide background (hypergeometric test, Benjamini-Hochberg FDR; fold = observed/expected over 23 annotated cohort genes). Counts and members are kept as ground-truth; sorted by enrichment.

GO term	Cohort genes	Fold	FDR	Sample cohort genes
type III interferon-mediated signaling pathway	2	133.2×	0.005	TYK2, IL10RB
interleukin-10-mediated signaling pathway	2	122.1×	0.005	TYK2, IL10RB
immune response	5	10.2×	0.005	TYK2, CCR9, XCR1, CXCR6, IL10RB
cellular response to virus	3	26.2×	0.005	TYK2, IFNAR2, IL10RB
cell chemotaxis	3	24.1×	0.005	CCR9, XCR1, CXCR6
calcium-mediated signaling	3	23.9×	0.005	CCR9, XCR1, CXCR6
defense response to virus	4	12.1×	0.005	TRIM5, DDX1, IFNAR2, IL10RB
positive regulation of cytosolic calcium ion concentration	3	15.3×	0.014	CCR9, XCR1, CXCR6
negative regulation of protein localization to ciliary membrane	1	732.7×	0.016	LZTFL1
positive regulation of receptor signaling pathway via JAK-STAT	2	37.6×	0.016	TYK2, IL10RB
amino-acid betaine transport	1	366.4×	0.021	SLC6A20
positive regulation of relaxation of smooth muscle	1	366.4×	0.021	NPR3
L-isoleucine import across plasma membrane	1	366.4×	0.021	SLC6A20
proline import across plasma membrane	1	366.4×	0.021	SLC6A20
type I interferon-mediated signaling pathway	2	29.9×	0.021	TYK2, IFNAR2
cell surface receptor signaling pathway via JAK-STAT	2	25.3×	0.021	TYK2, IFNAR2
CD8-positive, gamma-delta intraepithelial T cell differentiation	1	244.2×	0.025	CCR9
regulation of osteoblast proliferation	1	244.2×	0.025	NPR3
negative regulation of protein localization to cilium	1	244.2×	0.025	LZTFL1
regulation of lipopolysaccharide-mediated signaling pathway	1	183.2×	0.032	TRIM5
osteoclast proliferation	1	146.5×	0.034	NPR3
L-proline import across plasma membrane	1	146.5×	0.034	SLC6A20
positive regulation of myeloid dendritic cell cytokine production	1	122.1×	0.034	DDX1
interleukin-23-mediated signaling pathway	1	122.1×	0.034	TYK2
regulation of viral entry into host cell	1	122.1×	0.034	TRIM5
regulation of secretion	1	122.1×	0.034	PTPRN2
positive regulation of NK T cell proliferation	1	122.1×	0.034	TYK2
plus-end-directed vesicle transport along microtubule	1	122.1×	0.034	FYCO1
positive regulation of autophagosome maturation	1	104.7×	0.037	FYCO1
glycine import across plasma membrane	1	104.7×	0.037	SLC6A20

Therapeutics

Drugs indicated for this disease

7 approved. Disease-direct ChEMBL indications, not inferred from the associated-gene cohort below.

Drug	Development status
ADENOVIRUS TYPE 26 ENCODING SARS-COV-2 SPIKE GLYCOPROTEIN	Approved (phase 4)
Anakinra	Approved (phase 4)
CHIMPANZEE ADENOVIRUS ENCODING SARS-COV-2 SPIKE GLYCOPROTEIN	Approved (phase 4)
Regdanvimab	Approved (phase 4)
SARS-COV-2 VIRUS SPIKE PROTEIN	Approved (phase 4)
SARS-COV-2 VIRUS, INACTIVATED	Approved (phase 4)
Selvacovatein	Approved (phase 4)

Drug target analysis

Approved (phase 4): 3 · Phase ≥3: 4 · Phased (≥1): 4 · Undrugged: 24

Druggability breadth: 10 of 28 evidence-associated genes (36%) have a ChEMBL target (buckets above are over the deeply-mined display cohort).

Genes with an approved drug

The molecule shown is one approved compound that hits the gene — not necessarily a drug of choice or one indicated for this disease.

Symbol	Example approved molecule
TYK2	FEDRATINIB
DPP9	SITAGLIPTIN
DDX1	PONATINIB

Top cohort targets by molecule count

Symbol	Molecules	Max phase
TYK2	72	4
DPP9	8	4
DDX1	2	4
CCR9	1	3
B3GNT3	0	0
TINCR	0	0
FYCO1	0	0
XCR1	0	0
TRIM5	0	0
CXCR6	0	0

Drugs targeting cohort genes (top 30)

Molecule	Max phase	Targets in cohort
FEDRATINIB	4	TYK2
RUXOLITINIB	4	TYK2
TOFACITINIB	4	TYK2
UPADACITINIB	4	TYK2
BARICITINIB	4	TYK2
FILGOTINIB	4	TYK2
ABROCITINIB	4	TYK2
DEUCRAVACITINIB	4	TYK2
MOMELOTINIB	4	TYK2
AXITINIB	4	TYK2
RUXOLITINIB PHOSPHATE	4	TYK2
INFIGRATINIB PHOSPHATE	4	TYK2
INFIGRATINIB	4	TYK2
PACRITINIB	4	TYK2
TOFACITINIB CITRATE	4	TYK2
BOSUTINIB	4	TYK2
PEFICITINIB	4	TYK2
CRAVACITINIB	4	TYK2
PAZOPANIB	4	TYK2
NINTEDANIB	4	TYK2
SUNITINIB	4	TYK2
DASATINIB	4	TYK2
ERLOTINIB	4	TYK2
CRIZOTINIB	4	TYK2
MIDOSTAURIN	4	TYK2
IMATINIB	4	TYK2
SITAGLIPTIN	4	DPP9
VILDAGLIPTIN	4	DPP9
TENELIGLIPTIN	4	DPP9
LINAGLIPTIN	4	DPP9

Bioactivity and enzyme data

Enzyme cohort genes (≥1 EC): 7.

Cohort genes with ChEMBL bioactivity (full, sorted by assay count)

Symbol	Assays	Type breakdown
TYK2	1,083	Binding:1043, Functional:39, ADMET:1
DPP9	160	Binding:154, ADMET:6
CCR9	30	Binding:17, Functional:13
CXCR6	22	Binding:16, Functional:6
NPR3	22	Binding:22
DDX1	13	Binding:12, ADMET:1
ABO	6	Binding:6
B3GNT3	3	Binding:3
XCR1	1	Functional:1

Cohort enzymes (BRENDA EC)

Symbol	EC numbers	Names
TYK2	2.7.10.2	non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase
B3GNT3	2.4.1.146, 2.4.1.149, 2.4.99.6	beta-1,3-galactosyl-O-glycosyl-glycoprotein beta-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase, N-acetyllactosaminide beta-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase, N-acetyllactosaminide alpha-2,3-sialyltransferase
TRIM5	2.3.2.27	RING-type E3 ubiquitin transferase
DPP9	3.4.13.19	membrane dipeptidase
ABO	2.4.1.37, 2.4.1.40, 2.4.1.88	fucosylgalactoside 3-alpha-galactosyltransferase, glycoprotein-fucosylgalactoside alpha-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase, globoside alpha-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase
PAPPA	3.4.24.79	pappalysin-1
PTPRN2	3.1.3.48	protein-tyrosine-phosphatase

Cohort genes with high screening signal

≥100 ChEMBL assays — a studied-ness signal; see Therapeutics for approved-drug status.

Symbol	ChEMBL assays
TYK2	1,083
DPP9	160

Pharmacogenomics

Cohort genes with a PharmGKB record: 23; with CPIC/DPWG dosing guidelines: 0.

No cohort gene has a CPIC/DPWG genotype-guided dosing guideline (PharmGKB).

Chemical tractability of cohort targets

28 approved/phased compounds have measured bioactivity against a cohort gene (and aren’t yet in disease-level trials). This is a research / tractability signal, NOT a therapeutic recommendation — a bioactivity row often reflects off-target or screening binding (e.g. promiscuous kinase inhibitors against a cohort kinase), implying no disease mechanism.

Compound	Max phase	Cohort target (bioactivity)
FEDRATINIB	4	TYK2
RUXOLITINIB	4	TYK2
TOFACITINIB	4	TYK2
UPADACITINIB	4	TYK2
FILGOTINIB	4	TYK2
ABROCITINIB	4	TYK2
DEUCRAVACITINIB	4	TYK2
MOMELOTINIB	4	TYK2
AXITINIB	4	TYK2
RUXOLITINIB PHOSPHATE	4	TYK2
INFIGRATINIB PHOSPHATE	4	TYK2
INFIGRATINIB	4	TYK2
PACRITINIB	4	TYK2
TOFACITINIB CITRATE	4	TYK2
BOSUTINIB	4	TYK2
PEFICITINIB	4	TYK2
CRAVACITINIB	4	TYK2
PAZOPANIB	4	TYK2
NINTEDANIB	4	TYK2
SUNITINIB	4	TYK2
DASATINIB	4	TYK2
ERLOTINIB	4	TYK2
CRIZOTINIB	4	TYK2
MIDOSTAURIN	4	TYK2
SITAGLIPTIN	4	DPP9
VILDAGLIPTIN	4	DPP9
TENELIGLIPTIN	4	DPP9
LINAGLIPTIN	4	DPP9

Druggability pyramid

Cohort genes binned by druggability tier (high → low):

Tier	Definition	Genes	Symbols
A	Approved (phase 4 drug)	3	TYK2, DPP9, DDX1
B	Phased (≥1) drug, not yet approved	1	CCR9
C	Druggable family + PDB, no drug	6	XCR1, IFNAR2, IL10RB, ABO, PAPPA, PTPRN2
D	Druggable family + AlphaFold only, no drug	2	B3GNT3, CXCR6
E	Difficult family or no structure, no drug	16	TINCR, FYCO1, TRIM5, TAFA2, DELEC1, ZNF521, WDR59, DLGAP1, SLC6A20, HAS2-AS1 (+6 more)

Undrugged target profiles

24 cohort genes are undrugged. Ranked by ‘starting-point quality’ (assay depth + drugged-partner adjacency).

Symbol	ChEMBL assays	Drugged partners (top 3)
B3GNT3	3	—
TINCR	0	—
FYCO1	0	—
XCR1	1	—
TRIM5	0	—
CXCR6	22	—
TAFA2	0	—
DELEC1	0	—
ZNF521	0	—
WDR59	0	—
DLGAP1	0	—
SLC6A20	0	—
HAS2-AS1	0	—
RN7SKP190	0	—
PKN2-AS1	0	—
MYHAS	0	—
LINC02313	0	—
IFNAR2	0	—
IL10RB	0	—
LZTFL1	0	—
ABO	6	—
NPR3	22	—
PAPPA	0	—
PTPRN2	0	—

Clinical trials & evidence

Clinical trials

Clinical trials: 5,971.

Phase distribution (across all retrieved trials)

Phase	Trials
PHASE3	538
PHASE2/PHASE3	224
PHASE4	200
PHASE2	117
PHASE1/PHASE2	21

Top trials by phase / activity

NCT	Phase	Status	Title
NCT04482673	PHASE4	ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING	Vitamin D Supplementation in the Prevention and Mitigation of COVID-19 Infection
NCT05060991	PHASE4	ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING	Impact of Immunosuppression Adjustment on COVID-19 Vaccination Response in Kidney Transplant Recipients
NCT06008860	PHASE4	RECRUITING	A Pilot Clinical Evaluation of Astepro® Nasal Spray for Management of Early SARS-CoV-2 Infection
NCT06585241	PHASE4	RECRUITING	A Study to Investigate the Immunogenicity and Safety of mRNA COVID-19 Variant-containing Vaccine Formulations
NCT06587503	PHASE4	NOT_YET_RECRUITING	Safety and Immunogenicity of rVSVΔG-ZEBOV-GP Vaccination When Dosed Concurrently With mRNA COVID-19 Vaccine Booster Doses
NCT06633835	PHASE4	ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING	Impact of Reactogenicity of the 2024-2025 COVID-19 Vaccines on Health Care Workers and First Responders in the United States
NCT07051031	PHASE4	ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING	COVID-19 Reactogenicity
NCT07086222	PHASE4	ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING	Efficacy and Safety of NVX-CoV2705
NCT07089706	PHASE4	RECRUITING	A Study to Evaluate the Immunogenicity and Safety of mRNA-1283 COVID-19 Variant-containing Formulations
NCT07240649	PHASE4	NOT_YET_RECRUITING	Outcomes From Hyperbaric Oxygen (HBO2) Treatment for Emerging Indications
NCT07266558	PHASE4	ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING	A Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of mRNA-1283 and mRNA-1273 in Participants 50 to 64 Years of Age Without High-Risk Conditions for Severe Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)
NCT07279766	PHASE4	ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING	Effectiveness of mRNA-1273 Variant-Containing Vaccine Formulation Against Severe Outcomes in Adults Aged 50-64 Years Without Risk Factors for Severe COVID-19
NCT07287137	PHASE4	ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING	Comparative Immunogenicity of Respiratory Virus Vaccines (CIRV2) Study
NCT04254874	PHASE4	UNKNOWN	A Prospective/Retrospective,Randomized Controlled Clinical Study of Interferon Atomization in the 2019-nCoV Pneumonia
NCT04255017	PHASE4	UNKNOWN	A Prospective/Retrospective,Randomized Controlled Clinical Study of Antiviral Therapy in the 2019-nCoV Pneumonia
NCT04260594	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Clinical Study of Arbidol Hydrochloride Tablets in the Treatment of Pneumonia Caused by Novel Coronavirus
NCT04291729	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Evaluation of Ganovo （Danoprevir ） Combined With Ritonavir in the Treatment of SARS-CoV-2 Infection
NCT04296643	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Medical Masks vs N95 Respirators for COVID-19
NCT04326920	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Sargramostim in Patients With Acute Hypoxic Respiratory Failure Due to COVID-19 (SARPAC)
NCT04330300	PHASE4	SUSPENDED	Coronavirus (COVID-19) ACEi/ARB Investigation
NCT04330495	PHASE4	WITHDRAWN	Randomized, Controlled, Double-blind Clinical Trial Comparing the Efficacy and Safety of Chemoprophylaxis With Hydroxychloroquine in Patients Under Biological Treatment and / or JAK Inhibitors in the Prevention of SARS-CoV-2 Infection
NCT04331600	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Chloroquine as Antiviral Treatment in Coronavirus Infection 2020
NCT04334629	PHASE4	WITHDRAWN	LIBERATE Trial in COVID-19
NCT04334967	PHASE4	SUSPENDED	Hydroxychloroquine in Patients With Newly Diagnosed COVID-19 Compared to Standard of Care
NCT04335786	PHASE4	TERMINATED	Valsartan for Prevention of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome in Hospitalized Patients With SARS-COV-2 (COVID-19) Infection Disease
NCT04345276	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Efficacy and Safety of Ganovo (Danoprevir) Combined With Ritonavir in the Treatment of SARS-CoV-2 Infection
NCT04346667	PHASE4	TERMINATED	Post-Exposure Prophylaxis for Asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 Patients With choloroquinE Compounds
NCT04348370	PHASE4	COMPLETED	BCG Vaccine for Health Care Workers as Defense Against COVID 19
NCT04350086	PHASE4	WITHDRAWN	Use of Dexmedetomidine in Light to Moderate Sedation in the Patient in the Palliative Situation of a Sars-cov-2 / COVID-19 Infection
NCT04350671	PHASE4	UNKNOWN	Interferon Beta 1a in Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients
NCT04350684	PHASE4	UNKNOWN	Umifenovir in Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients
NCT04351191	PHASE4	TERMINATED	PRophylaxis of Exposed COVID-19 Individuals With Mild Symptoms Using choloroquinE Compounds
NCT04353596	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Stopping ACE-inhibitors in COVID-19
NCT04355026	PHASE4	UNKNOWN	Use of Bromhexine and Hydroxychloroquine for Treatment of COVID-19 Pneumonia
NCT04359316	PHASE4	UNKNOWN	Azithromycin in Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients
NCT04359615	PHASE4	UNKNOWN	Favipiravir in Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients
NCT04361643	PHASE4	UNKNOWN	Low-dose Lenalidomide for Non-severe COVID-19 Treatment Trial
NCT04362332	PHASE4	TERMINATED	Chloroquine, Hydroxychloroquine or Only Supportive Care in Patients AdmItted With Moderate to Severe COVID-19
NCT04367831	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Intermediate or Prophylactic-Dose Anticoagulation for Venous or Arterial Thromboembolism in Severe COVID-19
NCT04369794	PHASE4	COMPLETED	COVID-19: BCG As Therapeutic Vaccine, Transmission Limitation, and Immunoglobulin Enhancement

Drugs tested across these trials (top 30)

Molecule	Max phase	Trials referencing
HYDROXYCHLOROQUINE	4	43
REMDESIVIR	4	37
IVERMECTIN	4	30
TOZINAMERAN	4	23
FAVIPIRAVIR	4	21
FLUVOXAMINE	4	18
CHLOROQUINE	4	12
COLCHICINE	4	12
ELASOMERAN	4	12
NITAZOXANIDE	4	12
ASCORBIC ACID	4	10
BARICITINIB	4	10
NIRMATRELVIR	4	10
ANAKINRA	4	9
DOXYCYCLINE ANHYDROUS	4	9
LOPINAVIR	4	9
SOTROVIMAB	4	9
FAMOTIDINE	4	6
INTERFERON BETA-1A	4	6
RITONAVIR	4	6
APIXABAN	4	5
ENOXAPARIN SODIUM	4	5
HEPARIN	4	5
IMATINIB	4	5
TOCILIZUMAB	4	5
POVIDONE-IODINE	4	4
SARILUMAB	4	4
AZITHROMYCIN	4	3
CICLESONIDE	4	3
DACLATASVIR	4	3