Crohn disease

Summary

Crohn disease (MONDO:0005011) is a disease (an umbrella term covering 5 Mondo subtypes) with 75 cohort genes (1,607 GWAS associations across 90 studies) and 1,638 clinical trials. The dominant Reactome pathway is TNFs bind their physiological receptors (11 cohort genes). Top therapeutic interventions include vedolizumab, certolizumab pegol, and infliximab.

At a glance

• Umbrella term: 5 Mondo subtypes
• Cohort genes: 75
• GWAS associations: 1,607
• ClinVar variants: 3
• Clinical trials: 1,638

Clinical features

No curated clinical features (Orphanet) for this disease.

Identifiers

Disease identifiers

Field	Value
Canonical name	Crohn disease
Mondo ID	MONDO:0005011
EFO	EFO:0000384
MeSH	D003424
Orphanet	206
DOID	DOID:8778
ICD-10-CM	K50
ICD-11	1267652425
NCIT	C2965
SNOMED CT	7620006
UMLS	C0010346
MedGen	3664
Is cancer (heuristic)	no

Also known as: Crohn disease · Crohn’s disease · Crohn’s disease of large bowel · paediatric Crohn’s disease · pediatric Crohn’s disease · regional enteritis

Data availability: 3 ClinVar variants · 1,607 GWAS associations (90 studies) · 27 cell lines.

Disease family

An umbrella term covering 5 Mondo subtypes.

Classification path: disease › human disease › disease by etiologic mechanism › disease of genetic or genomic mechanism › hereditary disease › inflammatory bowel disease › Crohn disease

Related subtypes (39): colitis, proctitis, ulcerative proctosigmoiditis, inflammatory bowel disease 11, cutaneous photosensitivity-lethal colitis syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease 1, inflammatory bowel disease 2, inflammatory bowel disease 3, inflammatory bowel disease 7, inflammatory bowel disease 5, inflammatory bowel disease 8, inflammatory bowel disease 6, inflammatory bowel disease 4, inflammatory bowel disease 9, inflammatory bowel disease 10, inflammatory bowel disease 12, inflammatory bowel disease 13, inflammatory bowel disease 14, inflammatory bowel disease 15, inflammatory bowel disease 16, inflammatory bowel disease 17, inflammatory bowel disease 18, inflammatory bowel disease 19, inflammatory bowel disease 20, inflammatory bowel disease 21, inflammatory bowel disease 22, inflammatory bowel disease 23, inflammatory bowel disease 24, inflammatory bowel disease 26, inflammatory bowel disease 27, undetermined colitis, cap polyposis, IL10-related early-onset inflammatory bowel disease, neonatal inflammatory skin and bowel disease, inflammatory bowel disease (infantile ulcerative colitis) 31, autosomal recessive, inflammatory bowel disease 30, TRIM22-related inflammatory bowel disease, ALPI-related inflammatory bowel disease, inflammatory bowel disease 29

Subtypes (5): Crohn’s colitis, oral Crohn disease, perianal Crohn disease, small bowel Crohn disease, Crohn disease of the esophagus

Genetics & variants

GWAS landscape

1,607 GWAS associations across 90 studies. Top hits map to 21 distinct genes (as reported by GWAS).

Top associations by p-value

rsID	p-value	Gene	Risk allele	Odds ratio
rs5743293	1e-320	NOD2, CYLD-AS1	?
rs2066847	6e-209	NOD2, CYLD-AS1	T	3.1
rs7517847	1e-159	IL23R, C1orf141	A	1.4
rs80174646	1e-143	IL23R	?
rs2066844	6e-99	NOD2	?
rs56211063	4e-95	TNFSF15 - DELEC1	C	2.09
rs2066845	6e-94	NOD2	?
rs11581607	6e-93	IL23R	?
rs10817678	6e-88	TNFSF15 - DELEC1	?
rs11742570	4e-87	RNU1-150P - TTC33	G	1.28
rs6738490	4e-78	ATG16L1	?
rs1992661	1e-74	RNU1-150P - TTC33	?
rs9271366	2e-70	HLA-DRB1 - HLA-DQA1	C	4.44
rs12994997	4e-70	ATG16L1	A	1.23
rs2076756	4e-69	NOD2	G	1.53
rs35300242	5e-67	ATG16L1	?
rs2476601	8e-67	AP4B1-AS1, PTPN22	?	0.14
rs11209026	1e-64	IL23R	G	2.66
rs11465804	7e-63	IL23R	T	2.5
rs6426833	7e-62	RNF186-AS1 - OTUD3	?
rs6752107	2e-61	ATG16L1	?
rs7765379	9e-59	MTCO3P1 - HLA-DQB3	G	1.93
rs17622378	7e-56	IRF1, CARINH	G	1.21
rs3197999	7e-55	MST1	?
rs6596	2e-54	SNX20	?	3.56
rs9977672	5e-54	LINC02940 - RPL23AP12	?
rs469758	6e-54	ERAP1	?
rs4672505	2e-52	RN7SL51P - RN7SL18P	?
rs10748781	6e-51	LINC01475	?
rs10761659	1e-49	LINC02929 - ALDH7A1P4	G	1.2

Top studies (by case count)

Study	Lead author	Year	Cases	Controls	Title
GCST005837	Huang H	2017	20,155	34,257	Fine-mapping inflammatory bowel disease loci to single-variant resolution.
GCST001729	Jostins L	2012	12,924	21,442	Host-microbe interactions have shaped the genetic architecture of inflammatory bowel disease.
GCST005321	Broce I	2018	12,577	23,475	Immune-related genetic enrichment in frontotemporal dementia: An analysis of genome-wide association studies.
GCST004132	de Lange KM	2017	12,194	28,072	Genome-wide association study implicates immune activation of multiple integrin genes in inflammatory bowel disease.
GCST005537	Ellinghaus D	2016	8,726	34,213	Analysis of five chronic inflammatory diseases identifies 27 new associations and highlights disease-specific patterns at shared loci.
GCST005563	Liu JZ	2013	6,333	106,357	Dense genotyping of immune-related disease regions identifies nine new risk loci for primary sclerosing cholangitis.
GCST000879	Franke A	2010	6,333	15,056	Genome-wide meta-analysis increases to 71 the number of confirmed Crohn’s disease susceptibility loci.
GCST90016610	Peyrot WJ	2021	5,956	8,875	Identifying loci with different allele frequencies among cases of eight psychiatric disorders using CC-GWAS.
GCST90016611	Peyrot WJ	2021	5,956	6,968	Identifying loci with different allele frequencies among cases of eight psychiatric disorders using CC-GWAS.
GCST003044	Liu JZ	2015	5,956	14,927	Association analyses identify 38 susceptibility loci for inflammatory bowel disease and highlight shared genetic risk across populations.

Variant details and genetic-evidence tiers

Tier distribution (top 50 variants)

Tier	Variants
Tier 1: coding	9
Tier 2: splice/UTR	0
Tier 3: regulatory	2
Tier 4: intronic/intergenic	39

MAF distribution

Bucket	Variants
common (>=0.05)	46
low_freq (0.01-0.05)	1
rare (<0.01)	0
unknown	3

Functional consequences

Consequence	Count
intron_variant	22
intergenic_variant	12
missense_variant	7
non_coding_transcript_exon_variant	4
frameshift_variant	2
TF_binding_site_variant	1
regulatory_region_variant	1
synonymous_variant	1

Top variants

rsID	Chr	Pos	Alleles	MAF	Consequence	Gene	p-value	Tier
rs5743293	16	50729868			frameshift_variant	NOD2, CYLD-AS1	1e-320	Tier 1: coding
rs2066847	16	50729868	GC>G,GCC	0.024	frameshift_variant	NOD2, CYLD-AS1	6e-209	Tier 1: coding
rs7517847	1	67215986	T>A,C,G	0.44	intron_variant	IL23R, C1orf141	1e-159	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs80174646	1	67242472	G>T	0.05	intron_variant	IL23R	1e-143	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs2066844	16	50712015	C>T	0.05	missense_variant	NOD2	6e-99	Tier 1: coding
rs56211063	9	114823617	G>C	0.351	intergenic_variant	TNFSF15 - DELEC1	4e-95	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs2066845	16	50722629	G>C,T		missense_variant	NOD2	6e-94	Tier 1: coding
rs11581607	1	67242007	G>A	0.05	intron_variant	IL23R	6e-93	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs10817678	9	114817177	G>A	0.05	intron_variant	TNFSF15 - DELEC1	6e-88	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs11742570	5	40410482	T>A,C,G	0.39	non_coding_transcript_exon_variant	RNU1-150P - TTC33	4e-87	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs6738490	2	233252937	T>C	0.05	intron_variant	ATG16L1	4e-78	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs1992661	5	40414887	G>A	0.05	intron_variant	RNU1-150P - TTC33	1e-74	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs9271366	6	32619077	G>A,C,T	0.21	intergenic_variant	HLA-DRB1 - HLA-DQA1	2e-70	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs12994997	2	233264857	G>A,C	0.477	intron_variant	ATG16L1	4e-70	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs2076756	16	50722970	A>G	0.26	intron_variant	NOD2	4e-69	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs35300242	2	233260144	G>A,C	0.05	intron_variant	ATG16L1	5e-67	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs2476601	1	113834946	A>G,T	0.05	missense_variant	AP4B1-AS1, PTPN22	8e-67	Tier 1: coding
rs11209026	1	67240275	G>A,T	0.068	missense_variant	IL23R	1e-64	Tier 1: coding
rs11465804	1	67236843	T>A,G	0.07	intron_variant	IL23R	7e-63	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs6426833	1	19845367	G>A,C,T	0.05	TF_binding_site_variant	RNF186-AS1 - OTUD3	7e-62	Tier 3: regulatory
rs6752107	2	233252802	G>A,C	0.05	intron_variant	ATG16L1	2e-61	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs7765379	6	32713151	T>G	0.05	intergenic_variant	MTCO3P1 - HLA-DQB3	9e-59	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs17622378	5	132442760	A>G	0.419	intron_variant	IRF1, CARINH	7e-56	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs3197999	3	49684099	G>A,C,T	0.05	missense_variant	MST1	7e-55	Tier 1: coding
rs6596	16	50675812	G>A,C,T	0.05	missense_variant	SNX20	2e-54	Tier 1: coding
rs9977672	21	39091357	G>A	0.05	intergenic_variant	LINC02940 - RPL23AP12	5e-54	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs469758	5	96786011	C>T	0.05	intron_variant	ERAP1	6e-54	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs4672505	2	62333197	A>C,G,T	0.05	intron_variant	RN7SL51P - RN7SL18P	2e-52	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs10748781	10	99523573	C>A,G	0.05	non_coding_transcript_exon_variant	LINC01475	6e-51	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs10761659	10	62685804	A>C,G	0.46	intron_variant	LINC02929 - ALDH7A1P4	1e-49	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic

ClinVar germline variants

3 retrieved; paginated sample, class counts are floors:

2 conflicting classifications of pathogenicity; association, 1 likely pathogenic

ClinVar	Variant (HGVS)	Gene	Classification	Review
997783	NM_052905.4(FMNL2):c.407T>C (p.Leu136Pro)	FMNL2	Likely pathogenic	no assertion criteria provided
4691	NM_022162.3(NOD2):c.3019dup (p.Leu1007fs)	CYLD-AS1	Conflicting classifications of pathogenicity; association	criteria provided, conflicting classifications
4693	NM_001370466.1(NOD2):c.2023C>T (p.Arg675Trp)	NOD2	Conflicting classifications of pathogenicity; association	criteria provided, conflicting classifications

Genes & proteins

Mendelian disease overlap and somatic drivers

GenCC: 0 · Orphanet: 40 · OMIM-shared: 0 · Dual-evidence (GWAS+Mendelian): 1

Dual-evidence genes (GWAS + Mendelian — highest-confidence targets)

Gene	HGNC	Evidence routes
NOD2	NOD2	GWAS, Orphanet

Orphanet rare-disease linkage (cohort genes)

Gene	Orphanet ID	Rare disease
NOD2	Orphanet:90340	Blau syndrome
RIT1	Orphanet:648	Noonan syndrome
RORC	Orphanet:477857	Mendelian susceptibility to mycobacterial diseases due to complete RORgamma receptor deficiency
RPS14	Orphanet:86841	Myelodysplastic syndrome associated with isolated del(5q) chromosome abnormality
ATXN2	Orphanet:803	Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
ATXN2	Orphanet:98756	Spinocerebellar ataxia type 2
SEC24C	Orphanet:567	22q11.2 deletion syndrome
SLC22A5	Orphanet:158	Systemic primary carnitine deficiency
SLC25A15	Orphanet:415	Hyperornithinemia-hyperammonemia-homocitrullinuria syndrome
ZFP36L2	Orphanet:488191	Female infertility due to oocyte meiotic arrest
ZFP36L2	Orphanet:675396	Epithelioid hemangioma
SOX11	Orphanet:1465	Coffin-Siris syndrome
STAT3	Orphanet:2314	Autosomal dominant hyper-IgE syndrome due to STAT3 deficiency
STAT3	Orphanet:438159	STAT3-related early-onset multisystem autoimmune disease
STAT3	Orphanet:512017	Chronic lymphoproliferative disorder of natural killer cells
STAT3	Orphanet:520	Acute promyelocytic leukemia
STAT3	Orphanet:667662	Breast implant-associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma
STAT3	Orphanet:86872	T-cell large granular lymphocyte leukemia
STAT3	Orphanet:99885	Isolated permanent neonatal diabetes mellitus
STAT5B	Orphanet:220465	Laron syndrome with immunodeficiency
STAT5B	Orphanet:520	Acute promyelocytic leukemia
STK11	Orphanet:2869	Peutz-Jeghers syndrome
BTNL2	Orphanet:797	Sarcoidosis
SUOX	Orphanet:99731	Isolated sulfite oxidase deficiency
MLX	Orphanet:3287	Takayasu arteritis
TCOF1	Orphanet:861	Treacher-Collins syndrome
MYRF	Orphanet:647811	Cardiac-urogenital syndrome
TLR4	Orphanet:117	Behçet disease
TNFAIP3	Orphanet:536	Systemic lupus erythematosus
TNFAIP3	Orphanet:674762	Early-onset autoinflammatory syndrome due to A20 haploinsufficiency
TNFRSF1A	Orphanet:32960	Tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 associated periodic syndrome
TNFRSF1A	Orphanet:329967	Intermittent hydrarthrosis
CD40	Orphanet:101090	Hyper-IgM syndrome type 3
CD27	Orphanet:238505	Combined immunodeficiency due to CD27 deficiency
TNFRSF9	Orphanet:664726	EBV-induced lymphoproliferative disease due to CD137 deficiency
TNFSF11	Orphanet:667	Autosomal recessive malignant osteopetrosis
TNFSF15	Orphanet:186	Primary biliary cholangitis
TNFSF4	Orphanet:2073	Narcolepsy type 1
TNFSF4	Orphanet:536	Systemic lupus erythematosus
CD40LG	Orphanet:101088	X-linked hyper-IgM syndrome

Cohort genes → proteins

75 cohort genes, 75 distinct canonical proteins.

Evidence partition

Subset	Genes
gwas_only	74
gwas_and_clinvar	1

Cohort genes (full)

Symbol	HGNC	Ensembl	UniProt	Name	Evidence
NOD2	HGNC:5331	ENSG00000167207	Q9HC29	Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 2	gwas,clinvar
RIPK2	HGNC:10020	ENSG00000104312	O43353	Receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 2	gwas
RIT1	HGNC:10023	ENSG00000143622	Q92963	GTP-binding protein Rit1	gwas
RNASE2	HGNC:10045	ENSG00000169385	P10153	Non-secretory ribonuclease	gwas
RNF7	HGNC:10070	ENSG00000114125	Q9UBF6	RING-box protein 2	gwas
CNNM1	HGNC:102	ENSG00000119946	Q9NRU3	Metal transporter CNNM1	gwas
RORC	HGNC:10260	ENSG00000143365	P51449	Nuclear receptor ROR-gamma	gwas
RPL3	HGNC:10332	ENSG00000100316	P39023	Large ribosomal subunit protein uL3	gwas
RPL7	HGNC:10363	ENSG00000147604	P18124	Large ribosomal subunit protein uL30	gwas
RPS14	HGNC:10387	ENSG00000164587	P62263	Small ribosomal subunit protein uS11	gwas
RPS6KA4	HGNC:10433	ENSG00000162302	O75676	Ribosomal protein S6 kinase alpha-4	gwas
RPS6KB1	HGNC:10436	ENSG00000108443	P23443	Ribosomal protein S6 kinase beta-1	gwas
RUNX3	HGNC:10473	ENSG00000020633	Q13761	Runt-related transcription factor 3	gwas
RXRA	HGNC:10477	ENSG00000186350	P19793	Retinoic acid receptor RXR-alpha	gwas
ATXN2	HGNC:10555	ENSG00000204842	Q99700	Ataxin-2	gwas
SCAMP3	HGNC:10565	ENSG00000116521	O14828	Secretory carrier-associated membrane protein 3	gwas
CCL1	HGNC:10609	ENSG00000108702	P22362	C-C motif chemokine 1	gwas
CCL11	HGNC:10610	ENSG00000172156	P51671	Eotaxin	gwas
CCL13	HGNC:10611	ENSG00000181374	Q99616	C-C motif chemokine 13	gwas
CCL2	HGNC:10618	ENSG00000108691	P13500	C-C motif chemokine 2	gwas
CCL20	HGNC:10619	ENSG00000115009	P78556	C-C motif chemokine 20	gwas
CCL21	HGNC:10620	ENSG00000137077	O00585	C-C motif chemokine 21	gwas
CCL7	HGNC:10634	ENSG00000108688	P80098	C-C motif chemokine 7	gwas
CCL8	HGNC:10635	ENSG00000108700	P80075	C-C motif chemokine 8	gwas
STARD10	HGNC:10666	ENSG00000214530	Q9Y365	START domain-containing protein 10	gwas
ENTR1	HGNC:10667	ENSG00000165689	Q96C92	Endosome-associated-trafficking regulator 1	gwas
SDF2L1	HGNC:10676	ENSG00000128228	Q9HCN8	Stromal cell-derived factor 2-like protein 1	gwas
SEC24C	HGNC:10705	ENSG00000176986	P53992	Protein transport protein Sec24C	gwas
SLC22A4	HGNC:10968	ENSG00000197208	Q9H015	Solute carrier family 22 member 4	gwas
SLC22A5	HGNC:10969	ENSG00000197375	O76082	Organic cation/carnitine transporter 2	gwas
SLC25A15	HGNC:10985	ENSG00000102743	Q9Y619	Mitochondrial ornithine transporter 1	gwas
BRAP	HGNC:1099	ENSG00000089234	Q7Z569	BRCA1-associated protein	gwas
BRD2	HGNC:1103	ENSG00000204256	P25440	Bromodomain-containing protein 2	gwas
ZFP36L1	HGNC:1107	ENSG00000185650	Q07352	mRNA decay activator protein ZFP36L1	gwas
SLC9A4	HGNC:11077	ENSG00000180251	Q6AI14	Sodium/hydrogen exchanger 4	gwas
ZFP36L2	HGNC:1108	ENSG00000152518	P47974	mRNA decay activator protein ZFP36L2	gwas
SNAPC4	HGNC:11137	ENSG00000165684	Q5SXM2	snRNA-activating protein complex subunit 4	gwas
BSN	HGNC:1117	ENSG00000164061	Q9UPA5	Protein bassoon	gwas
SOX11	HGNC:11191	ENSG00000176887	P35716	Transcription factor SOX-11	gwas
SSR2	HGNC:11324	ENSG00000163479	P43308	Translocon-associated protein subunit beta	gwas
STAT3	HGNC:11364	ENSG00000168610	P40763	Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3	gwas
STAT5A	HGNC:11366	ENSG00000126561	P42229	Signal transducer and activator of transcription 5A	gwas
STAT5B	HGNC:11367	ENSG00000173757	P51692	Signal transducer and activator of transcription 5B	gwas
STAU1	HGNC:11370	ENSG00000124214	O95793	Double-stranded RNA-binding protein Staufen homolog 1	gwas
STIP1	HGNC:11387	ENSG00000168439	P31948	Stress-induced-phosphoprotein 1	gwas
STK11	HGNC:11389	ENSG00000118046	Q15831	Serine/threonine-protein kinase STK11	gwas
BTNL2	HGNC:1142	ENSG00000204290	Q9UIR0	Butyrophilin-like protein 2	gwas
SULT1A1	HGNC:11453	ENSG00000196502	P50225	Sulfotransferase 1A1	gwas
SULT1A2	HGNC:11454	ENSG00000197165	P50226	Sulfotransferase 1A2	gwas
SUOX	HGNC:11460	ENSG00000139531	P51687	Sulfite oxidase, mitochondrial	gwas

Cohort function summary

Lead sentence per gene, UniProt-curated.

Symbol	Protein name	Function (lead sentence)
NOD2	Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 2	Pattern recognition receptor (PRR) that detects bacterial peptidoglycan fragments and other danger signals and plays an important role in gastrointestinal immunity.
RIPK2	Receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 2	Serine/threonine/tyrosine-protein kinase that plays an essential role in modulation of innate and adaptive immune responses.
RIT1	GTP-binding protein Rit1	Plays a crucial role in coupling NGF stimulation to the activation of both EPHB2 and MAPK14 signaling pathways and in NGF-dependent neuronal differentiation.
RNASE2	Non-secretory ribonuclease	This is a non-secretory ribonuclease.
RNF7	RING-box protein 2	Catalytic component of multiple cullin-5-RING E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complexes (ECS complexes), which mediate the ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of target proteins.
CNNM1	Metal transporter CNNM1	Probable metal transporter.
RORC	Nuclear receptor ROR-gamma	Nuclear receptor that binds DNA as a monomer to ROR response elements (RORE) containing a single core motif half-site 5’-AGGTCA-3’ preceded by a short A-T-rich sequence.
RPL3	Large ribosomal subunit protein uL3	Component of the large ribosomal subunit.
RPL7	Large ribosomal subunit protein uL30	Component of the large ribosomal subunit.
RPS14	Small ribosomal subunit protein uS11	Component of the small ribosomal subunit.
RPS6KA4	Ribosomal protein S6 kinase alpha-4	Serine/threonine-protein kinase that is required for the mitogen or stress-induced phosphorylation of the transcription factors CREB1 and ATF1 and for the regulation of the transcription factor RELA, and that contributes to gene activation…
RPS6KB1	Ribosomal protein S6 kinase beta-1	Serine/threonine-protein kinase that acts downstream of mTOR signaling in response to growth factors and nutrients to promote cell proliferation, cell growth and cell cycle progression.
RUNX3	Runt-related transcription factor 3	Forms the heterodimeric complex core-binding factor (CBF) with CBFB.
RXRA	Retinoic acid receptor RXR-alpha	Receptor for retinoic acid that acts as a transcription factor.
ATXN2	Ataxin-2	Involved in EGFR trafficking, acting as negative regulator of endocytic EGFR internalization at the plasma membrane.
SCAMP3	Secretory carrier-associated membrane protein 3	Functions in post-Golgi recycling pathways.
CCL1	C-C motif chemokine 1	Cytokine that is chemotactic for monocytes but not for neutrophils.
CCL11	Eotaxin	Chemokine that plays a central role in both allergic and non-allergic inflammatory reactions by inducing the migration of different leukocyte types including eosinophils, basophils, macrophages and dendritic cells.
CCL13	C-C motif chemokine 13	Chemotactic factor that attracts monocytes, lymphocytes, basophils and eosinophils, but not neutrophils.
CCL2	C-C motif chemokine 2	Acts as a ligand for C-C chemokine receptor CCR2.
CCL20	C-C motif chemokine 20	Acts as a ligand for C-C chemokine receptor CCR6.
CCL21	C-C motif chemokine 21	Inhibits hemopoiesis and stimulates chemotaxis.
CCL7	C-C motif chemokine 7	Chemotactic factor that plays an important role in immune regulation.
CCL8	C-C motif chemokine 8	Chemotactic factor that attracts monocytes, lymphocytes, basophils and eosinophils.
STARD10	START domain-containing protein 10	May play metabolic roles in sperm maturation or fertilization.
ENTR1	Endosome-associated-trafficking regulator 1	Endosome-associated protein that plays a role in membrane receptor sorting, cytokinesis and ciliogenesis.
SEC24C	Protein transport protein Sec24C	Component of the coat protein complex II (COPII) which promotes the formation of transport vesicles from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER).
SLC22A4	Solute carrier family 22 member 4	Transporter that mediates the transport of endogenous and microbial zwitterions and organic cations.
SLC22A5	Organic cation/carnitine transporter 2	Sodium-ion dependent, high affinity carnitine transporter.
SLC25A15	Mitochondrial ornithine transporter 1	Mitochondrial ornithine-citrulline antiporter.
BRAP	BRCA1-associated protein	Negatively regulates MAP kinase activation by limiting the formation of Raf/MEK complexes probably by inactivation of the KSR1 scaffold protein.
BRD2	Bromodomain-containing protein 2	Chromatin reader protein that specifically recognizes and binds histone H4 acetylated at ‘Lys-5’ and ‘Lys-12’ (H4K5ac and H4K12ac, respectively), thereby controlling gene expression and remodeling chromatin structures.
ZFP36L1	mRNA decay activator protein ZFP36L1	Zinc-finger RNA-binding protein that destabilizes several cytoplasmic AU-rich element (ARE)-containing mRNA transcripts by promoting their poly(A) tail removal or deadenylation, and hence provide a mechanism for attenuating protein synthes…
SLC9A4	Sodium/hydrogen exchanger 4	Electroneutral antiporter that exchanges sodium for protons or ammonium ions at the basolateral membrane of epithelia to regulate cell volume and intracellular pH upon hypertonic conditions.
ZFP36L2	mRNA decay activator protein ZFP36L2	Zinc-finger RNA-binding protein that destabilizes several cytoplasmic AU-rich element (ARE)-containing mRNA transcripts by promoting their poly(A) tail removal or deadenylation, and hence provide a mechanism for attenuating protein synthes…
SNAPC4	snRNA-activating protein complex subunit 4	Part of the SNAPc complex required for the transcription of both RNA polymerase II and III small-nuclear RNA genes.
BSN	Protein bassoon	Scaffold protein of the presynaptic cytomatrix at the active zone (CAZ) which is the place in the synapse where neurotransmitter is released.
SOX11	Transcription factor SOX-11	Transcription factor that acts as a transcriptional activator.
SSR2	Translocon-associated protein subunit beta	TRAP proteins are part of a complex whose function is to bind calcium to the ER membrane and thereby regulate the retention of ER resident proteins.
STAT3	Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3	Signal transducer and transcription activator that mediates cellular responses to interleukins, KITLG/SCF, LEP and other growth factors.
STAT5A	Signal transducer and activator of transcription 5A	Carries out a dual function: signal transduction and activation of transcription.
STAT5B	Signal transducer and activator of transcription 5B	Carries out a dual function: signal transduction and activation of transcription.
STAU1	Double-stranded RNA-binding protein Staufen homolog 1	Binds double-stranded RNA (regardless of the sequence) and tubulin.
STIP1	Stress-induced-phosphoprotein 1	Acts as a co-chaperone for HSP90AA1.
STK11	Serine/threonine-protein kinase STK11	Tumor suppressor serine/threonine-protein kinase that controls the activity of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) family members, thereby playing a role in various processes such as cell metabolism, cell polarity, apoptosis and DNA damage…
BTNL2	Butyrophilin-like protein 2	Negative regulator of T-cell proliferation.
SULT1A1	Sulfotransferase 1A1	Sulfotransferase that utilizes 3’-phospho-5’-adenylyl sulfate (PAPS) as sulfonate donor to catalyze the sulfate conjugation of a wide variety of acceptor molecules bearing a hydroxyl or an amine group.
SULT1A2	Sulfotransferase 1A2	Sulfotransferase that utilizes 3’-phospho-5’-adenylyl sulfate (PAPS) as sulfonate donor to catalyze the sulfate conjugation of catecholamines, phenolic drugs and neurotransmitters.
SUOX	Sulfite oxidase, mitochondrial	Catalyzes the oxidation of sulfite to sulfate, the terminal reaction in the oxidative degradation of sulfur-containing amino acids.
SYNGR1	Synaptogyrin-1	May play a role in regulated exocytosis.

Protein-family classification

Druggable: 14 · Difficult: 16 · Unknown: 45 · Druggable fraction: 0.19

Family distribution

Cohort families vs a genome-wide background (hypergeometric, BH-FDR; fold = observed/expected). Counts kept; sorted by enrichment, so the catch-all Other/Unknown bucket no longer leads.

Family	Genes	Fold	FDR
Nuclear receptor	2	10.3×	0.057
Transcription factor	16	1.8×	0.057
Kinase	5	1.9×	0.312
Transporter	2	2.1×	0.379
Other/Unknown	45	1.1×	0.379
Enzyme (other)	4	0.6×	0.927
Antibody/Immunoglobulin	1	0.4×	0.927

Per-gene assignment

Symbol	Family	Druggable?	EC	InterPro (top 3)
NOD2	Other/Unknown	no		CARD, Leu-rich_rpt, NACHT_NTPase
RIPK2	Kinase	yes	2.7.10.2	Prot_kinase_dom, Ser-Thr/Tyr_kinase_cat_dom, CARD
RIT1	Other/Unknown	no		Small_GTPase, Small_GTP-bd, Small_GTPase_Ras-type
RNASE2	Other/Unknown	no		RNaseA, RNaseA_AS, RNaseA_domain
RNF7	Transcription factor	no		Znf_RING, Znf_RING/FYVE/PHD, Znf_RING_H2
CNNM1	Other/Unknown	no		CBS_dom, CNNM, Ion_transp-like_CBS
RORC	Nuclear receptor	yes		Nucl_hrmn_rcpt_lig-bd, Znf_hrmn_rcpt, Nuclear_hrmn_rcpt
RPL3	Other/Unknown	no		Ribosomal_uL3, Transl_B-barrel_sf, Ribosomal_uL3_CS
RPL7	Other/Unknown	no		Ribosomal_uL30_euk, Ribosomal_uL30_N_euk, Ribosomal_uL30_ferredoxin-like
RPS14	Other/Unknown	no		Ribosomal_uS11, Ribosomal_uS11_CS, Ribosomal_uS11_sf
RPS6KA4	Kinase	yes		Prot_kinase_dom, AGC-kinase_C, Ser/Thr_kinase_AS
RPS6KB1	Kinase	yes	2.7.11.1	Prot_kinase_dom, AGC-kinase_C, Ser/Thr_kinase_AS
RUNX3	Transcription factor	no		AML1_Runt, p53-like_TF_DNA-bd_sf, p53/RUNT-type_TF_DNA-bd_sf
RXRA	Nuclear receptor	yes		Retinoid-X_rcpt/HNF4, Nucl_hrmn_rcpt_lig-bd, Znf_hrmn_rcpt
ATXN2	Other/Unknown	no		LsmAD_domain, PAM2_motif, LSM_dom_sf
SCAMP3	Other/Unknown	no		SCAMP
CCL1	Other/Unknown	no		Chemokine_CC_CS, Chemokine_IL8-like_dom, Interleukin_8-like_sf
CCL11	Other/Unknown	no		Chemokine_CC_CS, Chemokine_IL8-like_dom, Interleukin_8-like_sf
CCL13	Other/Unknown	no		Chemokine_CC_CS, Chemokine_IL8-like_dom, Interleukin_8-like_sf
CCL2	Other/Unknown	no		Chemokine_CC_CS, Chemokine_IL8-like_dom, Interleukin_8-like_sf
CCL20	Other/Unknown	no		Chemokine_CC_CS, Chemokine_IL8-like_dom, Chemokine_CC_DCCL
CCL21	Other/Unknown	no		Chemokine_IL8-like_dom, Chemokine_CC_DCCL, Interleukin_8-like_sf
CCL7	Other/Unknown	no		Chemokine_CC_CS, Chemokine_IL8-like_dom, Interleukin_8-like_sf
CCL8	Other/Unknown	no		Chemokine_CC_CS, Chemokine_IL8-like_dom, Interleukin_8-like_sf
STARD10	Other/Unknown	no		START_lipid-bd_dom, START-like_dom_sf, STARD10_START
ENTR1	Other/Unknown	no		ENTR1
SDF2L1	Other/Unknown	no		MIR_motif, MIR_dom_sf
SEC24C	Transcription factor	no		Znf_Sec23_Sec24, Sec23/24_trunk_dom, Sec23/24_helical_dom
SLC22A4	Transporter	yes		Orgcat_transp/SVOP, MFS_sugar_transport-like, Sugar_transporter_CS
SLC22A5	Transporter	yes		Orgcat_transp/SVOP, MFS_sugar_transport-like, Sugar_transporter_CS
SLC25A15	Other/Unknown	no		MCP_transmembrane, MCP_dom_sf, Mitochondrial_Carrier
BRAP	Transcription factor	no		Znf_UBP, Znf_RING, BRAP2/ETP1_RRM
BRD2	Other/Unknown	no		Bromodomain, Bromodomain_CS, NET_dom
ZFP36L1	Transcription factor	no		Znf_CCCH, Tis11B_N, Znf_CCCH_sf
SLC9A4	Other/Unknown	no		NHE-2/4, NaH_exchanger, Cation/H_exchanger_TM
ZFP36L2	Transcription factor	no		Znf_CCCH, Tis11B_N, Znf_CCCH_sf
SNAPC4	Transcription factor	no		SANT/Myb, Homeodomain-like_sf, SANT_dom
BSN	Transcription factor	no		Znf_piccolo, Znf_FYVE_PHD, Znf_RING/FYVE/PHD
SOX11	Transcription factor	no		HMG_box_dom, SOX-12/11/4, HMG_box_dom_sf
SSR2	Other/Unknown	no		TRAP_beta
STAT3	Transcription factor	no		SH2, STAT, p53-like_TF_DNA-bd_sf
STAT5A	Transcription factor	no		SH2, STAT, p53-like_TF_DNA-bd_sf
STAT5B	Transcription factor	no		SH2, STAT, p53-like_TF_DNA-bd_sf
STAU1	Other/Unknown	no		dsRBD_dom, Staufen_C, STAU1_DSRM_3
STIP1	Other/Unknown	no		STI1_HS-bd, TPR-like_helical_dom_sf, TPR_2
STK11	Kinase	yes	2.7.11.1	Prot_kinase_dom, Ser/Thr_kinase_AS, Kinase-like_dom_sf
BTNL2	Antibody/Immunoglobulin	yes		Ig_C1-set, Ig_sub, Ig-like_dom
SULT1A1	Enzyme (other)	yes	2.8.2.1	Sulfotransferase_dom, P-loop_NTPase
SULT1A2	Enzyme (other)	yes	2.8.2.1	Sulfotransferase_dom, P-loop_NTPase
SUOX	Enzyme (other)	yes	1.8.3.1	OxRdtase_Mopterin-bd_dom, Cyt_B5-like_heme/steroid-bd, MoCF_OxRdtse_dimer

Expression context

Cohort genes with no expression data: 0.

68 cohort genes are a single-cell marker in ≥1 SCXA experiment.

Breadth distribution (Bgee present_calls)

Bucket	Genes
narrow (1-5 tissues)	0
moderate (6-20)	0
broad (>20)	75
unknown	0

Top tissues across cohort

Tissue	Cohort genes
lymph node	7
right lobe of liver	7
monocyte	6
male germ line stem cell (sensu Vertebrata) in testis	6
buccal mucosa cell	6
granulocyte	6
primordial germ cell in gonad	6
mucosa of transverse colon	6
mononuclear cell	5
leukocyte	4
cartilage tissue	4
right adrenal gland	4
type B pancreatic cell	4
ganglionic eminence	4
ventricular zone	4
gall bladder	4
left testis	4
sural nerve	4
spleen	4
skin of hip	3

Per-gene tissue summary (top 30)

Symbol	Bgee breadth	FANTOM5 breadth	SCXA	Top tissues
NOD2	189	broad	marker	monocyte, mononuclear cell, leukocyte
RIPK2	249	ubiquitous	marker	cartilage tissue, monocyte, mononuclear cell
RIT1	268	ubiquitous	marker	monocyte, mononuclear cell, leukocyte
RNASE2	184	tissue_specific	marker	trabecular bone tissue, bone marrow, bone marrow cell
RNF7	292	ubiquitous	marker	left adrenal gland, left adrenal gland cortex, right adrenal gland
CNNM1	176	broad	marker	postcentral gyrus, prefrontal cortex, parietal lobe
RORC	209	broad	marker	gastrocnemius, male germ line stem cell (sensu Vertebrata) in testis, hindlimb stylopod muscle
RPL3	307	ubiquitous	marker	left ovary, right ovary, type B pancreatic cell
RPL7	226	ubiquitous	marker	ganglionic eminence, ventricular zone, calcaneal tendon
RPS14	305	ubiquitous	marker	upper leg skin, adult organism, skin of hip
RPS6KA4	215	ubiquitous	marker	right hemisphere of cerebellum, cerebellar hemisphere, cerebellar cortex
RPS6KB1	275	ubiquitous	marker	endothelial cell, Brodmann (1909) area 23, calcaneal tendon
RUNX3	220	broad	marker	granulocyte, buccal mucosa cell, lymph node
RXRA	294	ubiquitous	marker	skin of hip, gingival epithelium, pancreatic ductal cell
ATXN2	286	ubiquitous	marker	buccal mucosa cell, colonic epithelium, olfactory bulb
SCAMP3	143	ubiquitous	marker	right adrenal gland cortex, right adrenal gland, left adrenal gland
CCL1	52	tissue_specific	yes	male germ line stem cell (sensu Vertebrata) in testis, primordial germ cell in gonad, buccal mucosa cell
CCL11	128	broad	marker	pylorus, cardia of stomach, caecum
CCL13	174	tissue_specific	yes	primordial germ cell in gonad, mucosa of transverse colon, decidua
CCL2	252	ubiquitous	marker	vena cava, gall bladder, islet of Langerhans
CCL20	202	broad	marker	epithelium of nasopharynx, cartilage tissue, gall bladder
CCL21	206	tissue_specific	marker	lymph node, right lobe of thyroid gland, vermiform appendix
CCL7	124	broad	yes	frontal pole, type B pancreatic cell, paraflocculus
CCL8	208	broad	marker	male germ line stem cell (sensu Vertebrata) in testis, buccal mucosa cell, vena cava
STARD10	251	broad	marker	right lobe of liver, mucosa of transverse colon, body of pancreas
ENTR1	278	ubiquitous	marker	left testis, right testis, right lobe of liver
SDF2L1	199	ubiquitous	marker	mucosa of transverse colon, adenohypophysis, right lobe of liver
SEC24C	290	ubiquitous	marker	lower esophagus mucosa, esophagus squamous epithelium, epithelium of esophagus
SLC22A4	201	ubiquitous	marker	bronchial epithelial cell, epithelium of bronchus, bronchus
SLC22A5	235	ubiquitous	marker	gastrocnemius, mucosa of transverse colon, muscle of leg

Protein interactions among cohort

Intra-cohort edges: 61.

Hub genes (top 10 by interactor count)

Symbol	Interactor count
TNF	11,116
STAT3	10,108
RPL3	6,978
TLR4	6,974
CCL2	5,749
RPS6KB1	5,474
RPL7	5,417
STIP1	5,243
STK11	5,146
STAU1	4,999

Intra-cohort edges

A	B	Sources
ATXN2	RPL7	intact
BRAP	TNFAIP3	intact
BRD2	RUNX3	intact
BTNL2	NOD2	string_interaction
CCL1	CCL2	string_interaction
CCL11	CCL13	biogrid_interaction, intact
CCL11	CCL2	biogrid_interaction, intact
CCL11	CCL8	biogrid_interaction, intact
CCL13	CCL2	biogrid_interaction, string_interaction
CCL13	CCL21	biogrid_interaction, intact
CCL13	CCL8	biogrid_interaction, intact
CCL2	CCL20	string_interaction
CCL2	CCL8	biogrid_interaction, intact
CCL7	TNF	string_interaction
CD27	CD40	string_interaction
CD27	CD40LG	string_interaction
CD27	SCAMP3	intact
CD27	TNFRSF9	string_interaction
CD27	TNFSF18	string_interaction
CD27	TNFSF4	string_interaction
CD40	CD40LG	biogrid_interaction, intact, string_interaction
CD40	TNF	string_interaction
CD40	TNFRSF9	string_interaction
CD40	TNFSF4	string_interaction
CD40LG	TNFSF4	string_interaction
CNNM1	SLC9A4	biogrid_interaction
ENTR1	NOD2	intact
ENTR1	SLC9A4	string_interaction
NOD2	RIPK2	biogrid_interaction, intact, string_interaction
NOD2	SLC22A4	string_interaction
NOD2	SLC22A5	string_interaction
NOD2	TLR4	string_interaction
NOD2	TNFAIP3	biogrid_interaction
NOD2	TNFSF15	string_interaction
RIPK2	RPS14	biogrid_interaction
RPL3	RPL7	string_interaction
RPL7	RPS14	biogrid_interaction
SDF2L1	TNFRSF6B	intact
SLC22A4	SLC22A5	intact
SLC22A4	SLC25A15	intact
STAT3	STAT5A	string_interaction
STAT3	STAT5B	biogrid_interaction, string_interaction
STAT5A	STAT5B	intact
STAT5B	SUOX	intact
STIP1	TERF1	intact
SULT1A1	SULT1A2	biogrid_interaction, intact
TERF1	ZFP36L1	intact
TNF	TNFRSF14	string_interaction
TNF	TNFRSF1A	biogrid_interaction, intact, string_interaction
TNF	TNFRSF6B	string_interaction

Structural data

PDB: 59 · AlphaFold-only: 16 · No structure: 0

Cohort genes with PDB structures (top 30)

Symbol	UniProt	PDB entries
RPS14	P62263	213
RPL7	P18124	194
RPL3	P39023	193
BRD2	P25440	174
RORC	P51449	161
RXRA	P19793	110
TERF1	P54274	58
TNF	P01375	52
RIPK2	O43353	33
RNASE2	P10153	27
RPS6KB1	P23443	22
SNAPC4	Q5SXM2	18
TNFAIP3	P21580	17
TLR4	O00206	15
CCL2	P13500	14
CD40	P25942	14
TNFRSF9	Q07011	14
TNFRSF1A	P19438	13
SULT1A1	P50225	11
CCL7	P80098	10
STIP1	P31948	8
TNFRSF14	Q92956	8
TNFRSF6B	O95407	8
CD40LG	P29965	8
RNF7	Q9UBF6	7
TNFSF15	O95150	7
TNFSF18	Q9UNG2	7
CCL20	P78556	6
STAT3	P40763	6
TMEM258	P61165	6

AlphaFold-only cohort genes (top 30 by pLDDT)

Symbol	UniProt	pLDDT
SDF2L1	Q9HCN8	89.30
SLC25A15	Q9Y619	87.43
BTNL2	Q9UIR0	85.97
THBS3	P49746	85.66
SLC22A4	Q9H015	85.07
NOD2	Q9HC29	84.76
SCAMP3	O14828	76.99
BRAP	Q7Z569	76.92
MLX	Q9UH92	73.71
RPS6KA4	O75676	72.00
CNNM1	Q9NRU3	67.07
SLC9A4	Q6AI14	66.73
TCTA	P57738	66.03
ENTR1	Q96C92	65.28
TCOF1	Q13428	41.78
BSN	Q9UPA5

Function

Pathway analysis

Distinct Reactome pathways touched by cohort: 744. Enrichment computed across 250 evidence-associated genes (174 with Reactome annotation).

Pathways by enrichment

Over-representation of cohort genes vs the genome-wide background (hypergeometric test, Benjamini-Hochberg FDR; fold = observed/expected over 174 annotated cohort genes). Counts and members are kept as ground-truth; sorted by enrichment.

Pathway	Cohort genes	Fold	FDR	Sample cohort genes
TNFs bind their physiological receptors	11	24.9×	2e-10	TNFRSF14, TNFRSF1A, TNFRSF6B, CD27, TNFRSF9, TNFSF11, TNFSF15, TNFSF18 (+3 more)
Inactivation of CSF3 (G-CSF) signaling	7	17.7×	3e-05	RNF7, STAT3, STAT5A, STAT5B, TYK2, UBE2D1, SOCS1
Cytokine Signaling in Immune system	17	4.0×	3e-04	RORC, CCL11, CCL2, CCL20, STAT3, STAT5A, STAT5B, TEC (+9 more)
Chemokine receptors bind chemokines	8	8.6×	7e-04	CCL1, CCL11, CCL13, CCL2, CCL20, CCL21, CCL7, CCR6
FGFR1 mutant receptor activation	4	26.2×	0.001	STAT3, STAT5A, STAT5B, CEP43
Signaling by CSF3 (G-CSF)	5	16.4×	0.001	STAT3, STAT5A, STAT5B, TYK2, SOCS1
TNFR1-induced NF-kappa-B signaling pathway	6	11.6×	0.001	TNF, TNFAIP3, TNFRSF1A, USP4, TAB2, TAB1
NOD1/2 Signaling Pathway	6	10.9×	0.001	NOD2, RIPK2, TNFAIP3, CARD9, TAB2, TAB1
Signaling by Interleukins	12	4.4×	0.001	RORC, CCL11, CCL2, CCL20, STAT3, STAT5A, STAT5B, TEC (+4 more)
Immune System	30	2.2×	0.002	RNASE2, RORC, CCL11, CCL2, CCL20, SEC24C, STAT3, STAT5A (+22 more)
Ovarian tumor domain proteases	6	9.6×	0.002	NOD2, RIPK2, TNFAIP3, UBE2D1, TNIP1, IFIH1
Interleukin-20 family signaling	5	12.2×	0.003	STAT3, STAT5A, STAT5B, TYK2, IFNLR1
Interleukin-4 and Interleukin-13 signaling	9	5.3×	0.003	RORC, CCL11, CCL2, STAT3, TNF, FASLG, TYK2, IL23R (+1 more)
Interleukin-10 signaling	6	8.0×	0.005	CCL2, CCL20, STAT3, TNF, TNFRSF1A, TYK2
Regulation of TNFR1 signaling	6	7.7×	0.006	TNF, TNFAIP3, TNFRSF1A, UBE2D1, UBE2L3, USP4
Signaling by cytosolic FGFR1 fusion mutants	4	14.6×	0.006	STAT3, STAT5A, STAT5B, CEP43
Signal Transduction	33	1.9×	0.007	RPS6KB1, RUNX3, RXRA, CCL1, CCL11, CCL13, CCL2, CCL20 (+25 more)
Interleukin-9 signaling	3	21.9×	0.011	STAT3, STAT5A, STAT5B
Interleukin-23 signaling	3	21.9×	0.011	STAT3, TYK2, IL23R
JNK (c-Jun kinases) phosphorylation and activation mediated by activated human TAK1	4	11.9×	0.011	NOD2, RIPK2, TAB2, TAB1
Interleukin-21 signaling	3	19.7×	0.012	STAT3, STAT5A, STAT5B
Signaling by KIT in disease	3	19.7×	0.012	STAT3, STAT5A, STAT5B
activated TAK1 mediates p38 MAPK activation	4	11.4×	0.012	NOD2, RIPK2, TAB2, TAB1
TNFR2 non-canonical NF-kB pathway	6	6.2×	0.012	TNF, CD40, CD27, TNFSF11, CD40LG, FASLG
Growth hormone receptor signaling	4	10.9×	0.013	STAT3, STAT5A, STAT5B, SOCS1
Signaling by Leptin	3	17.9×	0.015	STAT3, STAT5A, STAT5B
Peptide ligand-binding receptors	9	3.8×	0.016	CCL1, CCL11, CCL13, CCL2, CCL20, CCL21, CCL7, UTS2 (+1 more)
TNFR1-induced proapoptotic signaling	4	10.1×	0.016	TNF, TNFAIP3, TNFRSF1A, USP4
Signaling by SCF-KIT	5	7.1×	0.016	STAT3, STAT5A, STAT5B, TEC, SOCS1
Signaling by FGFR in disease	4	9.7×	0.017	STAT3, STAT5A, STAT5B, CEP43

GO biological processes by enrichment

Over-representation of cohort genes vs the genome-wide background (hypergeometric test, Benjamini-Hochberg FDR; fold = observed/expected over 238 annotated cohort genes). Counts and members are kept as ground-truth; sorted by enrichment.

GO term	Cohort genes	Fold	FDR	Sample cohort genes
cell surface receptor signaling pathway via JAK-STAT	11	13.4×	8e-07	CCL2, STAT3, STAT5A, STAT5B, TNF, TNFRSF1A, CD40, TYK2 (+3 more)
positive regulation of canonical NF-kappaB signal transduction	18	5.5×	3e-06	NOD2, RIPK2, CCL21, STAT3, TLR4, TNF, TNFRSF1A, CD40 (+10 more)
inflammatory response	25	4.0×	3e-06	RIPK2, RPS6KA4, CCL1, CCL11, CCL13, CCL2, CCL20, CCL21 (+17 more)
eosinophil chemotaxis	7	21.6×	9e-06	CCL1, CCL11, CCL13, CCL2, CCL21, CCL7, CCL8
positive regulation of interleukin-6 production	11	7.7×	7e-05	NOD2, RIPK2, STAT3, TLR4, TNF, TNFSF4, UCN, CARD9 (+3 more)
cytokine-mediated signaling pathway	12	6.6×	9e-05	RIPK2, CCL2, STAT3, STAT5A, STAT5B, TNFRSF1A, TNFSF11, TYK2 (+4 more)
positive regulation of inflammatory response	11	6.7×	2e-04	CCL1, CCL7, STAT3, STAT5A, STAT5B, TLR4, TNF, TNFRSF1A (+3 more)
positive regulation of type II interferon production	9	8.5×	2e-04	RIPK2, TLR4, TNF, TNFSF4, TXK, TYK2, CD226, CD244 (+1 more)
positive regulation of cytokine production involved in inflammatory response	6	13.7×	8e-04	NOD2, STAT3, TLR4, TNF, CARD9, CD6
chemokine-mediated signaling pathway	7	9.5×	0.001	CCL1, CCL11, CCL13, CCL2, CCL21, CCL7, CCL8
growth hormone receptor signaling pathway via JAK-STAT	4	25.8×	0.002	STAT3, STAT5A, STAT5B, TYK2
positive regulation of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway	6	11.5×	0.002	TLR4, TNF, TNFSF11, TNFSF15, CD40LG, FASLG
defense response	8	7.3×	0.002	NOD2, STAT3, STAT5A, STAT5B, TNIP1, ICOSLG, SP140, IL31RA
positive regulation of JNK cascade	9	6.2×	0.002	NOD2, RIPK2, CCL21, TLR4, TNF, CD27, TNFSF11, DUSP22 (+1 more)
phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B signal transduction	8	7.1×	0.002	ZFP36L1, STAT3, TNF, CD40, TNFSF11, CD28, ERRFI1, BANK1
positive regulation of interleukin-10 production	6	10.1×	0.003	NOD2, STAT3, TLR4, TNFSF4, CD40LG, CD28
positive regulation of interleukin-12 production	6	9.9×	0.003	RIPK2, TLR4, CD40, TNFSF4, CD40LG, IL23R
positive regulation of T cell proliferation	7	7.6×	0.004	BTNL2, TNFSF4, CD40LG, TYK2, CD28, CD6, IL23R
positive regulation of chemokine production	6	9.4×	0.004	RIPK2, TLR4, TNF, TNFSF4, CARD9, CD74
positive regulation of interleukin-17 production	5	12.6×	0.004	NOD2, CCL1, TYK2, CARD9, IL23R
positive regulation of B cell differentiation	4	18.9×	0.004	STAT5A, STAT5B, CD27, PPP2R3C
interleukin-23-mediated signaling pathway	3	35.4×	0.004	STAT3, TYK2, IL23R
positive regulation of interleukin-8 production	7	7.2×	0.004	NOD2, STAT3, TLR4, TNF, PARK7, CD74, CD244
chemotaxis	9	5.1×	0.005	RNASE2, CCL1, CCL11, CCL13, CCL2, CCL20, CCL7, CCL8 (+1 more)
response to type II interferon	5	11.1×	0.006	SLC22A5, CD40, CD74, UBD, IL23R
positive regulation of dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation	3	30.4×	0.006	NOD2, CCL21, CD74
positive regulation of type 2 immune response	3	30.4×	0.006	NOD2, TNFSF4, CD74
regulation of steroid metabolic process	3	30.4×	0.006	RORC, STAT5A, STAT5B
regulatory T cell differentiation	3	26.6×	0.008	RORC, ZBTB46, CD28
Peyer’s patch development	3	26.6×	0.008	RORC, STAT5A, STAT5B

Therapeutics

Drugs indicated for this disease

13 approved, 33 in late-stage (phase 3) trials. Disease-direct ChEMBL indications, not inferred from the associated-gene cohort below.

Drug	Development status
Adalimumab	Approved (phase 4)
Budesonide	Approved (phase 4)
Certolizumab Pegol	Approved (phase 4)
Dexamethasone	Approved (phase 4)
Hydrocortisone	Approved (phase 4)
Infliximab	Approved (phase 4)
Methylprednisolone	Approved (phase 4)
Mirikizumab	Approved (phase 4)
Natalizumab	Approved (phase 4)
Prednisolone	Approved (phase 4)
Prednisone	Approved (phase 4)
Ustekinumab	Approved (phase 4)
Vedolizumab	Approved (phase 4)
Abatacept	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Alicaforsen	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Azathioprine	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Beta Carotene	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Brazikumab	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Cholecalciferol	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Clarithromycin	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Clofazimine	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Curcumin	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Darvadstrocel	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Etrasimod	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Etrolizumab	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Fibrin	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Filgotinib	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Fluconazole	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Guselkumab	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Lactobacillus Acidophilus	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Mesalamine	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Methotrexate	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Metronidazole	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Mongersen Sodium	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
OMEGA-3-CARBOXYLIC ACIDS	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Ontamalimab	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Ozanimod	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Remestemcel-L	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Rifabutin	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Rifaximin	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Risankizumab	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Sargramostim	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Sodium Chloride	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Thalidomide	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Tulisokibart	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Upadacitinib	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)

Earlier-phase candidates (phase 2, investigational — efficacy not yet established): Aldesleukin, Alemtuzumab, Aminosalicylic Acid, Andecaliximab, Andrographolide, Artesunate, Atorvastatin, Azithromycin, Bifidobacterium Spp., Brepocitinib, Briakinumab, Brodalumab, Bupropion, Cannabidiol, Cannabinol, Ciprofloxacin, Clazakizumab, Ergocalciferol, Filgrastim, Fludarabine, Fludarabine Phosphate, Glatiramer Acetate, Golimumab, Hydroxychloroquine, INTERFERON BETA-1A, Itraconazole, Laquinimod, Lenalidomide, Mecasermin, Methoxsalen, Mycophenolate Mofetil, Mycophenolic Acid, Naltrexone, Neomycin, Nitazoxanide, Obefazimod, Olokizumab, POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL 3350, Pectin, Prasterone, Promethazine, Ranolazine, Ritlecitinib, Secukinumab, Somatropin, Spesolimab, Tacrolimus Anhydrous, Tamibarotene, Teduglutide, Terbinafine, Tetomilast, Tofacitinib, Vancomycin, Vercirnon, Visilizumab, Zasocitinib.

Drug target analysis

Approved (phase 4): 16 · Phase ≥3: 19 · Phased (≥1): 23 · Undrugged: 52

Druggability breadth: 114 of 250 evidence-associated genes (46%) have a ChEMBL target (buckets above are over the deeply-mined display cohort).

Genes with an approved drug

The molecule shown is one approved compound that hits the gene — not necessarily a drug of choice or one indicated for this disease.

Symbol	Example approved molecule
NOD2	PACLITAXEL
RIPK2	PONATINIB
RORC	DIGOXIN
RPL3	GENTAMICIN SULFATE
RPL7	GENTAMICIN SULFATE
RPS14	GENTAMICIN SULFATE
RPS6KA4	FEDRATINIB
RPS6KB1	FEDRATINIB
RXRA	BEXAROTENE
STAT3	MOMELOTINIB
STAT5A	MOMELOTINIB
STK11	FEDRATINIB
SULT1A1	ESTRADIOL
TEC	IBRUTINIB
TLR4	METHOTREXATE
TNF	PREDNISOLONE

Top cohort targets by molecule count

Symbol	Molecules	Max phase
RIPK2	64	4
RPS6KB1	39	4
TEC	39	4
RPS6KA4	34	4
RXRA	23	4
STAT3	18	4
STK11	17	4
TNF	12	4
RORC	9	4
BRD2	9	3

Drugs targeting cohort genes (top 30)

Molecule	Max phase	Targets in cohort
PACLITAXEL	4	NOD2
DOCETAXEL ANHYDROUS	4	NOD2
GEFITINIB	4	NOD2, RIPK2, RPS6KA4
PONATINIB	4	RIPK2
AFATINIB	4	RIPK2
VEMURAFENIB	4	RIPK2
FEDRATINIB	4	RIPK2, RPS6KA4, RPS6KB1, STK11
TIVOZANIB	4	RIPK2
LENVATINIB	4	RIPK2
AXITINIB	4	RIPK2
SORAFENIB	4	RIPK2, RPS6KB1
IBRUTINIB	4	RIPK2, TEC
REGORAFENIB	4	RIPK2
DABRAFENIB	4	RIPK2
CABOZANTINIB	4	RIPK2
DACOMITINIB ANHYDROUS	4	RIPK2
VANDETANIB	4	RIPK2, RPS6KB1
BOSUTINIB	4	RIPK2, RPS6KB1, TEC
ENCORAFENIB	4	RIPK2
GILTERITINIB	4	RIPK2
PAZOPANIB	4	RIPK2
DASATINIB	4	RIPK2, TEC
ERLOTINIB	4	RIPK2, RPS6KA4
LAPATINIB	4	RIPK2
QUIZARTINIB	4	RIPK2
CRIZOTINIB	4	RIPK2, RPS6KB1
DIGOXIN	4	RORC, STAT3
TRETINOIN	4	RORC, RXRA
ALITRETINOIN	4	RORC, RXRA
GENTAMICIN SULFATE	4	RPL3, RPL7, RPS14

Bioactivity and enzyme data

Enzyme cohort genes (≥1 EC): 8.

Cohort genes with ChEMBL bioactivity (full, sorted by assay count)

Symbol	Assays	Type breakdown
STAT3	1,319	Binding:1304, Functional:12, Unclassified:2, ADMET:1
RXRA	846	Binding:703, Functional:138, ADMET:5
RORC	758	Binding:707, Functional:50, Unclassified:1
BRD2	681	Binding:655, Functional:19, ADMET:7
RPS6KB1	585	Binding:582, Functional:2, ADMET:1
RIPK2	455	Binding:452, ADMET:3
RPS6KA4	389	Binding:387, Functional:1, ADMET:1
TEC	302	Binding:291, ADMET:11
TLR4	267	Binding:254, Functional:10, ADMET:3
STK11	244	Binding:244
STAT5A	199	Binding:199
TNF	193	Binding:162, Functional:31
NOD2	126	Binding:121, Functional:5
SLC22A5	97	Functional:79, ADMET:18
RPL3	90	Binding:90
RPL7	90	Binding:90
RPS14	90	Binding:90
STAT5B	55	Binding:55
TNFSF11	30	Binding:30
SLC22A4	29	Functional:26, ADMET:3
CCL2	24	Binding:24
TNFRSF1A	24	Binding:23, Functional:1
SULT1A1	19	ADMET:15, Binding:4
STIP1	13	Binding:13
TNFRSF9	11	Binding:11
CD40	10	Binding:10
TCOF1	8	Binding:8
CD40LG	8	Binding:8
SNAPC4	6	Binding:6
ATXN2	5	Binding:3, Functional:2
RNASE2	2	Binding:2
CCL7	2	Binding:2
BRAP	2	Binding:2
SCAMP3	1	Binding:1
CCL11	1	Binding:1
STARD10	1	Binding:1
SEC24C	1	Binding:1
STAU1	1	Binding:1
SULT1A2	1	ADMET:1
MLX	1	Binding:1
TNFAIP3	1	Binding:1
CD27	1	Binding:1

Cohort enzymes (BRENDA EC)

Symbol	EC numbers	Names
RIPK2	2.7.10.2, 2.7.11.30	non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase, receptor protein serine/threonine kinase
RPS6KB1	2.7.11.1	non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase
STK11	2.7.11.1	non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase
SULT1A1	2.8.2.1, 2.8.2.2	aryl sulfotransferase, alcohol sulfotransferase
SULT1A2	2.8.2.1, 2.8.2.2, 2.8.2.9	aryl sulfotransferase, alcohol sulfotransferase, tyrosine-ester sulfotransferase
SUOX	1.8.3.1	sulfite oxidase
TMEM258	2.4.99.18	dolichyl-diphosphooligosaccharide-protein glycotransferase
TEC	2.7.10.2	non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase

Cohort genes with high screening signal

≥100 ChEMBL assays — a studied-ness signal; see Therapeutics for approved-drug status.

Symbol	ChEMBL assays
NOD2	126
RIPK2	455
RORC	758
RPS6KA4	389
RPS6KB1	585
RXRA	846
BRD2	681
STAT3	1,319
STAT5A	199
STK11	244
TEC	302
TLR4	267
TNF	193

Pharmacogenomics

Cohort genes with a PharmGKB record: 75; with CPIC/DPWG dosing guidelines: 0.

No cohort gene has a CPIC/DPWG genotype-guided dosing guideline (PharmGKB).

Chemical tractability of cohort targets

30 approved/phased compounds have measured bioactivity against a cohort gene (and aren’t yet in disease-level trials). This is a research / tractability signal, NOT a therapeutic recommendation — a bioactivity row often reflects off-target or screening binding (e.g. promiscuous kinase inhibitors against a cohort kinase), implying no disease mechanism.

Compound	Max phase	Cohort target (bioactivity)
PACLITAXEL	4	NOD2
DOCETAXEL ANHYDROUS	4	NOD2
GEFITINIB	4	NOD2, RIPK2, RPS6KA4
PONATINIB	4	RIPK2
AFATINIB	4	RIPK2
VEMURAFENIB	4	RIPK2
FEDRATINIB	4	RIPK2, RPS6KA4, RPS6KB1, STK11
TIVOZANIB	4	RIPK2
LENVATINIB	4	RIPK2
AXITINIB	4	RIPK2
SORAFENIB	4	RIPK2, RPS6KB1
IBRUTINIB	4	RIPK2, TEC
REGORAFENIB	4	RIPK2
DABRAFENIB	4	RIPK2
CABOZANTINIB	4	RIPK2
DACOMITINIB ANHYDROUS	4	RIPK2
VANDETANIB	4	RIPK2, RPS6KB1
BOSUTINIB	4	RIPK2, RPS6KB1, TEC
ENCORAFENIB	4	RIPK2
GILTERITINIB	4	RIPK2
PAZOPANIB	4	RIPK2
DASATINIB	4	RIPK2, TEC
ERLOTINIB	4	RIPK2, RPS6KA4
LAPATINIB	4	RIPK2
QUIZARTINIB	4	RIPK2
CRIZOTINIB	4	RIPK2, RPS6KB1
DIGOXIN	4	RORC, STAT3
TRETINOIN	4	RORC, RXRA
ALITRETINOIN	4	RORC, RXRA
GENTAMICIN SULFATE	4	RPL3, RPL7, RPS14

Druggability pyramid

Cohort genes binned by druggability tier (high → low):

Tier	Definition	Genes	Symbols
A	Approved (phase 4 drug)	16	NOD2, RIPK2, RORC, RPL3, RPL7, RPS14, RPS6KA4, RPS6KB1, RXRA, STAT3 (+6 more)
B	Phased (≥1) drug, not yet approved	7	CCL2, BRD2, SNAPC4, STAT5B, MLX, TCOF1, TNFRSF1A
C	Druggable family + PDB, no drug	4	SLC22A5, SULT1A2, SUOX, TMEM258
D	Druggable family + AlphaFold only, no drug	2	SLC22A4, BTNL2
E	Difficult family or no structure, no drug	46	RIT1, RNASE2, RNF7, CNNM1, RUNX3, ATXN2, SCAMP3, CCL1, CCL11, CCL13 (+36 more)

Undrugged target profiles

52 cohort genes are undrugged. Ranked by ‘starting-point quality’ (assay depth + drugged-partner adjacency).

Symbol	ChEMBL assays	Drugged partners (top 3)
CCL8	0	CCL2
SLC22A4	29	NOD2
SLC22A5	97	NOD2
TNFRSF6B	0	TNFRSF1A
RIT1	0	—
RNASE2	2	—
RNF7	0	—
CNNM1	0	—
RUNX3	0	—
ATXN2	5	—
SCAMP3	1	—
CCL1	0	—
CCL11	1	—
CCL13	0	—
CCL20	0	—
CCL21	0	—
CCL7	2	—
STARD10	1	—
ENTR1	0	—
SDF2L1	0	—
SEC24C	1	—
SLC25A15	0	—
BRAP	2	—
ZFP36L1	0	—
SLC9A4	0	—
ZFP36L2	0	—
BSN	0	—
SOX11	0	—
SSR2	0	—
STAU1	1	—

Clinical trials & evidence

Clinical trials

Clinical trials: 1,638.

Phase distribution (across all retrieved trials)

Phase	Trials
Not specified	395
PHASE3	201
PHASE2	196
PHASE4	128
PHASE1	80
PHASE1/PHASE2	60
PHASE2/PHASE3	23
EARLY_PHASE1	17

Top trials by phase / activity

NCT	Phase	Status	Title
NCT03261206	PHASE4	ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING	Stopping Aminosalicylate Therapy in Inactive Crohn’s Disease
NCT03917303	PHASE4	RECRUITING	Control Crohn Safe Trial
NCT04496063	PHASE4	ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING	USTekinumab in Fistulising Perianal Crohn’s Disease (USTAP)
NCT04646187	PHASE4	ENROLLING_BY_INVITATION	De-escalation of Anti-TNF Therapy in Inflammatory Bowel Disease
NCT04809363	PHASE4	ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING	A Study of CDPATH™ to Help Manage and Treat Crohn’s Disease
NCT04835506	PHASE4	ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING	Proactive Infliximab Optimization Using a Pharmacokinetic Dashboard Versus Standard of Care in Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease: The OPTIMIZE Trial
NCT05043870	PHASE4	RECRUITING	Combined Immunosuppression for Pediatric Crohn’s Disease
NCT05169593	PHASE4	RECRUITING	Prevention of Postoperative Endoscopic Recurrence With Endoscopy-driven Versus Systematic Biological Therapy
NCT05552287	PHASE4	RECRUITING	Pharmacokinetic Infliximab Data in Pediatric Crohn’s Disease
NCT05781152	PHASE4	RECRUITING	Clinical, Imaging, and Endoscopic Outcomes of Children Newly Diagnosed With Crohn’s Disease
NCT05813860	PHASE4	NOT_YET_RECRUITING	HLADQA1*05 Genotype and the Efficacy of Treatment With Infliximab in Chinese Population Crohn’s Disease
NCT05906576	PHASE4	RECRUITING	Post-marketing Registry Study of Infliximab for Injection in Chinese Pediatric Crohn’s Disease Patients
NCT05928039	PHASE4	RECRUITING	PATHFINDER: Evaluating the Optimal First-Line Treatment Strategy for Moderate-to-Severely Active Ileal-dominant Crohn’s Disease
NCT06045754	PHASE4	RECRUITING	A Study of Vedolizumab Intravenous (IV) and Adalimumab or Vedolizumab and Ustekinumab in Adults With Crohn’s Disease
NCT06051253	PHASE4	RECRUITING	TDM-based Infliximab Treatment for Active Perianal Fistulizing Crohn’s Disease
NCT06113913	PHASE4	RECRUITING	Subcutaneous Infliximab After A Previous Intravenous Dose Optimization
NCT06180382	PHASE4	RECRUITING	Comparison of Vedolizumab Treatment to Adalimumab Dose Intensification in Crohn’s Disease Patients With Loss of Response or Biomarker Activity to Adalimumab on First Line With Therapeutic Drug Concentration.
NCT06257706	PHASE4	RECRUITING	VECTORS - A Study to Evaluate Transmural Healing as a Treatment Target in Crohn’s Disease
NCT06298461	PHASE4	RECRUITING	Bowel Preparation for Colonoscopy Among Individuals With Crohn’s and Ulcerative Colitis Disease.
NCT06520397	PHASE4	RECRUITING	Efficacy and Safety of Dual-targeted Therapy With Upadacitinib and Ustekinumab Versus Intensified Ustekinumab Therapy in Crohn’s Disease
NCT06581328	PHASE4	RECRUITING	A Study of Vedolizumab in Adults With Ulcerative Colitis or Crohn’s Disease in the Community Setting
NCT06774079	PHASE4	RECRUITING	Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonist (GLP-1 RA) and Diet in Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) Patients
NCT06788340	PHASE4	NOT_YET_RECRUITING	MOdel-Informed Precision Dosing of Ustekinumab and VEdolizumab in Inflammatory Bowel Disease
NCT06997965	PHASE4	NOT_YET_RECRUITING	Open-label Single-arm Study to Assess the Efficacy of Mirikizumab in Patients With Inflammatory Strictures Due to CD
NCT07059130	PHASE4	NOT_YET_RECRUITING	Evaluating the Efficacy and Safety of Mirikizumab in Adults Over 60 With Moderate to Severe Crohn’s Disease and Ulcerative Colitis
NCT07240649	PHASE4	NOT_YET_RECRUITING	Outcomes From Hyperbaric Oxygen (HBO2) Treatment for Emerging Indications
NCT07292012	PHASE4	RECRUITING	Efficacy of MIrikizumab to Achieve Transmural Healing in patiENTs With Crohn’s Disease
NCT07303686	PHASE4	RECRUITING	De-escalation of Ustekinumab Therapy in Patients With Crohn’s Disease and Ulcerative Colitis
NCT07310095	PHASE4	RECRUITING	A Study to Evaluate the Efficacy of Guselkumab in Chinese Participants With Crohn’s Disease (CD)
NCT07415473	PHASE4	NOT_YET_RECRUITING	Akkermansia Muciniphila Combined With Infliximab for Promoting Intestinal Mucosal Healing in Crohn’s Disease
NCT07417696	PHASE4	NOT_YET_RECRUITING	Palmitoleic Acid Combined With Infliximab for Promoting Intestinal Mucosal Healing in Crohn’s Disease
NCT07510191	PHASE4	RECRUITING	TNFi Plus Low-Dose Upadacitinib vs TNFi Intensification in Crohn’s Disease With Suboptimal Response
NCT00114465	PHASE4	COMPLETED	VSL#3 Versus Placebo in Maintenance of Remission in Crohn’s Disease
NCT00167882	PHASE4	COMPLETED	The Influence of 5-Aminosalicylates on Thiopurine Metabolite Levels
NCT00177866	PHASE4	TERMINATED	Safety of Celecoxib in Patients With Crohn’s Disease
NCT00225810	PHASE4	COMPLETED	A Study Comparing the Acceptability of Pentasa® Sachets Versus Pentasa® Tablets in Children With Crohn´s Disease
NCT00265772	PHASE4	UNKNOWN	Comparison of a Nutritional Anti-Inflammatory Treatment to Steroids for Pediatric Crohn’s Disease - the Molecular Basis
NCT00280956	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Open Label Natalizumab Safety Extension Study for Subjects With Crohn’s Disease
NCT00367705	PHASE4	UNKNOWN	VSL#3 Treatment in Children With Crohn’s Disease
NCT00462072	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Centocor Microarray Study of Patients

Drugs tested across these trials (top 30)

Molecule	Max phase	Trials referencing
VEDOLIZUMAB	4	31
CERTOLIZUMAB PEGOL	4	29
INFLIXIMAB	4	25
USTEKINUMAB	4	22
AZATHIOPRINE	4	13
ADALIMUMAB	4	12
GUSELKUMAB	4	9
UPADACITINIB	4	9
MESALAMINE	4	8
MIRIKIZUMAB	4	8
NATALIZUMAB	4	8
RIFAXIMIN	4	7
DARVADSTROCEL	4	6
DEXTROMETHORPHAN	4	6
OZANIMOD	4	6
RISANKIZUMAB	4	6
CHOLECALCIFEROL	4	5
CIPROFLOXACIN	4	4
TOFACITINIB	4	4
ERGOCALCIFEROL	4	3
FILGOTINIB	4	3
FLUCONAZOLE	4	3
METHOTREXATE	4	3
POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL 3350	4	3
SARGRAMOSTIM	4	3
SOMATROPIN	4	3
ALDESLEUKIN	4	2
BRODALUMAB	4	2
CANNABIDIOL	4	2
DEUCRAVACITINIB	4	2