Fuchs' endothelial dystrophy

Summary

Fuchs’ endothelial dystrophy (MONDO:0005321) is a disease (an umbrella term covering 8 Mondo subtypes) with 7 cohort genes (16 GWAS associations across 3 studies) and 46 clinical trials. Top therapeutic interventions include netarsudil, amphotericin b, and dexamethasone.

At a glance

• Prevalence: Unknown (Worldwide)
• Umbrella term: 8 Mondo subtypes
• Cohort genes: 7
• GWAS associations: 16
• ClinVar variants: 4
• Phenotypes (HPO): 9
• Clinical trials: 46

Clinical features

Signs & symptoms

Clinical features (HPO)

9 HPO clinical features (Orphanet curated; top 9 by frequency):

HPO ID	Term	Frequency
HP:0000969	Edema	Very frequent (80-99%)
HP:0007663	Reduced visual acuity	Very frequent (80-99%)
HP:0007957	Corneal opacity	Very frequent (80-99%)
HP:0011488	Abnormal corneal endothelium morphology	Very frequent (80-99%)
HP:0011490	Abnormal Descemet membrane morphology	Very frequent (80-99%)
HP:0011491	Reduced number of corneal endothelial cells	Very frequent (80-99%)
HP:0000572	Visual loss	Frequent (30-79%)
HP:0000662	Nyctalopia	Frequent (30-79%)
HP:0030857	Eye movement-induced pain	Frequent (30-79%)

Identifiers

Disease identifiers

Field	Value
Canonical name	Fuchs’ endothelial dystrophy
Mondo ID	MONDO:0005321
MeSH	D005642
OMIM	136800
Orphanet	98974
DOID	DOID:11555
NCIT	C84721
SNOMED CT	193839007
UMLS	C0016781
MedGen	4800
GARD	0010018
Is cancer (heuristic)	no

Also known as: corneal dystrophy, Fuchs endothelial · Endoepithelial corneal dystrophy · FECD · Fuchs endothelial dystrophy · late hereditary endothelial dystrophy

Data availability: 4 ClinVar variants · 16 GWAS associations (3 studies) · 7 GenCC gene-disease records · 3 cell lines.

Disease family

An umbrella term covering 8 Mondo subtypes.

Classification path: disease › human disease › disease by body system or component › disorder of orbital region › eye disorder › corneal disorder › corneal dystrophy › corneal endothelial dystrophy › Fuchs’ endothelial dystrophy

Related subtypes (3): congenital hereditary endothelial dystrophy of cornea, X-linked endothelial corneal dystrophy, posterior polymorphous corneal dystrophy

Subtypes (8): corneal dystrophy, Fuchs endothelial, 1, corneal dystrophy, fuchs endothelial, 2, corneal dystrophy, Fuchs endothelial, 3, corneal dystrophy, Fuchs endothelial, 4, corneal dystrophy, fuchs endothelial, 5, corneal dystrophy, Fuchs endothelial, 6, corneal dystrophy, fuchs endothelial, 7, corneal dystrophy, Fuchs endothelial, 8

Genetics & variants

GWAS landscape

16 GWAS associations across 3 studies. Top hits map to 9 distinct genes (as reported by GWAS).

Top associations by p-value

rsID	p-value	Gene	Risk allele	Odds ratio
rs72932713	1e-323	TCF4	T	1.66
rs145838709	1e-323	CCDC68 - LINC01929	C	2.24
rs1200108	7e-31	LINC00970, LINC00970	G	0.28
rs11659764	1e-21	TCF4 - LINC01415	T	1.97
rs79742895	2e-20	KANK4	T	0.53
chr1:183100563	6e-16		G	0.21
rs2027078	1e-15	LAMC1	G	0.19
rs41388048	1e-13	THSD7A	C	0.38
rs80095409	6e-13	LAMB1	G	0.57
rs11246318	1e-12	PIDD1, RPLP2	T	0.18
rs12452389	1e-11	HS3ST3B1 - RPS18P12	G	0.18

Top studies (by case count)

Study	Lead author	Year	Cases	Controls	Title
GCST90475865	Verma A	2024	3,473	445,239	Diversity and scale: Genetic architecture of 2068 traits in the VA Million Veteran Program.
GCST90476531	Verma A	2024	455	121,154	Diversity and scale: Genetic architecture of 2068 traits in the VA Million Veteran Program.
GCST90480062	Verma A	2024	455	121,154	Diversity and scale: Genetic architecture of 2068 traits in the VA Million Veteran Program.

Variant details and genetic-evidence tiers

Tier distribution (top 50 variants)

Tier	Variants
Tier 1: coding	1
Tier 2: splice/UTR	0
Tier 3: regulatory	0
Tier 4: intronic/intergenic	10

MAF distribution

Bucket	Variants
common (>=0.05)	6
low_freq (0.01-0.05)	3
rare (<0.01)	2
unknown	0

Functional consequences

Consequence	Count
intron_variant	8
unknown	1
missense_variant	1
intergenic_variant	1

Top variants

rsID	Chr	Pos	Alleles	MAF	Consequence	Gene	p-value	Tier
rs72932713	18	55519680	T>C	0.051	intron_variant	TCF4	1e-323	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs145838709	18	55100287	C>A,T	0.009	intron_variant	CCDC68 - LINC01929	1e-323	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs1200108	1	169088731	G>A	0.346	intron_variant	LINC00970, LINC00970	7e-31	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs11659764	18	55668281	T>A,G	0.009	intron_variant	TCF4 - LINC01415	1e-21	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs79742895	1	62317189	T>C	0.035	intron_variant	KANK4	2e-20	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
chr1:183100563				0.429			6e-16	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs2027078	1	183104343	G>A,T	0.491	intron_variant	LAMC1	1e-15	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs41388048	7	11689855	C>A	0.037	intron_variant	THSD7A	1e-13	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs80095409	7	107959766	G>A,C	0.012	missense_variant	LAMB1	6e-13	Tier 1: coding
rs11246318	11	807219	T>A,C,G	0.492	intron_variant	PIDD1, RPLP2	1e-12	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs12452389	17	14664407	G>T	0.389	intergenic_variant	HS3ST3B1 - RPS18P12	1e-11	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic

ClinVar germline variants

4 retrieved; paginated sample, class counts are floors:

3 uncertain significance, 1 conflicting classifications of pathogenicity

ClinVar	Variant (HGVS)	Gene	Classification	Review
88758	NM_001386094.1(AGBL1):c.3044G>C (p.Cys1015Ser)	AGBL1	Conflicting classifications of pathogenicity	criteria provided, conflicting classifications
3057355	NM_001386094.1(AGBL1):c.968A>G (p.Glu323Gly)	AGBL1	Uncertain significance	criteria provided, single submitter
3779271	NM_001386094.1(AGBL1):c.2674C>T (p.Arg892Ter)	AGBL1	Uncertain significance	criteria provided, single submitter
88757	NM_001386094.1(AGBL1):c.3157C>T (p.Arg1053Trp)	AGBL1	Uncertain significance	criteria provided, multiple submitters, no conflicts

Genes & proteins

Mendelian disease overlap and somatic drivers

GenCC: 44 · Orphanet: 13 · OMIM-shared: 0 · Dual-evidence (GWAS+Mendelian): 0

GenCC gene–disease validity (cohort genes)

the Disease column is the GenCC-asserted condition — a cohort gene’s strongest validity may be for a related predisposition syndrome.

Gene	Classification	Inheritance	Disease	Records
ZEB1	Definitive	Autosomal dominant	posterior polymorphous corneal dystrophy 3	8
COL8A2	Strong	Autosomal dominant	posterior polymorphous corneal dystrophy 2	4
SLC4A11	Strong	Autosomal recessive	corneal dystrophy-perceptive deafness syndrome	10
TCF4	Strong	Autosomal dominant	corneal dystrophy, Fuchs endothelial, 3	11
AGBL1	Supportive	Autosomal dominant	Fuchs’ endothelial dystrophy	3
LOXHD1	Limited	Autosomal dominant	Fuchs’ endothelial dystrophy	7
SLC9D1	Limited	Autosomal dominant	Fuchs’ endothelial dystrophy

Orphanet rare-disease linkage (cohort genes)

Gene	Orphanet ID	Rare disease
AGBL1	Orphanet:98974	Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy
TCF4	Orphanet:171	Primary sclerosing cholangitis
TCF4	Orphanet:178469	Autosomal dominant non-syndromic intellectual disability
TCF4	Orphanet:2896	Pitt-Hopkins syndrome
TCF4	Orphanet:98974	Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy
ZEB1	Orphanet:98973	Posterior polymorphous corneal dystrophy
ZEB1	Orphanet:98974	Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy
SLC4A11	Orphanet:1490	Corneal dystrophy-perceptive deafness syndrome
SLC4A11	Orphanet:293603	Congenital hereditary endothelial dystrophy type II
SLC4A11	Orphanet:98974	Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy
COL8A2	Orphanet:98973	Posterior polymorphous corneal dystrophy
COL8A2	Orphanet:98974	Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy
LOXHD1	Orphanet:90636	Rare autosomal recessive non-syndromic sensorineural deafness type DFNB

Cohort genes → proteins

7 cohort genes, 7 distinct canonical proteins.

Evidence partition

Subset	Genes
multi_evidence	7

Cohort genes (full)

Symbol	HGNC	Ensembl	UniProt	Name	Evidence
AGBL1	HGNC:26504	ENSG00000273540	Q96MI9	Cytosolic carboxypeptidase 4	gencc,clinvar
TCF4	HGNC:11634	ENSG00000196628	P15884	Transcription factor 4	gencc
ZEB1	HGNC:11642	ENSG00000148516	P37275	Zinc finger E-box-binding homeobox 1	gencc
SLC4A11	HGNC:16438	ENSG00000088836	Q8NBS3	Solute carrier family 4 member 11	gencc
SLC9D1	HGNC:20329	ENSG00000150403	Q6UWJ1	Solute carrier family 9 member D1	gencc
COL8A2	HGNC:2216	ENSG00000171812	P25067	Collagen alpha-2(VIII) chain	gencc
LOXHD1	HGNC:26521	ENSG00000167210	Q8IVV2	Lipoxygenase homology domain-containing protein 1	gencc

Cohort function summary

Lead sentence per gene, UniProt-curated.

Symbol	Protein name	Function (lead sentence)
AGBL1	Cytosolic carboxypeptidase 4	Metallocarboxypeptidase that mediates deglutamylation of tubulin and non-tubulin target proteins.
TCF4	Transcription factor 4	Transcription factor that binds to the immunoglobulin enhancer Mu-E5/KE5-motif.
ZEB1	Zinc finger E-box-binding homeobox 1	Acts as a transcriptional repressor.
SLC4A11	Solute carrier family 4 member 11	Multifunctional transporter with an impact in cell morphology and differentiation.
SLC9D1	Solute carrier family 9 member D1	Probable Na(+):H(+) or K(+):H(+) antiporter.
COL8A2	Collagen alpha-2(VIII) chain	Macromolecular component of the subendothelium.
LOXHD1	Lipoxygenase homology domain-containing protein 1	Involved in hearing.

Protein-family classification

Druggable: 1 · Difficult: 2 · Unknown: 4 · Druggable fraction: 0.14

Family distribution

Cohort families vs a genome-wide background (hypergeometric, BH-FDR; fold = observed/expected). Counts kept; sorted by enrichment, so the catch-all Other/Unknown bucket no longer leads.

Family	Genes	Fold	FDR
Protease	1	5.2×	0.306
Transcription factor	2	2.4×	0.306
Other/Unknown	4	1.0×	0.626

Per-gene assignment

Symbol	Family	Druggable?	EC	InterPro (top 3)
AGBL1	Protease	yes		Peptidase_M14, ARM-like, ARM-type_fold
TCF4	Transcription factor	no	7.6.2.3	bHLH_dom, HLH_DNA-bd_sf, NeuroDiff_E-box_TFs
ZEB1	Transcription factor	no		HD, Di19_Zn-bd, Homeodomain-like_sf
SLC4A11	Other/Unknown	no		HCO3_transpt_euk, HCO3_transpt-like_TM_dom, PTrfase/Anion_transptr
SLC9D1	Other/Unknown	no		Cation/H_exchanger_TM, Na+/solute_symporter_sf, KEA4/5/6-like
COL8A2	Other/Unknown	no		C1q_dom, Collagen, Tumour_necrosis_fac-like_dom
LOXHD1	Other/Unknown	no		PLAT/LH2_dom, PLAT/LH2_dom_sf, Inner_ear_hair_cell_LOXHD

Expression context

Cohort genes with no expression data: 0.

7 cohort genes are a single-cell marker in ≥1 SCXA experiment.

Breadth distribution (Bgee present_calls)

Bucket	Genes
narrow (1-5 tissues)	0
moderate (6-20)	0
broad (>20)	7
unknown	0

Top tissues across cohort

Tissue	Cohort genes
biceps brachii	1
deltoid	1
hindlimb stylopod muscle	1
endothelial cell	1
pericardium	1
skin of hip	1
calcaneal tendon	1
colonic epithelium	1
tendon	1
metanephros cortex	1
nasal cavity epithelium	1
olfactory segment of nasal mucosa	1
decidua	1
stromal cell of endometrium	1
tibia	1
ascending aorta	1
periodontal ligament	1
tendon of biceps brachii	1
left testis	1
right testis	1

Per-gene tissue summary (top 30)

Symbol	Bgee breadth	FANTOM5 breadth	SCXA	Top tissues
AGBL1	82	broad	marker	biceps brachii, hindlimb stylopod muscle, deltoid
TCF4	292	ubiquitous	marker	endothelial cell, skin of hip, pericardium
ZEB1	287	ubiquitous	marker	calcaneal tendon, colonic epithelium, tendon
SLC4A11	197	broad	marker	nasal cavity epithelium, olfactory segment of nasal mucosa, metanephros cortex
SLC9D1	269	ubiquitous	marker	stromal cell of endometrium, tibia, decidua
COL8A2	230	broad	marker	periodontal ligament, tendon of biceps brachii, ascending aorta
LOXHD1	135	tissue_specific	marker	left testis, right testis, testis

Protein interactions among cohort

Intra-cohort edges: 12.

Hub genes (top 10 by interactor count)

Symbol	Interactor count
ZEB1	4,171
TCF4	3,342
COL8A2	1,544
SLC9D1	1,491
LOXHD1	931
SLC4A11	846
AGBL1	442

Intra-cohort edges

A	B	Sources
AGBL1	COL8A2	string_interaction
AGBL1	LOXHD1	string_interaction
AGBL1	SLC4A11	string_interaction
AGBL1	TCF4	string_interaction
AGBL1	ZEB1	string_interaction
COL8A2	LOXHD1	string_interaction
COL8A2	SLC4A11	string_interaction
COL8A2	TCF4	string_interaction
COL8A2	ZEB1	string_interaction
LOXHD1	SLC4A11	string_interaction
SLC4A11	TCF4	string_interaction
SLC4A11	ZEB1	string_interaction

Structural data

PDB: 3 · AlphaFold-only: 4 · No structure: 0

Cohort genes with PDB structures (top 30)

Symbol	UniProt	PDB entries
TCF4	P15884	5
SLC4A11	Q8NBS3	4
ZEB1	P37275	1

AlphaFold-only cohort genes (top 30 by pLDDT)

Symbol	UniProt	pLDDT
LOXHD1	Q8IVV2	84.00
AGBL1	Q96MI9	78.53
SLC9D1	Q6UWJ1	75.64
COL8A2	P25067	58.03

Function

Pathway analysis

Distinct Reactome pathways touched by cohort: 19. Enrichment computed across 7 evidence-associated genes (4 with Reactome annotation).

Pathways by enrichment

Over-representation of cohort genes vs the genome-wide background (hypergeometric test, Benjamini-Hochberg FDR; fold = observed/expected over 4 annotated cohort genes). Counts and members are kept as ground-truth; sorted by enrichment.

Pathway	Cohort genes	Fold	FDR	Sample cohort genes
Regulation of MITF-M-dependent genes involved in extracellular matrix, focal adhesion and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition	1	219.6×	0.049	ZEB1
TGFBR3 expression	1	114.2×	0.049	TCF4
Myogenesis	1	95.2×	0.049	TCF4
Signaling by TGFBR3	1	92.1×	0.049	TCF4
Collagen chain trimerization	1	64.9×	0.049	COL8A2
Carboxyterminal post-translational modifications of tubulin	1	59.5×	0.049	AGBL1
Assembly of collagen fibrils and other multimeric structures	1	50.1×	0.049	COL8A2
Collagen degradation	1	43.9×	0.049	COL8A2
Collagen biosynthesis and modifying enzymes	1	42.6×	0.049	COL8A2
Integrin cell surface interactions	1	33.6×	0.049	COL8A2
Formation of the beta-catenin:TCF transactivating complex	1	30.1×	0.049	TCF4
Negative Regulation of CDH1 Gene Transcription	1	30.1×	0.049	ZEB1
Signaling by TGFB family members	1	28.8×	0.049	TCF4
CHD1 and CHD2 subfamily	1	27.2×	0.049	TCF4
Interleukin-4 and Interleukin-13 signaling	1	25.7×	0.049	ZEB1
Post-translational protein modification	1	4.8×	0.229	AGBL1
Developmental Biology	1	3.6×	0.279	TCF4
Metabolism of proteins	1	3.1×	0.302	AGBL1
Signal Transduction	1	2.5×	0.339	TCF4

GO biological processes by enrichment

Over-representation of cohort genes vs the genome-wide background (hypergeometric test, Benjamini-Hochberg FDR; fold = observed/expected over 6 annotated cohort genes). Counts and members are kept as ground-truth; sorted by enrichment.

GO term	Cohort genes	Fold	FDR	Sample cohort genes
regulation of mesenchymal cell proliferation	1	2808.7×	0.006	ZEB1
borate transport	1	2808.7×	0.006	SLC4A11
positive regulation of neuron differentiation	2	66.1×	0.006	TCF4, ZEB1
fluid transport	1	936.2×	0.009	SLC4A11
protein-DNA complex assembly	1	936.2×	0.009	TCF4
C-terminal protein deglutamylation	1	702.2×	0.009	AGBL1
regulation of mesenchymal stem cell differentiation	1	702.2×	0.009	SLC4A11
negative regulation of endothelial cell differentiation	1	561.7×	0.009	ZEB1
regulation of smooth muscle cell differentiation	1	561.7×	0.009	ZEB1
protein side chain deglutamylation	1	468.1×	0.009	AGBL1
regulation of T cell differentiation in thymus	1	401.2×	0.009	ZEB1
semicircular canal morphogenesis	1	401.2×	0.009	ZEB1
monoatomic ion homeostasis	1	401.2×	0.009	SLC4A11
basement membrane assembly	1	312.1×	0.011	COL8A2
monoatomic anion transport	1	234.1×	0.013	SLC4A11
cellular hypotonic response	1	234.1×	0.013	SLC4A11
intracellular monoatomic cation homeostasis	1	187.2×	0.014	SLC4A11
embryonic camera-type eye morphogenesis	1	187.2×	0.014	ZEB1
bicarbonate transport	1	133.8×	0.017	SLC4A11
regulation of transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathway	1	133.8×	0.017	ZEB1
camera-type eye morphogenesis	1	127.7×	0.017	COL8A2
negative regulation of keratinocyte proliferation	1	117.0×	0.018	ZEB1
keratinocyte proliferation	1	96.8×	0.020	ZEB1
cochlea morphogenesis	1	96.8×	0.020	ZEB1
endothelial cell proliferation	1	90.6×	0.020	COL8A2
regulation of mitochondrial membrane potential	1	90.6×	0.020	SLC4A11
pattern specification process	1	78.0×	0.022	ZEB1
embryonic skeletal system morphogenesis	1	65.3×	0.026	ZEB1
cell differentiation	2	9.7×	0.026	TCF4, ZEB1
proton transmembrane transport	1	52.0×	0.029	SLC4A11

Therapeutics

Drugs indicated for this disease

0 approved, 2 in late-stage (phase 3) trials. Disease-direct ChEMBL indications, not inferred from the associated-gene cohort below.

Drug	Development status
Netarsudil	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Ripasudil	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)

Earlier-phase candidates (phase 2, investigational — efficacy not yet established): Acetylcysteine, Amphotericin B.

Drug target analysis

Approved (phase 4): 0 · Phase ≥3: 0 · Phased (≥1): 1 · Undrugged: 6

Druggability breadth: 1 of 7 evidence-associated genes (14%) have a ChEMBL target (buckets above are over the deeply-mined display cohort).

Top cohort targets by molecule count

Symbol	Molecules	Max phase
TCF4	1	2
AGBL1	0	0
ZEB1	0	0
SLC4A11	0	0
SLC9D1	0	0
COL8A2	0	0
LOXHD1	0	0

Drugs targeting cohort genes (top 30)

Molecule	Max phase	Targets in cohort
SALINOMYCIN	2	TCF4

Bioactivity and enzyme data

Enzyme cohort genes (≥1 EC): 1.

Cohort genes with ChEMBL bioactivity (full, sorted by assay count)

Symbol	Assays	Type breakdown
TCF4	31	Binding:31

Cohort enzymes (BRENDA EC)

Symbol	EC numbers	Names
TCF4	7.6.2.3	ABC-type glutathione-S-conjugate transporter

Pharmacogenomics

Cohort genes with a PharmGKB record: 7; with CPIC/DPWG dosing guidelines: 0.

No cohort gene has a CPIC/DPWG genotype-guided dosing guideline (PharmGKB).

Chemical tractability of cohort targets

1 approved/phased compounds have measured bioactivity against a cohort gene (and aren’t yet in disease-level trials). This is a research / tractability signal, NOT a therapeutic recommendation — a bioactivity row often reflects off-target or screening binding (e.g. promiscuous kinase inhibitors against a cohort kinase), implying no disease mechanism.

Compound	Max phase	Cohort target (bioactivity)
SALINOMYCIN	2	TCF4

Druggability pyramid

Cohort genes binned by druggability tier (high → low):

Tier	Definition	Genes	Symbols
A	Approved (phase 4 drug)	0
B	Phased (≥1) drug, not yet approved	1	TCF4
C	Druggable family + PDB, no drug	0
D	Druggable family + AlphaFold only, no drug	1	AGBL1
E	Difficult family or no structure, no drug	5	ZEB1, SLC4A11, SLC9D1, COL8A2, LOXHD1

Undrugged target profiles

6 cohort genes are undrugged. Ranked by ‘starting-point quality’ (assay depth + drugged-partner adjacency).

Symbol	ChEMBL assays	Drugged partners (top 3)
SLC4A11	0	TCF4
COL8A2	0	TCF4
AGBL1	0	—
ZEB1	0	—
SLC9D1	0	—
LOXHD1	0	—

Clinical trials & evidence

Clinical trials

Clinical trials: 46.

Phase distribution (across all retrieved trials)

Phase	Trials
Not specified	26
PHASE2	4
PHASE1	4
PHASE4	3
PHASE3	3
PHASE2/PHASE3	3
EARLY_PHASE1	3

Top trials by phase / activity

NCT	Phase	Status	Title
NCT03249337	PHASE4	RECRUITING	Glanatec(R) for Descemet Stripping in Fuch’s Endothelial Dystrophy
NCT05716945	PHASE4	RECRUITING	The OPTIMISE Study
NCT00781027	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Fuchs’ Torsional Phaco Study
NCT05275972	PHASE3	RECRUITING	Descemet Endothelial Thickness Comparison Trial II
NCT06048380	PHASE3	RECRUITING	The Effects of Ripasudil in Patients With FED Undergoing Femtosecond Laser Assisted Cataract Surgery
NCT03248037	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Trial of Netarsudil for Prevention of Corticosteroid-induced Intraocular Pressure Elevation
NCT03971357	PHASE2/PHASE3	TERMINATED	Trial of Netarsudil for Acceleration of Corneal Endothelial Restoration
NCT04018417	PHASE2/PHASE3	WITHDRAWN	Evaluation of Amphotericin B in Optisol-GS for Prevention of Post-Keratoplasty Fungal Infections.
NCT04051463	PHASE2/PHASE3	COMPLETED	Rhopressa for Corneal Edema Associated With Fuchs Dystrophy
NCT02834260	PHASE2	COMPLETED	Immunosuppression During Penetrating Keratoplasty, Using a Subconjunctival Implant Releasing Dexamethasone : Tolerance and Safety Pilot Study
NCT03575130	PHASE2	UNKNOWN	Ripasudil 0.4% Eye Drops in Fuchs Endothelial Corneal Dystrophy
NCT03813056	PHASE2	UNKNOWN	Ripasudil for Enhanced Corneal Clearing Following Descemet Membrane Endothelial Keratoplasty in Fuchs’ Dystrophy
NCT04676737	PHASE2	COMPLETED	TTHX1114(NM141) in Combination With DWEK/DSO
NCT04319848	PHASE1	RECRUITING	Safety and Efficacy of Tissue Engineered Endothelial Keratoplasty
NCT05636579	PHASE1	RECRUITING	Study to Assess Safety and Tolerability of Multiple Doses of EO2002
NCT07325097	PHASE1	RECRUITING	PVEK Corneal Implant For Treatment of Corneal Edema
NCT04191629	PHASE1	UNKNOWN	Phase 1 Study to Evaluate the Safety and Tolerability of EO1404 in the Treatment of Corneal Edema
NCT03275896	EARLY_PHASE1	UNKNOWN	Evaluation of the Efficacy of Descemet Membrane Transplantation for the Treatment of Fuchs’ Endothelial Dystrophy
NCT04057053	EARLY_PHASE1	COMPLETED	Netarsudil Use After Descemetorhexis Without Endothelial Keratoplasty
NCT04752020	EARLY_PHASE1	COMPLETED	Netarsudil Use After Descemtorhexis Without Endothelial Keratoplasty
NCT02118922	Not specified	RECRUITING	A Study to Test the Diagnostic Potential of Brillouin Microscopy for Corneal Ectasia
NCT02423213	Not specified	RECRUITING	DISCOVER Study: Microscope-integrated Intraoperative OCT Study
NCT05436665	Not specified	RECRUITING	The Belgian Endothelial Surgical Transplant of the Cornea
NCT06261346	Not specified	RECRUITING	Plasma Rich in Growth Factors in Corneal Endothelial Transplantation
NCT06652321	Not specified	RECRUITING	Endothelial Side Up Inverted Femtosecond Laser Assisted DSAEK
NCT06881771	Not specified	RECRUITING	FECD-TRACE: Fuchs’ Endothelial Corneal Dystrophy TRAjectory and Correlation With Genotype in the United Kingdom
NCT06914817	Not specified	NOT_YET_RECRUITING	Brillouin Microscopy Used to Evaluate Corneal Mechanical Properties
NCT00624221	Not specified	COMPLETED	Study of Eye Bank Pre-cut Donor Grafts for Endothelial Keratoplasty
NCT01206127	Not specified	UNKNOWN	DSAEK- Postoperative Positioning and Transplant Dislocation
NCT01361282	Not specified	TERMINATED	Using the Optovue OCT to Select IOL Power
NCT01586234	Not specified	TERMINATED	OCT-guided DSAEK Graft Shaping and Smoothing
NCT01795001	Not specified	COMPLETED	The Molecular Pathogenesis of Late-onset Fuchs’ Endothelial Corneal Dystrophy
NCT02332109	Not specified	COMPLETED	ODM 5 in the Treatment of Corneal Edematous Fuchs’ Endothelial Dystrophy
NCT02423161	Not specified	COMPLETED	PIONEER: Intraoperative and Perioperative OCT Study
NCT02470793	Not specified	COMPLETED	Technique And Results In Endothelial Keratoplasty
NCT02542644	Not specified	COMPLETED	Assessment of Corneal Graft Attachment in Patients With Fuchs Endothelial Corneal Dystrophy Following DMEK Using Ultra-high Resolution OCT
NCT02793310	Not specified	COMPLETED	DMEK Versus DSAEK Study
NCT02849808	Not specified	COMPLETED	Long Term Cornea Graft Survival Study
NCT02875145	Not specified	COMPLETED	Impact of Cataract Surgery on Keratoplasty Graft Survival
NCT03407755	Not specified	UNKNOWN	Air Versus SF6 for Descemet’s Membrane Endothelial Keratoplasty (DMEK)

Drugs tested across these trials (top 30)

Molecule	Max phase	Trials referencing
NETARSUDIL	4	4
AMPHOTERICIN B	4	1
DEXAMETHASONE	4	1
FLUOROMETHOLONE	4	1
RIPASUDIL	3	9
CHEMBL1716015	0	1