Dyspepsia

Summary

Dyspepsia (MONDO:0002268) is a disease with 7 GWAS associations across 26 studies and 212 clinical trials. Top therapeutic interventions include esomeprazole, tegaserod, and berberine. A subtype of functional gastric disease — broader associated-gene and molecular evidence is on the parent page (see Disease family below).

At a glance

• GWAS associations: 7
• Clinical trials: 212

Clinical features

No curated clinical features (Orphanet) for this disease.

Identifiers

Disease identifiers

Field	Value
Canonical name	dyspepsia
Mondo ID	MONDO:0002268
EFO	EFO:0008533
MeSH	D004415
DOID	DOID:2321
ICD-10-CM	K30
ICD-11	869622187
NCIT	C26756
UMLS	C0013395
MedGen	41681
Is cancer (heuristic)	no

Also known as: dyspepsia, indigestion · indigestion

Data availability: 7 GWAS associations (26 studies).

Disease family

This is a subtype of functional gastric disease. Genetic, therapeutic, and trial evidence is largely curated at the broader-term level — see the parent page for the associated-gene cohort and molecular evidence.

Classification path: disease › human disease › disease by body system or component › digestive system disorder › stomach disorder › functional gastric disease › dyspepsia

Related subtypes (2): postgastrectomy syndrome, gastroparesis

Genetics & variants

GWAS landscape

7 GWAS associations across 26 studies. Top hits map to 0 distinct genes (as reported by GWAS).

Top associations by p-value

rsID	p-value	Gene	Risk allele	Odds ratio
chr20:19680120	2e-09		G	2.79
chr7:121646939	4e-09		C	2.89
chr3:126116199	6e-09		T	2.88
chr15:52721467	8e-09		T	2.5
chr6:26052955	8e-09		C	0.06
chr9:82669567	2e-08		T	1.93
chr16:5560008	4e-08		T	0.75

Top studies (by case count)

Study	Lead author	Year	Cases	Controls	Title
GCST90473790	UK Biobank Whole-Genome Sequencing Consortium	2025	18,905	439,535	Whole-genome sequencing of 490,640 UK Biobank participants.
GCST90667942	UK Biobank Whole-Genome Sequencing Consortium	2025	18,905	439,535	Whole-genome sequencing of 490,640 UK Biobank participants.
GCST90080209	Backman JD	2021	17,044	363,628	Exome sequencing and analysis of 454,787 UK Biobank participants.
GCST90084195	Backman JD	2021	17,044	363,628	Exome sequencing and analysis of 454,787 UK Biobank participants.
GCST90726988	Kim HI	2026	11,564	32,462	Exome sequencing and analysis of 44,028 British South Asians enriched for high autozygosity.
GCST90010719	Garcia-Etxebarria K	2021	10,078	351,282	A survey of functional dyspepsia in 361,360 individuals: Phenotypic and genetic cross-disease analyses.
GCST90478366	Verma A	2024	8,936	425,964	Diversity and scale: Genetic architecture of 2068 traits in the VA Million Veteran Program.
GCST90478332	Verma A	2024	4,064	434,323	Diversity and scale: Genetic architecture of 2068 traits in the VA Million Veteran Program.
GCST90478365	Verma A	2024	3,324	112,802	Diversity and scale: Genetic architecture of 2068 traits in the VA Million Veteran Program.
GCST90480850	Verma A	2024	3,324	112,802	Diversity and scale: Genetic architecture of 2068 traits in the VA Million Veteran Program.

Variant details and genetic-evidence tiers

Tier distribution (top 50 variants)

Tier	Variants
Tier 1: coding	0
Tier 2: splice/UTR	0
Tier 3: regulatory	0
Tier 4: intronic/intergenic	7

MAF distribution

Bucket	Variants
common (>=0.05)	0
low_freq (0.01-0.05)	0
rare (<0.01)	0
unknown	7

Functional consequences

Consequence	Count
unknown	7

Top variants

rsID	Chr	Pos	Alleles	MAF	Consequence	Gene	p-value	Tier
chr20:19680120							2e-09	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
chr7:121646939							4e-09	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
chr3:126116199							6e-09	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
chr15:52721467							8e-09	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
chr6:26052955							8e-09	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
chr9:82669567							2e-08	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
chr16:5560008							4e-08	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic

Genes & proteins

No associated-gene cohort resolved for this disease. Atlas builds the molecular and therapeutic sections — associated genes, protein families, druggability, pathways, interactions, and drug associations — by aggregating over a disease’s associated genes (resolved via GWAS / GenCC / ClinVar / CIViC), and none resolved here. This is expected for antibody-mediated, autoimmune, or otherwise non-gene-defined conditions; the curated evidence for this disease is its clinical features, GWAS susceptibility, and clinical trials (above).

Function

No pathway enrichment — requires an associated-gene cohort.

Therapeutics

Drugs indicated for this disease

0 approved, 13 in late-stage (phase 3) trials. Disease-direct ChEMBL indications, not inferred from the associated-gene cohort below.

Drug	Development status
Amoxicillin	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Bromopride	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Cinitapride	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Domperidone	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Gabapentin	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Itopride	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Ketotifen	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Mosapride	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Nitazoxanide	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Nortriptyline	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Omeprazole	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Simethicone	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Tegaserod	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)

Earlier-phase candidates (phase 2, investigational — efficacy not yet established): Casopitant, Dexloxiglumide, Esomeprazole, Lucoridalines, Rabeprazole, Rifaximin, Tradipitant.

Clinical trials & evidence

Clinical trials

Clinical trials: 212.

Phase distribution (across all retrieved trials)

Phase	Trials
Not specified	113
PHASE4	37
PHASE3	31
PHASE2	14
PHASE1/PHASE2	7
PHASE1	6
PHASE2/PHASE3	2
EARLY_PHASE1	2

Top trials by phase / activity

NCT	Phase	Status	Title
NCT05629143	PHASE4	ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING	Primary carE PPi dEprescRibing Trial
NCT06241183	PHASE4	RECRUITING	Famotidine and Antacids for Treatment of Dyspepsia
NCT07139366	PHASE4	RECRUITING	Saccharomyces Boulardii Combined With Bismuth Quadruple Therapy for Helicobacter Pylori Rescue Treatment
NCT07537634	PHASE4	RECRUITING	Vonoprazan-based Versus Esomeprazole-based Triple Therapy for Helicobacter Pylori Eradication
NCT07578402	PHASE4	NOT_YET_RECRUITING	Effect of Digestive Enzymes as Add on Therapy on Patients With Functional Dyspepsia.
NCT00120315	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Proton Pump Inhibitor Treatment Stop
NCT00363701	PHASE4	UNKNOWN	Study of Long-Term Use of Proton-Pump-Inhibitors in General Practice
NCT00443963	PHASE4	WITHDRAWN	Total Antioxidant Effects of Esomeprazole in Dyspeptic Patients Receiving Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs
NCT00978159	PHASE4	UNKNOWN	Esomeprazole or Famotidine in the Management of Aspirin Related Non-Ulcer Dyspepsia
NCT01281501	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Symptomatic Relief of Acute Dyspeptic Pain in Emergency Department With Pantoprazole
NCT01349413	PHASE4	COMPLETED	BRAVO Study for Functional Dyspepsia
NCT01667692	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Aizthromycin or Clarithromycin in H-pylori Eradication Regimen
NCT01737840	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Comparison of Pantoprazole and Ranitidine in Dyspepsia
NCT01851863	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Compliance With Antidepressant Medication in Treatment of Functional Dyspepsia
NCT01888237	PHASE4	COMPLETED	High Dose PPI Triple Therapy Versus Sequential Therapy for Helicobacter Pylori Eradication
NCT02105090	PHASE4	UNKNOWN	Efficacy Study of Articaine Lozenge to Enhance the Procedural Compliance of the Adults Undergoing Gastroduodenoscopy
NCT02134405	PHASE4	UNKNOWN	Rebamipide in Combination With Esomeprazole in the Management of Asian Patients With Functional Dyspepsia
NCT02175901	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Amoxicillin/Metronidazole Based Quadruple Therapy for Helicobacter Pylori Eradication
NCT02197143	PHASE4	COMPLETED	A Comparison of Efficacy of Intravenous Esomeprazole and Ranitidine Treatment of Dyspeptic Pain
NCT02296021	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Helicobacter Pylori Eradication With Berberine Quadruple Therapy Versus Bismuth-containing Quadruple Therapy
NCT02633930	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Helicobacter Pylori Eradication With Berberine Quadruple Therapy Versus Clarithromycin Quadruple Therapy
NCT02664051	PHASE4	TERMINATED	Mast Cells in Acid-induced Intestinal Permeability
NCT02775591	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Effect of Short-term Motilitone Therapy on Health-related Quality of Life in PD Patients With Gastrointestinal Symptoms
NCT03119766	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Clinical Trial of Efficacy and Safety of Kolofort in Functional Dyspepsia Patients
NCT03444831	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Buspirone Plus Omeprazole for Functional Dyspepsia
NCT03617016	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Preliminarily Evaluate the Efficacy of Domperidone in Adult Chinese Participants With Functional Dyspepsia
NCT03635372	PHASE4	COMPLETED	A Comparison of Effectiveness of Oral Sucrolfate, Alginate and Hydrotalcide in Dispeptic Pain Treatment
NCT03857425	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Helicobacter Pylori Eradication With Clostridum Butyricum Capsule and Bacillus Coagulans Tablets
NCT04449185	PHASE4	UNKNOWN	Change of Gut Microbiome and Symptom After H.Pylori Eradication Therapy in Patients With Functional Dyspepsia
NCT04678492	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Helicobacter Rescue Therapy With High-dose Esomeprazole and Amoxicillin Dual Therapy Versus Bismuth-containing Quadruple Therapy
NCT04697186	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Helicobacter Pylori Eradication With Berberine Plus Amoxicillin Triple Therapy Versus Bismuth-containing Quadruple Therapy
NCT05030116	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Clinical Trial for ‘Shen Qu Xiao Shi’ Oral Liquid in the Treatments of Children’s Functional Dyspepsia
NCT05199441	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Efficacy of Galeo® in Patients With Postprandial Distress Syndrome Subtype in Functional Dyspepsia
NCT05237115	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Helicobacter Pylori Eradication With Probiotics Combined With Triple Therapy Versus Bismuth-containing Quadruple Therapy
NCT05515887	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Influence of Shenqu Xiaoshi Oral Liquid on Intestinal Microbiome of Children With Functional Dyspepsia
NCT05553587	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Symptoms and Physiological Effects of Amara in Functional Dyspepsia
NCT05742568	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Effects of High-dose Dual Therapy and Bismuth Quadruple Therapy for Helicobacter Pylori Eradication on Intestinal Microecology
NCT01696734	PHASE3	RECRUITING	Domperidone in Treating Patients With Gastrointestinal Disorders
NCT04069286	PHASE3	NOT_YET_RECRUITING	EFFICACY OF ORAL AROEIRA (Schinus Terebinthifolia Raddi) COMPARED TO OMEPRAZOLE IN DYSPEPPSIA
NCT00110968	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Long-term Safety and Efficacy of Itopride Hydrochloride (HCl) in Patients Suffering From Functional Dyspepsia

Drugs tested across these trials (top 30)

Molecule	Max phase	Trials referencing
ESOMEPRAZOLE	4	28
TEGASEROD	4	18
BERBERINE	4	9
CLARITHROMYCIN	4	6
DOMPERIDONE	4	5
PRUCALOPRIDE	4	4
AMOXICILLIN	4	3
PANTOPRAZOLE	4	3
RANITIDINE	4	3
BUSPIRONE	4	2
FAMOTIDINE	4	2
FURAZOLIDONE	4	2
LANSOPRAZOLE	4	2
OMEPRAZOLE	4	2
RABEPRAZOLE	4	2
SUCRALFATE	4	2
SULPIRIDE	4	2
TETRACYCLINE	4	2
AMITRIPTYLINE	4	1
AMITRIPTYLINE HYDROCHLORIDE	4	1
AZITHROMYCIN	4	1
CANNABIDIOL	4	1
CROMOLYN SODIUM	4	1
DESIPRAMINE	4	1
DOXEPIN	4	1
FINAFLOXACIN	4	1
HYDROTALCITE	4	1
LEVOFLOXACIN	4	1
MAGNESIUM OXIDE	4	1
METRONIDAZOLE	4	1