Cystitis

Summary

Cystitis (MONDO:0006032) is a disease (an umbrella term covering 14 Mondo subtypes) with 10 GWAS associations across 36 studies and 38 clinical trials. Top therapeutic interventions include nitrofurantoin, fosfomycin, and oxybutynin. A subtype of urinary bladder disorder — broader associated-gene and molecular evidence is on the parent page (see Disease family below).

At a glance

• Umbrella term: 14 Mondo subtypes
• GWAS associations: 10
• Clinical trials: 38

Clinical features

No curated clinical features (Orphanet) for this disease.

Identifiers

Disease identifiers

Field	Value
Canonical name	cystitis
Mondo ID	MONDO:0006032
EFO	EFO:1000025
MeSH	D003556
DOID	DOID:1679
ICD-10-CM	N30
ICD-11	1181120673
NCIT	C26738
SNOMED CT	38822007
UMLS	C0010692
MedGen	8227
Is cancer (heuristic)	no

Also known as: bladder infection · inflammation of urinary bladder · urinary bladder inflammation

Data availability: 10 GWAS associations (36 studies).

Disease family

This is a subtype of urinary bladder disorder. Genetic, therapeutic, and trial evidence is largely curated at the broader-term level — see the parent page for the associated-gene cohort and molecular evidence.

Classification path: disease › human disease › disease by body system or component › urinary system disorder › urinary bladder disorder › cystitis

Related subtypes (16): low compliance bladder, detrusor sphincter dyssynergia, female stress incontinence, urinary bladder tuberculosis, urinary bladder neoplasm, urinary schistosomiasis, vesicoureteral reflux, overactive bladder, bladder calculus, bladder neck obstruction, postcholecystectomy syndrome, ureterolithiasis, bladder diverticulum, ureterocele, Hinman syndrome, disorder of neck of urinary bladder

Subtypes (14): hemorrhagic cystitis, prostatocystitis, acute cystitis, diphtheritic cystitis, trigonitis, radiation cystitis, cystitis cystica, emphysematous cholecystitis, chronic cystitis, acalculous cholecystitis, gonococcal cystitis, pyelocystitis, eosinophilic cryptitis, Trichomonas cystitis

Genetics & variants

GWAS landscape

10 GWAS associations across 36 studies. Top hits map to 1 distinct genes (as reported by GWAS).

Top associations by p-value

rsID	p-value	Gene	Risk allele	Odds ratio
rs192629083	4e-09	ETV1 - Y_RNA	T	3.7
rs12154203	1e-08	Y_RNA - MCHR2	C	0.12
rs77261774	1e-08	Y_RNA - Y_RNA	A	1.79
chr2:200269015	2e-08		A	2.74
chr6:29930083	3e-08		A	0.1
chr17:16520250	3e-08		A	2.99
chr3:133295102	3e-08		C	1.66
rs138137126	4e-08	CIAO2A	T	7.12
rs4822574	1e-07	CRYBB3 - CRYBB2	?
rs148092403	2e-06	RNU6-931P - RN7SKP199	?

Top studies (by case count)

Study	Lead author	Year	Cases	Controls	Title
GCST90474199	UK Biobank Whole-Genome Sequencing Consortium	2025	18,010	440,430	Whole-genome sequencing of 490,640 UK Biobank participants.
GCST90667957	UK Biobank Whole-Genome Sequencing Consortium	2025	18,010	440,430	Whole-genome sequencing of 490,640 UK Biobank participants.
GCST90129435	Zorina-Lichtenwalter K	2023	15,371	189,253	Genetic risk shared across 24 chronic pain conditions: identification and characterization with genomic structural equation modeling.
GCST90080599	Backman JD	2021	7,658	372,291	Exome sequencing and analysis of 454,787 UK Biobank participants.
GCST90084585	Backman JD	2021	7,658	372,291	Exome sequencing and analysis of 454,787 UK Biobank participants.
GCST90478551	Verma A	2024	5,889	432,625	Diversity and scale: Genetic architecture of 2068 traits in the VA Million Veteran Program.
GCST90478554	Verma A	2024	5,069	435,473	Diversity and scale: Genetic architecture of 2068 traits in the VA Million Veteran Program.
GCST90018831	Sakaue S	2021	4,921	450,694	A cross-population atlas of genetic associations for 220 human phenotypes.
GCST90436430	Zhou W	2018	3,088	379,936	Efficiently controlling for case-control imbalance and sample relatedness in large-scale genetic association studies.
GCST90436431	Zhou W	2018	2,948	379,936	Efficiently controlling for case-control imbalance and sample relatedness in large-scale genetic association studies.

Variant details and genetic-evidence tiers

Tier distribution (top 50 variants)

Tier	Variants
Tier 1: coding	0
Tier 2: splice/UTR	0
Tier 3: regulatory	0
Tier 4: intronic/intergenic	10

MAF distribution

Bucket	Variants
common (>=0.05)	3
low_freq (0.01-0.05)	1
rare (<0.01)	1
unknown	5

Functional consequences

Consequence	Count
intergenic_variant	4
unknown	4
intron_variant	2

Top variants

rsID	Chr	Pos	Alleles	MAF	Consequence	Gene	p-value	Tier
rs192629083	7	13997554	C>T	0.003	intergenic_variant	ETV1 - Y_RNA	4e-09	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs12154203	6	99835234	A>C	0.05	intergenic_variant	Y_RNA - MCHR2	1e-08	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs77261774	4	59775406	G>A	0.02	intron_variant	Y_RNA - Y_RNA	1e-08	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
chr2:200269015							2e-08	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
chr6:29930083							3e-08	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
chr17:16520250							3e-08	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
chr3:133295102							3e-08	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs138137126	15	64080336	C>T	0.05	intron_variant	CIAO2A	4e-08	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs4822574	22	25210064	A>C,G,T	0.05	intergenic_variant	CRYBB3 - CRYBB2	1e-07	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs148092403	4	45515470	C>T		intergenic_variant	RNU6-931P - RN7SKP199	2e-06	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic

Genes & proteins

No associated-gene cohort resolved for this disease. Atlas builds the molecular and therapeutic sections — associated genes, protein families, druggability, pathways, interactions, and drug associations — by aggregating over a disease’s associated genes (resolved via GWAS / GenCC / ClinVar / CIViC), and none resolved here. This is expected for antibody-mediated, autoimmune, or otherwise non-gene-defined conditions; the curated evidence for this disease is its clinical features, GWAS susceptibility, and clinical trials (above).

Function

No pathway enrichment — requires an associated-gene cohort.

Therapeutics

Drugs indicated for this disease

3 approved, 5 in late-stage (phase 3) trials. Disease-direct ChEMBL indications, not inferred from the associated-gene cohort below.

Drug	Development status
Ciprofloxacin	Approved (phase 4)
Dimethyl Sulfoxide	Approved (phase 4)
Nitrofurantoin	Approved (phase 4)
Amoxicillin	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Clavulanic Acid	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Norfloxacin	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Probenecid	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Sulopenem Etzadroxil	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)

Earlier-phase candidates (phase 2, investigational — efficacy not yet established): Eptacog Alfa (Activated), Omadacycline, Oxygen, Pentosan Polysulfate Sodium.

Clinical trials & evidence

Clinical trials

Clinical trials: 38.

Phase distribution (across all retrieved trials)

Phase	Trials
Not specified	23
PHASE4	7
PHASE3	3
PHASE2	3
PHASE1	2

Top trials by phase / activity

NCT	Phase	Status	Title
NCT00164099	PHASE4	TERMINATED	The Role of Synbiotics in Reducing Post-Operative Infections in Patients Undergoing Cardiac Surgery: A Pilot Study
NCT00361998	PHASE4	WITHDRAWN	Nitrofurantoin Macrocrystals 3 Days Versus 7 Days in the Treatment of Women With Uncomplicated Cystitis
NCT01966653	PHASE4	UNKNOWN	Study Comparing Nitrofurantoin to Fosfomycin for Acute Urinary Tract Infection in Women
NCT02366676	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Efficacy of IARULIL® in the Treatment of Recurrent Cystitis Refractory to Escherichia Coli Extract
NCT03275623	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Management of Sub-Clinical Bacteriuria in Pregnancy
NCT03877289	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Efficacy of Oxybutynin in Paediatric Cystitis
NCT05551949	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Preventing Recurrent UTI With Vaginal Estrogen
NCT06822751	PHASE3	NOT_YET_RECRUITING	FOsfomycin for Male Urinary Tract Infection
NCT01527019	PHASE3	WITHDRAWN	Comparison in the Treatment of Acute Cystitis Using Cephalosporin and Norfloxacin (CECI)
NCT05584657	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Oral Sulopenem Versus Amoxicillin/Clavulanate for Uncomplicated Urinary Tract Infection in Adult Women
NCT01060254	PHASE2	TERMINATED	A Study to Evaluate the Pain Relieving Effects, Safety, and Tolerability of JNJ-42160443 for the Relief of Bladder Pain
NCT03425396	PHASE2	COMPLETED	Oral Omadacycline vs. Oral Nitrofurantoin for the Treatment of Cystitis
NCT06391164	PHASE2	UNKNOWN	Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of XC243 in Patients With Exacerbation of Chronic Cystitis
NCT06907199	PHASE1	RECRUITING	Daily Nitrofurantoin Versus Bladder Fulguration Plus Daily Nitrofurantoin for Women With Recurrent Urinary Tract Infections
NCT00801021	PHASE1	COMPLETED	Treatment and/or Prevention of Urinary Tract Infections
NCT04747041	Not specified	ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING	Evaluation of a Phyto Aromatherapy Treatment in the Management of Recurrent Cystitis
NCT05360914	Not specified	RECRUITING	Hospital at Home for Elderly Acute Ill Patients
NCT06719232	Not specified	RECRUITING	Evaluating the Efficacy and Patient Experience of Catheter-Free Intravesical Instillation
NCT06940622	Not specified	RECRUITING	A Trial of D-mannose for the Prophylaxis of Recurrent Urinary Tract Infections
NCT00528476	Not specified	COMPLETED	Risk Factors for Recurrent Urinary Tract Infection in Children
NCT00622076	Not specified	UNKNOWN	Postoperative Catheterization After Anterior Colporrhaphy
NCT00956176	Not specified	WITHDRAWN	Cidofovir Instillation in Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant (HSCT) Recipients With Hemorrhagic Cystitis
NCT00957333	Not specified	COMPLETED	Effects of Ketamine on Human Bladders and Its Possible Mechanisms
NCT01861353	Not specified	COMPLETED	Cranberry-lingonberry Juice Started During Acute Infection in Prevention of Urinary Tract Infections in Children
NCT02555059	Not specified	COMPLETED	Special Drug Use Investigation of Ciproxan Injection in Pediatrics
NCT03108079	Not specified	UNKNOWN	Bladder Morphology Using 2 Different Catheter Designs
NCT04173013	Not specified	NO_LONGER_AVAILABLE	Expanded Access Program Using Uromune for Patients With Recurrent Urinary Tract Infections (rUTI)
NCT04272281	Not specified	COMPLETED	Use of a Share Decision Making Tool in the Care of Acute Cystitis Without Risk of Complication in Primary Care
NCT04962971	Not specified	COMPLETED	Comparative Effect of 3 Different Cranberry Extracts on Cystitis Related Urinary Comfort in Women
NCT04987164	Not specified	COMPLETED	Incidence of Cystitis in Women Consuming a Mixture of Cranberry, Cinnamon, Probiotics
NCT05055544	Not specified	UNKNOWN	Bearberry in the Treatment of Cystitis
NCT05260554	Not specified	COMPLETED	Effect of Cranberry Extract on the Urinary System
NCT05510128	Not specified	TERMINATED	Evaluation of the Effectiveness of a Protocol for the Management of Female Functional Urinary Signs
NCT05591742	Not specified	UNKNOWN	Bacterial Composition and Recurrent Cystitis in Postmenopausal Women After Treatment With Lactobacilli.
NCT05667207	Not specified	COMPLETED	Dipsticks and Microscopy to Reduce Antibiotic Use in Women’s Urinary Tract Infections: a Pilot Trial (MicUTI)
NCT05945667	Not specified	COMPLETED	Efficacy and Safety of Uronext® in Women With Cystitis
NCT06267040	Not specified	UNKNOWN	Linguistic and Clinical Validation of the Arabic Version of Acute Cystitis Symptom Score (ACCS)
NCT07189429	Not specified	COMPLETED	Clinical Impact Analysis of PA-100 AST in a Spanish GP Setting

Drugs tested across these trials (top 30)

Molecule	Max phase	Trials referencing
NITROFURANTOIN	4	4
FOSFOMYCIN	4	3
OXYBUTYNIN	4	3
CIDOFOVIR ANHYDROUS	4	2
CLAVULANIC ACID	4	1
ESTRADIOL	4	1
HYALURONIC ACID	4	1
NORFLOXACIN	4	1
OMADACYCLINE	4	1
PROBENECID	4	1
SULOPENEM ETZADROXIL	4	1
FULRANUMAB	3	1
D-MANNOSE	2	1
CHEMBL195368	0	1
CHEMBL365590	0	1
17	0	1
UVA URSI FLUIDEXTRACT	-1	1