Gastric neoplasm

disease
On this page

Also known as gastric tumorgastric tumourneoplasm of stomachneoplasm of the stomachstomach neoplasmstomach neoplasm (disease)stomach tumorstomach tumourtumor of stomachtumor of the stomachtumour of stomachtumour of the stomach

Summary

Gastric neoplasm (MONDO:0021085) is a cancer (an umbrella term covering 6 Mondo subtypes) with 7 cohort genes (5 CIViC-evidence somatic drivers; 69 ClinVar predisposition records) and 365 clinical trials. Top therapeutic interventions include irinotecan, pembrolizumab, and fruquintinib.

At a glance

  • Classification: Cancer
  • Umbrella term: 6 Mondo subtypes
  • Cohort genes: 7
  • ClinVar variants: 69
  • Clinical trials: 365

Clinical features

No curated clinical features (Orphanet) for this disease.

Identifiers

Disease identifiers

FieldValue
Canonical namegastric neoplasm
Mondo IDMONDO:0021085
EFOEFO:0003897
MeSHD013274
NCITC3387
SNOMED CT126824007
UMLSC0038356
MedGen20958
Anatomy (UBERON)UBERON:0000945
Is cancer (heuristic)yes

Also known as: gastric neoplasm · gastric tumor · gastric tumour · neoplasm of stomach · neoplasm of the stomach · stomach neoplasm · stomach neoplasm (disease) · stomach tumor · stomach tumour · tumor of stomach · tumor of the stomach · tumour of stomach · tumour of the stomach

Data availability: 69 ClinVar variants.

Disease family

An umbrella term covering 6 Mondo subtypes.

Classification path: disease › human disease › disease by body system or component › digestive system disorderstomach disordergastric neoplasm

Related subtypes (18): gastric ulcer, functional gastric disease, Dieulafoy lesion, pylorospasm, cascade stomach, pyloric stenosis, gastric dilatation, stomach diverticulosis, gastritis, gastroesophageal reflux disease, hiatus hernia, stomach polyp, non-hypoproteinemic hypertrophic gastropathy, angiodysplasia of stomach, achlorhydria, gastric intestinal metaplasia, gastric duplication, pyloric duplication

Subtypes (6): gastric cancer, gastric neuroendocrine neoplasm, gastric teratoma, gastric adenoma, gastric hamartomatous polyp, benign neoplasm of stomach

Genetics & variants

GWAS landscape

No GWAS associations recorded — common-variant (GWAS) studies don’t cover this disease (typical for Mendelian / rare diseases). See the curated gene cohort and Mendelian overlap below.

Variant details and genetic-evidence tiers

ClinVar germline variants

69 retrieved; paginated sample, class counts are floors:

27 conflicting classifications of pathogenicity, 15 uncertain significance, 11 pathogenic, 10 pathogenic/likely pathogenic, 3 benign, 2 likely benign, 1 likely pathogenic

ClinVarVariant (HGVS)GeneClassificationReview
127312NM_000038.6(APC):c.646C>T (p.Arg216Ter)APCPathogeniccriteria provided, multiple submitters, no conflicts
140952NM_000038.6(APC):c.637C>T (p.Arg213Ter)APCPathogenic/Likely pathogeniccriteria provided, multiple submitters, no conflicts
184999NM_000038.6(APC):c.847C>T (p.Arg283Ter)APCPathogenicreviewed by expert panel
217924NM_000038.6(APC):c.1312+3A>GAPCPathogenicreviewed by expert panel
233970NM_000038.6(APC):c.933+1G>AAPCPathogenic/Likely pathogeniccriteria provided, multiple submitters, no conflicts
42248NM_000038.6(APC):c.694C>T (p.Arg232Ter)APCPathogenicreviewed by expert panel
545962NM_000038.6(APC):c.3867T>A (p.Cys1289Ter)APCPathogeniccriteria provided, multiple submitters, no conflicts
807NM_000038.6(APC):c.1660C>T (p.Arg554Ter)APCPathogeniccriteria provided, multiple submitters, no conflicts
810NM_000038.6(APC):c.2805C>A (p.Tyr935Ter)APCPathogeniccriteria provided, multiple submitters, no conflicts
13263NM_000141.5(FGFR2):c.1025G>A (p.Cys342Tyr)FGFR2Pathogenic/Likely pathogeniccriteria provided, multiple submitters, no conflicts
13268NM_000141.5(FGFR2):c.1032G>A (p.Ala344=)FGFR2Pathogeniccriteria provided, multiple submitters, no conflicts
13273NM_000141.5(FGFR2):c.758C>G (p.Pro253Arg)FGFR2Pathogenic/Likely pathogeniccriteria provided, multiple submitters, no conflicts
13277NM_000141.5(FGFR2):c.1124A>G (p.Tyr375Cys)FGFR2Pathogenic/Likely pathogeniccriteria provided, multiple submitters, no conflicts
374817NM_000141.5(FGFR2):c.1013G>A (p.Gly338Glu)FGFR2Pathogenic/Likely pathogeniccriteria provided, multiple submitters, no conflicts
449024NM_000141.5(FGFR2):c.314A>G (p.Tyr105Cys)FGFR2Pathogenic/Likely pathogeniccriteria provided, multiple submitters, no conflicts
478046NM_000141.5(FGFR2):c.1150G>A (p.Gly384Arg)FGFR2Pathogeniccriteria provided, multiple submitters, no conflicts
127845NM_001048174.2(MUTYH):c.13C>T (p.Arg5Ter)MUTYHPathogenic/Likely pathogeniccriteria provided, multiple submitters, no conflicts
140877NM_001048174.2(MUTYH):c.650G>A (p.Arg217His)MUTYHPathogenic/Likely pathogeniccriteria provided, multiple submitters, no conflicts
234229NM_001048174.2(MUTYH):c.305-1G>CMUTYHPathogeniccriteria provided, multiple submitters, no conflicts
5294NM_001048174.2(MUTYH):c.1103G>A (p.Gly368Asp)MUTYHPathogenic/Likely pathogeniccriteria provided, multiple submitters, no conflicts
39705NM_006218.4(PIK3CA):c.3139C>T (p.His1047Tyr)PIK3CAPathogeniccriteria provided, multiple submitters, no conflicts
417906NM_001048174.2(MUTYH):c.1145_1146dup (p.Pro383fs)MUTYHLikely pathogenicno assertion criteria provided
135709NM_000038.6(APC):c.5801C>T (p.Pro1934Leu)APCConflicting classifications of pathogenicitycriteria provided, conflicting classifications
141436NM_000038.6(APC):c.8389A>G (p.Ser2797Gly)APCConflicting classifications of pathogenicitycriteria provided, conflicting classifications
141618NM_000038.6(APC):c.6639G>A (p.Met2213Ile)APCConflicting classifications of pathogenicitycriteria provided, conflicting classifications
141690NM_000038.6(APC):c.8276G>A (p.Arg2759His)APCConflicting classifications of pathogenicitycriteria provided, conflicting classifications
184169NM_000038.6(APC):c.5105G>A (p.Gly1702Glu)APCConflicting classifications of pathogenicitycriteria provided, conflicting classifications
216151NM_000038.6(APC):c.1606G>A (p.Glu536Lys)APCConflicting classifications of pathogenicitycriteria provided, conflicting classifications
216188NM_000038.6(APC):c.8462A>G (p.Asp2821Gly)APCConflicting classifications of pathogenicitycriteria provided, conflicting classifications
218010NM_000038.6(APC):c.95A>G (p.Asn32Ser)APCConflicting classifications of pathogenicitycriteria provided, conflicting classifications

Genes & proteins

Mendelian disease overlap and somatic drivers

GenCC: 0 · Orphanet: 60 · OMIM-shared: 0 · Dual-evidence (GWAS+Mendelian): 0

Somatic driver evidence (intOGen + CIViC, cohort fanout)

GeneintOGen roleCancer typesCIViC
TP53LoFACC,ALL,AML,ANGS,ANSC,BCC,BL,BLADDER,BLCA,BRCA,CCRCC,CEAD,CESC,CHOL,CHRCC,CLLSLL,COAD,COADREAD,CSCC,DLBCLNOS,EGC,ES,ESCA,ESCC,GB,GBC,GBM,GIST,HCC,HGGNOS,HNSC,LGGNOS,LIPO,LMS,LNM,LUAD,LUSC,MBL,MEL,MLYM,MT,NBL,NETNOS,NHL,NPC,NSCLC,OS,OVT,PAAD,PANCREAS,PAST,PCM,PLMESO,PRAD,PRCC,PROSTATE,RCC,READ,SACA,SARCNOS,SCLC,SIC,SKCM,SKIN,SOFT_TISSUE,STAD,STOMACH,THYM,UCEC,UCS,UTUC,VULVA,WDTC,WTCIViC #45
CDH1LoFBLCA,BRCA,CSCC,DLBCLNOS,ESCA,STADCIViC #888
FGFR2ActBRCA,CHOL,LUSC,SACA,UCECCIViC #22
APCLoFAML,ANSC,CHOL,COAD,COADREAD,CSCC,EGC,ESCA,ESCC,HCC,LUAD,MEL,MT,NETNOS,NSCLC,PRAD,PROSTATE,READ,STAD,STOMACH,UM,VULVACIViC #66
PIK3CAActACYC,ANGS,ANSC,BCC,BLADDER,BLCA,BRCA,CCRCC,CEAD,CESC,CHOL,COAD,COADREAD,EPM,ESCA,ESCC,GB,GBM,HCC,HGGNOS,HNSC,LGGNOS,LIPO,LMS,LUAD,LUSC,MBL,MGCT,NPC,NSCLC,OVT,PAAD,PAST,PLMESO,PRAD,PRCC,PROSTATE,RCC,SACA,SKCM,SOFT_TISSUE,STAD,UCEC,UCS,UTUC,VULVA,WDTCCIViC #37

Orphanet rare-disease linkage (cohort genes)

GeneOrphanet IDRare disease
TP53Orphanet:1333Familial pancreatic carcinoma
TP53Orphanet:145Hereditary breast and/or ovarian cancer syndrome
TP53Orphanet:1501Adrenocortical carcinoma
TP53Orphanet:210159Adult hepatocellular carcinoma
TP53Orphanet:251576Gliosarcoma
TP53Orphanet:251579Giant cell glioblastoma
TP53Orphanet:251899Choroid plexus carcinoma
TP53Orphanet:2807Papilloma of choroid plexus
TP53Orphanet:293199Pleomorphic rhabdomyosarcoma
TP53Orphanet:3318Essential thrombocythemia
TP53Orphanet:524Li-Fraumeni syndrome
TP53Orphanet:52688Myelodysplastic syndrome
TP53Orphanet:585909B-lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma with t(9;22)(q34.1;q11.2)
TP53Orphanet:667662Breast implant-associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma
TP53Orphanet:668Osteosarcoma
TP53Orphanet:67038B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia
TP53Orphanet:70573Small cell lung cancer
TP53Orphanet:96253Cushing disease
TP53Orphanet:99756Alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma
TP53Orphanet:99757Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma
CASP10Orphanet:3261Autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome
CDH1Orphanet:1331Familial prostate cancer
CDH1Orphanet:199306Cleft lip/palate
CDH1Orphanet:1997Blepharo-cheilo-odontic syndrome
CDH1Orphanet:227535Hereditary breast cancer
CDH1Orphanet:26106Hereditary diffuse gastric cancer
FGFR2Orphanet:1540Jackson-Weiss syndrome
FGFR2Orphanet:1555Cutis gyrata-acanthosis nigricans-craniosynostosis syndrome
FGFR2Orphanet:168624Familial scaphocephaly syndrome, McGillivray type
FGFR2Orphanet:207Crouzon syndrome
FGFR2Orphanet:2363Lacrimoauriculodentodigital syndrome
FGFR2Orphanet:313855FGFR2-related bent bone dysplasia
FGFR2Orphanet:596008Antley-Bixler syndrome without genital anomaly or disorder of steroidogenesis
FGFR2Orphanet:794Saethre-Chotzen syndrome
FGFR2Orphanet:87Apert syndrome
FGFR2Orphanet:93258Pfeiffer syndrome type 1
FGFR2Orphanet:93259Pfeiffer syndrome type 2
FGFR2Orphanet:93260Pfeiffer syndrome type 3
APCOrphanet:220460Attenuated familial adenomatous polyposis
APCOrphanet:2615845q22 microdeletion syndrome
APCOrphanet:314022Gastric adenocarcinoma and proximal polyposis of the stomach
APCOrphanet:3258Cenani-Lenz syndrome
APCOrphanet:873Desmoid tumor
MUTYHOrphanet:247798MUTYH-related polyposis
MUTYHOrphanet:440437Familial colorectal cancer Type X
PIK3CAOrphanet:140944CLOVES syndrome
PIK3CAOrphanet:144Lynch syndrome
PIK3CAOrphanet:168984CLAPO syndrome
PIK3CAOrphanet:201Cowden syndrome
PIK3CAOrphanet:210159Adult hepatocellular carcinoma

Cohort genes → proteins

7 cohort genes, 7 distinct canonical proteins.

Evidence partition

SubsetGenes
multi_evidence7

Cohort genes (full)

SymbolHGNCEnsemblUniProtNameEvidence
TP53HGNC:11998ENSG00000141510P04637Cellular tumor antigen p53clinvar
CASP10HGNC:1500ENSG00000003400Q92851Caspase-10clinvar
CDH1HGNC:1748ENSG00000039068P12830Cadherin-1clinvar
FGFR2HGNC:3689ENSG00000066468P21802Fibroblast growth factor receptor 2clinvar
APCHGNC:583ENSG00000134982P25054Adenomatous polyposis coli proteinclinvar
MUTYHHGNC:7527ENSG00000132781Q9UIF7Adenine DNA glycosylaseclinvar
PIK3CAHGNC:8975ENSG00000121879P42336Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha isoformclinvar

Cohort function summary

Lead sentence per gene, UniProt-curated.

SymbolProtein nameFunction (lead sentence)
TP53Cellular tumor antigen p53Multifunctional transcription factor that induces cell cycle arrest, DNA repair or apoptosis upon binding to its target DNA sequence.
CASP10Caspase-10Involved in the activation cascade of caspases responsible for apoptosis execution.
CDH1Cadherin-1Cadherins are calcium-dependent cell adhesion proteins.
FGFR2Fibroblast growth factor receptor 2Tyrosine-protein kinase that acts as a cell-surface receptor for fibroblast growth factors and plays an essential role in the regulation of cell proliferation, differentiation, migration and apoptosis, and in the regulation of embryonic de…
APCAdenomatous polyposis coli proteinTumor suppressor.
MUTYHAdenine DNA glycosylaseInvolved in oxidative DNA damage repair.
PIK3CAPhosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha isoformPhosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K) phosphorylates phosphatidylinositol (PI) and its phosphorylated derivatives at position 3 of the inositol ring to produce 3-phosphoinositides.

Protein-family classification

Druggable: 3 · Difficult: 1 · Unknown: 3 · Druggable fraction: 0.43

Family distribution

Cohort families vs a genome-wide background (hypergeometric, BH-FDR; fold = observed/expected). Counts kept; sorted by enrichment, so the catch-all Other/Unknown bucket no longer leads.

FamilyGenesFoldFDR
Kinase27.9×0.097
Enzyme (other)11.7×0.793
Transcription factor11.2×0.793
Other/Unknown30.8×0.858

Per-gene assignment

SymbolFamilyDruggable?ECInterPro (top 3)
TP53Transcription factornop53_tumour_suppressor, p53-like_TF_DNA-bd_sf, p53_tetrameristn
CASP10Enzyme (other)yes3.4.22.63Pept_C14_p20, DED_dom, Pept_C14_p10
CDH1Other/UnknownnoCadherin_Y-type_LIR, Cadherin-like_dom, Cadherin_pro_dom
FGFR2Kinaseyes2.7.10.1Prot_kinase_dom, Ser-Thr/Tyr_kinase_cat_dom, Ig_sub2
APCOther/UnknownnoArmadillo, APC_rpt, SAMP
MUTYHOther/UnknownnoNUDIX_hydrolase_dom, HhH_motif, HhH-GPD_domain
PIK3CAKinaseyes2.7.1.137PI3K_Ras-bd_dom, PI3/4_kinase_cat_dom, PI3K_accessory_dom

Expression context

Cohort genes with no expression data: 0.

7 cohort genes are a single-cell marker in ≥1 SCXA experiment.

Breadth distribution (Bgee present_calls)

BucketGenes
narrow (1-5 tissues)0
moderate (6-20)0
broad (>20)7
unknown0

Top tissues across cohort

TissueCohort genes
ganglionic eminence1
tendon of biceps brachii1
ventricular zone1
colonic epithelium1
granulocyte1
monocyte1
esophagus squamous epithelium1
gingival epithelium1
jejunal mucosa1
C1 segment of cervical spinal cord1
corpus callosum1
spinal cord1
medial globus pallidus1
substantia nigra pars compacta1
substantia nigra pars reticulata1
cerebellar cortex1
cerebellar hemisphere1
right hemisphere of cerebellum1
adrenal tissue1
calcaneal tendon1

Per-gene tissue summary (top 30)

SymbolBgee breadthFANTOM5 breadthSCXATop tissues
TP53223ubiquitousmarkerventricular zone, ganglionic eminence, tendon of biceps brachii
CASP10206ubiquitousmarkercolonic epithelium, granulocyte, monocyte
CDH1245broadmarkerjejunal mucosa, esophagus squamous epithelium, gingival epithelium
FGFR2272broadmarkerC1 segment of cervical spinal cord, spinal cord, corpus callosum
APC297ubiquitousmarkersubstantia nigra pars compacta, substantia nigra pars reticulata, medial globus pallidus
MUTYH134ubiquitousmarkercerebellar hemisphere, cerebellar cortex, right hemisphere of cerebellum
PIK3CA284ubiquitousmarkercalcaneal tendon, adrenal tissue, tendon

Protein interactions among cohort

Intra-cohort edges: 1.

Hub genes (top 10 by interactor count)

SymbolInteractor count
TP5322,736
CDH18,738
PIK3CA5,157
APC2,903
MUTYH1,815
CASP101,242
FGFR2449

Intra-cohort edges

ABSources
CASP10TP53string_interaction

Structural data

PDB: 6 · AlphaFold-only: 1 · No structure: 0

Cohort genes with PDB structures (top 30)

SymbolUniProtPDB entries
TP53P04637313
PIK3CAP42336135
FGFR2P2180263
APCP2505431
CDH1P1283022
MUTYHQ9UIF73

AlphaFold-only cohort genes (top 30 by pLDDT)

SymbolUniProtpLDDT
CASP10Q9285169.54

Function

Pathway analysis

Distinct Reactome pathways touched by cohort: 200. Enrichment computed across 7 evidence-associated genes (7 with Reactome annotation).

Pathways by enrichment

Over-representation of cohort genes vs the genome-wide background (hypergeometric test, Benjamini-Hochberg FDR; fold = observed/expected over 7 annotated cohort genes). Counts and members are kept as ground-truth; sorted by enrichment.

PathwayCohort genesFoldFDRSample cohort genes
TP53 Regulates Transcription of Caspase Activators and Caspases2271.9×0.004TP53, CASP10
PI-3K cascade:FGFR22141.9×0.004FGFR2, PIK3CA
Apoptotic cleavage of cellular proteins2135.9×0.004CDH1, APC
Apoptotic execution phase2135.9×0.004CDH1, APC
Ovarian tumor domain proteases279.6×0.008TP53, APC
PI3K Cascade277.7×0.008FGFR2, PIK3CA
Signaling by FGFR2 in disease275.9×0.008FGFR2, PIK3CA
Signaling by FGFR2 amplification mutants11631.4×0.009FGFR2
APC truncation mutants are not K63 polyubiquitinated11631.4×0.009APC
Signaling by FGFR2 fusions11631.4×0.009FGFR2
Defective MUTYH substrate binding11631.4×0.009MUTYH
Defective MUTYH substrate processing11631.4×0.009MUTYH
Loss of function of TP53 in cancer due to loss of tetramerization ability11631.4×0.009TP53
Apoptosis248.0×0.010CDH1, APC
Signaling by ALK fusions and activated point mutants242.9×0.012TP53, PIK3CA
Programmed Cell Death241.8×0.012CDH1, APC
Regulation of TP53 Expression1815.7×0.014TP53
Constitutive Signaling by Aberrant PI3K in Cancer236.2×0.014FGFR2, PIK3CA
PI5P, PP2A and IER3 Regulate PI3K/AKT Signaling227.6×0.023FGFR2, PIK3CA
Transcriptional activation of cell cycle inhibitor p211407.9×0.024TP53
FasL/ CD95L signaling1326.3×0.025CASP10
Activation of NOXA and translocation to mitochondria1271.9×0.025TP53
MET activates PI3K/AKT signaling1271.9×0.025PIK3CA
Activated NTRK3 signals through PI3K1271.9×0.025PIK3CA
RUNX3 regulates CDKN1A transcription1233.1×0.025TP53
Activated NTRK2 signals through PI3K1233.1×0.025PIK3CA
Signaling by LTK in cancer1233.1×0.025PIK3CA
TRAIL signaling1203.9×0.025CASP10
Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) during gastrulation1203.9×0.025CDH1
PI3K/AKT activation1181.3×0.025PIK3CA

GO biological processes by enrichment

Over-representation of cohort genes vs the genome-wide background (hypergeometric test, Benjamini-Hochberg FDR; fold = observed/expected over 7 annotated cohort genes). Counts and members are kept as ground-truth; sorted by enrichment.

GO termCohort genesFoldFDRSample cohort genes
response to muscle inactivity12407.4×0.009PIK3CA
fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway involved in negative regulation of apoptotic process in bone marrow cell12407.4×0.009FGFR2
fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway involved in hemopoiesis12407.4×0.009FGFR2
fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway involved in positive regulation of cell proliferation in bone marrow12407.4×0.009FGFR2
negative regulation of helicase activity12407.4×0.009TP53
lateral sprouting from an epithelium12407.4×0.009FGFR2
cellular response to actinomycin D12407.4×0.009TP53
regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway by p53 class mediator12407.4×0.009TP53
negative regulation of G1 to G0 transition12407.4×0.009TP53
response to butyrate12407.4×0.009PIK3CA
positive regulation of execution phase of apoptosis2240.7×0.009TP53, CASP10
embryonic organ development2137.6×0.009TP53, FGFR2
positive regulation of neuron apoptotic process277.7×0.009TP53, CASP10
insulin receptor signaling pathway263.4×0.009APC, PIK3CA
cell migration326.4×0.009CDH1, APC, PIK3CA
orbitofrontal cortex development11203.7×0.010FGFR2
positive regulation of mitochondrial membrane permeability11203.7×0.010TP53
prostate gland morphogenesis11203.7×0.010FGFR2
squamous basal epithelial stem cell differentiation involved in prostate gland acinus development11203.7×0.010FGFR2
mammary gland bud formation11203.7×0.010FGFR2
branch elongation involved in salivary gland morphogenesis11203.7×0.010FGFR2
mesenchymal cell differentiation involved in lung development11203.7×0.010FGFR2
oligodendrocyte apoptotic process11203.7×0.010TP53
negative regulation of glucose catabolic process to lactate via pyruvate11203.7×0.010TP53
negative regulation of pentose-phosphate shunt11203.7×0.010TP53
obsolete homolactic fermentation1802.5×0.011TP53
regulation of osteoblast proliferation1802.5×0.011FGFR2
fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway involved in orbitofrontal cortex development1802.5×0.011FGFR2
response to L-leucine1802.5×0.011PIK3CA
prostate epithelial cord elongation1802.5×0.011FGFR2

Therapeutics

Drugs indicated for this disease

5 approved, 52 in late-stage (phase 3) trials. Disease-direct ChEMBL indications, not inferred from the associated-gene cohort below.

DrugDevelopment status
CapecitabineApproved (phase 4)
Docetaxel AnhydrousApproved (phase 4)
RamucirumabApproved (phase 4)
TislelizumabApproved (phase 4)
TrastuzumabApproved (phase 4)
Albumin HumanPhase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Ascorbic AcidPhase 3 (in late-stage trials)
AspirinPhase 3 (in late-stage trials)
AvelumabPhase 3 (in late-stage trials)
BevacizumabPhase 3 (in late-stage trials)
CamrelizumabPhase 3 (in late-stage trials)
CatumaxomabPhase 3 (in late-stage trials)
CetuximabPhase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Charcoal, ActivatedPhase 3 (in late-stage trials)
ChlorambucilPhase 3 (in late-stage trials)
CisplatinPhase 3 (in late-stage trials)
ClarithromycinPhase 3 (in late-stage trials)
DexmedetomidinePhase 3 (in late-stage trials)
DoxifluridinePhase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Endostatin, N-Terminal-MggshhhhhPhase 3 (in late-stage trials)
EpinephrinePhase 3 (in late-stage trials)
EpirubicinPhase 3 (in late-stage trials)
EtoposidePhase 3 (in late-stage trials)
EverolimusPhase 3 (in late-stage trials)
FentanylPhase 3 (in late-stage trials)
FluorouracilPhase 3 (in late-stage trials)
FruquintinibPhase 3 (in late-stage trials)
G17DT IMMUNOGENPhase 3 (in late-stage trials)
GimeracilPhase 3 (in late-stage trials)
IpilimumabPhase 3 (in late-stage trials)
IrinotecanPhase 3 (in late-stage trials)
MentholPhase 3 (in late-stage trials)
MitomycinPhase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Monosialotetrahexosylganglioside SodiumPhase 3 (in late-stage trials)
NefopamPhase 3 (in late-stage trials)
NivolumabPhase 3 (in late-stage trials)
OlaparibPhase 3 (in late-stage trials)
OmeprazolePhase 3 (in late-stage trials)
OnartuzumabPhase 3 (in late-stage trials)
OteracilPhase 3 (in late-stage trials)
OxaliplatinPhase 3 (in late-stage trials)
PaclitaxelPhase 3 (in late-stage trials)
PembrolizumabPhase 3 (in late-stage trials)
PemetrexedPhase 3 (in late-stage trials)
PertuzumabPhase 3 (in late-stage trials)
PucotenlimabPhase 3 (in late-stage trials)
RamosetronPhase 3 (in late-stage trials)
RilotumumabPhase 3 (in late-stage trials)
RivoceranibPhase 3 (in late-stage trials)
RofecoxibPhase 3 (in late-stage trials)
RopivacainePhase 3 (in late-stage trials)
SerplulimabPhase 3 (in late-stage trials)
SimvastatinPhase 3 (in late-stage trials)
SintilimabPhase 3 (in late-stage trials)
TegafurPhase 3 (in late-stage trials)
TinidazolePhase 3 (in late-stage trials)
UracilPhase 3 (in late-stage trials)

Earlier-phase candidates (phase 2, investigational — efficacy not yet established): Adebrelimab, Amivantamab, Atezolizumab, Bemarituzumab, Bortezomib, Cabazitaxel, Cadonilimab, Capivasertib, Carboplatin, Catequentinib, Cirmtuzumab, Crizotinib, Dexamethasone, Diphenhydramine, Disitamab Vedotin, Dovitinib, Doxorubicin, Durvalumab, Edotecarin, Eflornithine, Erythromycin, Famotidine, Filgrastim, Floxuridine, Ganetespib, Gefitinib, Hydroxyurea, Imatinib, Incomplete Freund’S Adjuvant, Interferon Alfa, Ipatasertib, Irofulven, Ixabepilone, KN-026, Lapatinib, Lenvatinib, Levoleucovorin, Linrodostat, Nimotuzumab, Onabotulinumtoxina, Palonosetron, Pamiparib, Panobinostat, Pazopanib, Pegfilgrastim, Pemigatinib, Penpulimab, Propranolol, Pyrotinib, Raltitrexed, Regorafenib, Relatlimab, Rilvegostomig, Rituximab, Romidepsin, Rucaparib, Sargramostim, Savolitinib, Sorafenib, Spartalizumab, Sunitinib, Taurine, Tipiracil, Tivantinib, Toripalimab, Trastuzumab Deruxtecan, Trastuzumab Emtansine, Tremelimumab, Tucatinib, Uridine Triacetate, Vandetanib, Vinflunine, Vismodegib, Volrustomig, Zanidatamab.

Drug target analysis

Approved (phase 4): 3 · Phase ≥3: 3 · Phased (≥1): 3 · Undrugged: 4

Druggability breadth: 7 of 7 evidence-associated genes (100%) have a ChEMBL target (buckets above are over the deeply-mined display cohort).

Genes with an approved drug

The molecule shown is one approved compound that hits the gene — not necessarily a drug of choice or one indicated for this disease.

SymbolExample approved molecule
TP53NITROFURANTOIN
FGFR2PONATINIB
PIK3CAIDELALISIB

Top cohort targets by molecule count

SymbolMoleculesMax phase
TP531964
PIK3CA674
FGFR2594
CASP1000
CDH100
APC00
MUTYH00

Drugs targeting cohort genes (top 30)

MoleculeMax phaseTargets in cohort
NITROFURANTOIN4TP53
DIOSMIN4TP53
VERTEPORFIN4TP53
CANDESARTAN CILEXETIL4TP53
DIENESTROL4TP53
CLOTRIMAZOLE4TP53
COLCHICINE4TP53
NABUMETONE4TP53
SALMETEROL XINAFOATE4TP53
AMIODARONE HYDROCHLORIDE4TP53
FURAZOLIDONE4TP53
AMOXAPINE4TP53
RALOXIFENE HYDROCHLORIDE4TP53
NICARDIPINE HYDROCHLORIDE4TP53
SULCONAZOLE NITRATE4TP53
PYRITHIONE ZINC4TP53
LACTIC ACID4TP53
OXYMETHOLONE4TP53
CHLOROXINE4TP53
PROPIOLACTONE4TP53
CLOMIPRAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE4TP53
PHENYL AMINOSALICYLATE4TP53
THIORIDAZINE HYDROCHLORIDE4TP53
AMITRIPTYLINE HYDROCHLORIDE4TP53
ETHOPROPAZINE HYDROCHLORIDE4TP53
MECHLORETHAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE4TP53
ECONAZOLE NITRATE4TP53
TRIFLUPROMAZINE HYDROCHLORIDE4TP53
PROCHLORPERAZINE EDISYLATE4TP53
DEQUALINIUM CHLORIDE4TP53

Bioactivity and enzyme data

Enzyme cohort genes (≥1 EC): 3.

Cohort genes with ChEMBL bioactivity (full, sorted by assay count)

SymbolAssaysType breakdown
PIK3CA2,034Binding:2009, ADMET:19, Toxicity:4, Functional:2
FGFR2966Binding:940, Functional:22, ADMET:4
TP53869Binding:775, ADMET:83, Functional:10, Toxicity:1
APC24Binding:24
CASP1022Binding:21, Functional:1
CDH118Binding:18
MUTYH1Functional:1

Cohort enzymes (BRENDA EC)

SymbolEC numbersNames
CASP103.4.22.63caspase-10
FGFR22.7.10.1receptor protein-tyrosine kinase
PIK3CA2.7.1.137, 2.7.1.153, 2.7.11.1phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase, non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase

Cohort genes with high screening signal

≥100 ChEMBL assays — a studied-ness signal; see Therapeutics for approved-drug status.

SymbolChEMBL assays
TP53869
FGFR2966
PIK3CA2,034

Pharmacogenomics

Cohort genes with a PharmGKB record: 7; with CPIC/DPWG dosing guidelines: 0.

No cohort gene has a CPIC/DPWG genotype-guided dosing guideline (PharmGKB).

Drug repurposing candidates

30 approved/phased drugs hit cohort targets but don’t yet appear in disease-level clinical trials. Target-inhibition rationale is strongest for cancer driver genes; a bioactivity hit is a screening signal, not a treatment claim.

CompoundMax phaseCohort target (bioactivity)
NITROFURANTOIN4TP53
DIOSMIN4TP53
VERTEPORFIN4TP53
CANDESARTAN CILEXETIL4TP53
DIENESTROL4TP53
CLOTRIMAZOLE4TP53
COLCHICINE4TP53
NABUMETONE4TP53
SALMETEROL XINAFOATE4TP53
AMIODARONE HYDROCHLORIDE4TP53
FURAZOLIDONE4TP53
AMOXAPINE4TP53
RALOXIFENE HYDROCHLORIDE4TP53
NICARDIPINE HYDROCHLORIDE4TP53
SULCONAZOLE NITRATE4TP53
PYRITHIONE ZINC4TP53
LACTIC ACID4TP53
OXYMETHOLONE4TP53
CHLOROXINE4TP53
PROPIOLACTONE4TP53
CLOMIPRAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE4TP53
PHENYL AMINOSALICYLATE4TP53
THIORIDAZINE HYDROCHLORIDE4TP53
AMITRIPTYLINE HYDROCHLORIDE4TP53
ETHOPROPAZINE HYDROCHLORIDE4TP53
MECHLORETHAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE4TP53
ECONAZOLE NITRATE4TP53
TRIFLUPROMAZINE HYDROCHLORIDE4TP53
PROCHLORPERAZINE EDISYLATE4TP53
DEQUALINIUM CHLORIDE4TP53

Druggability pyramid

Cohort genes binned by druggability tier (high → low):

TierDefinitionGenesSymbols
AApproved (phase 4 drug)3TP53, FGFR2, PIK3CA
BPhased (≥1) drug, not yet approved0
CDruggable family + PDB, no drug0
DDruggable family + AlphaFold only, no drug1CASP10
EDifficult family or no structure, no drug3CDH1, APC, MUTYH

Undrugged target profiles

4 cohort genes are undrugged. Ranked by ‘starting-point quality’ (assay depth + drugged-partner adjacency).

SymbolChEMBL assaysDrugged partners (top 3)
CASP1022
CDH118
APC24
MUTYH1

Clinical trials & evidence

Clinical trials

Clinical trials: 365.

Phase distribution (across all retrieved trials)

PhaseTrials
Not specified173
PHASE2100
PHASE332
PHASE132
PHASE1/PHASE213
PHASE49
PHASE2/PHASE36

Top trials by phase / activity

NCTPhaseStatusTitle
NCT07312370PHASE4NOT_YET_RECRUITINGEsomeprazole Plus Sucralfate for Post-ESD Ulcer Healing
NCT01579071PHASE4COMPLETEDEfficacy and Safety of CO2 vs Room Air Insufflation During ESD for Gastric Tumor
NCT01653171PHASE4COMPLETEDPremedication With Simethicone or Simethicone Plus N-acetylcysteine in Improving Visibility During Upper Endoscopy
NCT01819961PHASE4UNKNOWNParenteral Fish Oil in Major Laparoscopic Abdominal Surgery
NCT02235246PHASE4COMPLETEDThe Effect of Perioperative Intravenous Magnesium on Pain After Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection for Gastric Neoplasm: Prospective Randomized Double-blind Placebo Controlled Study
NCT04269369PHASE4UNKNOWNImplementation of Pre-emptive Geno- and Phenotyping in 5-Fluorouracil- or Capecitabine-treated Patients
NCT05068180PHASE4UNKNOWNLow-dose Neuroleptanalgesia for Postoperative Delirium in Elderly Patients
NCT05645198PHASE4UNKNOWNThe Effect of Carboxymetyl Starch (Oozfix) on Preventing Postoperative Complication After Gastrectomy
NCT05688020PHASE4UNKNOWNTranexamic Acid During Upper GI Endoscopic Resection Procedures
NCT03348150PHASE3ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITINGGastrectomy + Cytoreductive Surgery + HIPEC for Gastric Cancer With Peritoneal Dissemination.
NCT05152147PHASE3ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITINGA Study of Zanidatamab in Combination With Chemotherapy Plus or Minus Tislelizumab in Patients With HER2-positive Advanced or Metastatic Gastric and Esophageal Cancers
NCT06028737PHASE2/PHASE3RECRUITINGTotal Neoadjuvant FLOT Chemotherapy in Locally Advanced Gastric and Gastroesophageal Junction Cancer
NCT06504732PHASE2/PHASE3RECRUITINGTo Evaluate IAH0968 in Combination With CAPEOX in HER2-positive Gastric Cancer
NCT06977061PHASE2/PHASE3NOT_YET_RECRUITINGEfficacy and Safety of Fruquintinib Combined With Sintilimab and Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy (SBRT) for the Second-line and Higher-line Treatment of Gastric or Gastroesophageal Junction Adenocarcinoma With Oligometastatic Progression
NCT07018661PHASE2/PHASE3RECRUITING[18F]F-FAPI PET/CT and Laparoscopy in Staging Advanced Gastric Cancer
NCT00036400PHASE3COMPLETEDStudy of the Efficacy and Safety of Epoetin Alfa Administered Weekly in Patients With Gastric or Rectal Cancers Undergoing a Treatment Plan of Preoperative Chemotherapy and Radiation Therapy, Followed by Surgery
NCT00112099PHASE3COMPLETEDGCSSG-SPNX: Trial to Evaluate Splenectomy in Total Gastrectomy for Proximal Gastric Carcinoma: JCOG0110
NCT00144378PHASE3COMPLETEDIrinotecan Versus Only Best Supportive Care for Gastric Cancer
NCT00147147PHASE3COMPLETEDRandomized Trial of Adjuvant Chemotherapy With Cisplatin Followed by UFT in Serosa-positive Gastric Cancer (JCOG9206-2)
NCT00149266PHASE3TERMINATEDRandomized Controlled Trial to Evaluate Surgical Approaches to Gastric Cancer Invading the Esophagus (JCOG9502)
NCT00149279PHASE3COMPLETEDA Trial to Evaluate Para-aortic Lymphadenectomy for Gastric Cancer
NCT00252161PHASE3COMPLETEDA Trial of Neoadjuvant TS-1 and Cisplatin for Type 4 and Large Type 3 Gastric Cancer
NCT00290966PHASE2/PHASE3COMPLETEDRandomized Multicenter Study Comparing Docetaxel Plus Cisplatin and 5-FU to Cisplatin Plus 5-FU in Advanced Gastric Cancer
NCT00411229PHASE3COMPLETEDCapecitabine and Oxaliplatin Adjuvant Study in Stomach Cancer
NCT00811447PHASE3COMPLETEDTaxotere New Indication - Gastric Cancer Treatment Registration Trial
NCT01510730PHASE3COMPLETEDHelicobacter Pylori Eradication After Endoscopic Resection of Gastric Tumors
NCT01609309PHASE3UNKNOWNMulticenter Study on Laparoscopic Distal Subtotal Gastrectomy for Advanced Gastric Cancer (CLASS-01)
NCT01697943PHASE3UNKNOWNImpact of Roux-En-Y Pouch Reconstruction Compared With Conventional Roux-En-Y Reconstruction on Quality of Life in Patients Undergoing Total Gastrectomy
NCT01911832PHASE3UNKNOWNImpact of Gastric Tube Reconstruction Widths on Quality of Life for Esophagogastric Cancers
NCT02005809PHASE3UNKNOWNClinical Impact of Second-look Endoscopy After Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection of Gastric Neoplasm
NCT02289547PHASE3UNKNOWNPhase 3 Study of Xelox Followed by Maintenance Capecitabine in the Advanced Gastric Cancer
NCT02338518PHASE3UNKNOWNComparison of SEEOX and SOX Regimens in Stage ⅢB/ⅢC Gastric Cancer Patients
NCT02845479PHASE3COMPLETEDThe Thoracic Peri-Operative Integrative Surgical Care Evaluation (POISE) Trial- Stage I
NCT02934464PHASE3UNKNOWNAssessment of Ramucirumab Plus Paclitaxel as Switch MANteInance Versus Continuation of First-line Chemotherapy in Patients With Advanced HER-2 Negative Gastric or Gastroesophageal Junction Cancers
NCT03013010PHASE3COMPLETEDPREACT Study: Locally Advanced Gastric Cancer, Chemoradiotherapy vs. Chemotherapy Followed by D2 Surgery and Adjuvant Chemotherapy
NCT03019588PHASE3TERMINATEDEfficacy and Safety Study of Pembrolizumab (MK-3475) Versus Paclitaxel in Asian Participants With Advanced Gastric or Gastroesophageal Junction Adenocarcinoma Who Progressed After First-line Therapy With Platinum and Fluoropyrimidine (MK-3475-063/KEYNOTE-063)
NCT03023436PHASE3UNKNOWNCytoreductive Surgery Combined With HIPEC and Chemotherapy for Gastric Cancer With Peritoneal Metastasis
NCT03061058PHASE3UNKNOWNIndividualized Intraperitoneal and System Chemotherapy Versus System Chemotherapy as First-line Chemotherapy for AGC
NCT03475615PHASE3UNKNOWNA Study of Intraperitoneal Paclitaxel in Combination With SOX Compared With SOX Alone in Gastric Cancer With Malignant Ascites
NCT03615326PHASE3COMPLETEDPembrolizumab/Placebo Plus Trastuzumab Plus Chemotherapy in Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2 Positive (HER2+) Advanced Gastric or Gastroesophageal Junction (GEJ) Adenocarcinoma (MK-3475-811/KEYNOTE-811)

Drugs tested across these trials (top 30)

MoleculeMax phaseTrials referencing
IRINOTECAN48
PEMBROLIZUMAB43
FRUQUINTINIB42
OCTREOTIDE42
PEMETREXED42
RAMUCIRUMAB42
TRASTUZUMAB DERUXTECAN42
ACETYLCYSTEINE41
AMIVANTAMAB41
CAPECITABINE41
CATUMAXOMAB41
DOCETAXEL41
DOSTARLIMAB41
EPINEPHRINE41
EPIRUBICIN HYDROCHLORIDE41
EPOETIN ALFA41
FISH OIL TRIGLYCERIDES41
FLUMAZENIL41
FLUOROURACIL41
IXABEPILONE41
MAGNESIUM SULFATE41
MITOMYCIN41
NEFOPAM41
OXALIPLATIN41
PYRVINIUM41
REGORAFENIB41
SIMETHICONE41
SUCRALFATE41
SUNITINIB41
TISLELIZUMAB41