Gingivitis

Summary

Gingivitis (MONDO:0002508) is a disease with 1 GWAS associations across 7 studies and 400 clinical trials. Top therapeutic interventions include chlorhexidine, water, and triclosan. A subtype of gingival disorder — broader associated-gene and molecular evidence is on the parent page (see Disease family below).

At a glance

• GWAS associations: 1
• Clinical trials: 400

Clinical features

No curated clinical features (Orphanet) for this disease.

Identifiers

Disease identifiers

Field	Value
Canonical name	gingivitis
Mondo ID	MONDO:0002508
MeSH	D005891
DOID	DOID:3087
NCIT	C34636
SNOMED CT	66383009
UMLS	C0017574
MedGen	4895
Is cancer (heuristic)	no

Also known as: acute gingivitis · chronic gingivitis · gingiva inflammation · gingivitis · inflammation of gingiva

Data availability: 1 GWAS association (7 studies).

Disease family

This is a subtype of gingival disorder. Genetic, therapeutic, and trial evidence is largely curated at the broader-term level — see the parent page for the associated-gene cohort and molecular evidence.

Classification path: disease › human disease › disease by body system or component › musculoskeletal system disorder › skeletal system disorder › periodontal disorder › gingival disorder › gingivitis

Related subtypes (5): gingival recession, gingival overgrowth, pericoronitis, gingival neoplasm, leukoplakia of gingiva

Subtypes (2): necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis, chronic gingivitis

Genetics & variants

GWAS landscape

1 GWAS associations across 7 studies. Top hits map to 0 distinct genes (as reported by GWAS).

Top associations by p-value

rsID	p-value	Gene	Risk allele	Odds ratio
rs229965	9e-09	LNCBRM - LINC02225	?

Top studies (by case count)

Study	Lead author	Year	Cases	Controls	Title
GCST90478256	Verma A	2024	24,224	409,399	Diversity and scale: Genetic architecture of 2068 traits in the VA Million Veteran Program.
GCST90478255	Verma A	2024	9,748	103,755	Diversity and scale: Genetic architecture of 2068 traits in the VA Million Veteran Program.
GCST90480841	Verma A	2024	9,748	103,755	Diversity and scale: Genetic architecture of 2068 traits in the VA Million Veteran Program.
GCST90478253	Verma A	2024	4,723	51,652	Diversity and scale: Genetic architecture of 2068 traits in the VA Million Veteran Program.
GCST90651452	Liu TY	2025	738	208,919	Diversity and longitudinal records: Genetic architecture of disease associations and polygenic risk in the Taiwanese Han population.
GCST90478254	Verma A	2024	524	5,957	Diversity and scale: Genetic architecture of 2068 traits in the VA Million Veteran Program.
GCST90436268	Zhou W	2018	114	398,136	Efficiently controlling for case-control imbalance and sample relatedness in large-scale genetic association studies.

Variant details and genetic-evidence tiers

Tier distribution (top 50 variants)

Tier	Variants
Tier 1: coding	0
Tier 2: splice/UTR	0
Tier 3: regulatory	0
Tier 4: intronic/intergenic	1

MAF distribution

Bucket	Variants
common (>=0.05)	1
low_freq (0.01-0.05)	0
rare (<0.01)	0
unknown	0

Functional consequences

Consequence	Count
intron_variant	1

Top variants

rsID	Chr	Pos	Alleles	MAF	Consequence	Gene	p-value	Tier
rs229965	5	57718473	A>C,G,T	0.05	intron_variant	LNCBRM - LINC02225	9e-09	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic

Genes & proteins

No associated-gene cohort resolved for this disease. Atlas builds the molecular and therapeutic sections — associated genes, protein families, druggability, pathways, interactions, and drug associations — by aggregating over a disease’s associated genes (resolved via GWAS / GenCC / ClinVar / CIViC), and none resolved here. This is expected for antibody-mediated, autoimmune, or otherwise non-gene-defined conditions; the curated evidence for this disease is its clinical features, GWAS susceptibility, and clinical trials (above).

Function

No pathway enrichment — requires an associated-gene cohort.

Therapeutics

Drugs indicated for this disease

4 approved, 4 in late-stage (phase 3) trials. Disease-direct ChEMBL indications, not inferred from the associated-gene cohort below.

Drug	Development status
Hydrogen Peroxide	Approved (phase 4)
Sodium Fluoride	Approved (phase 4)
Sodium Monofluorophosphate	Approved (phase 4)
Stannous Fluoride	Approved (phase 4)
Chamomile	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Chlorhexidine	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Metronidazole	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Triclosan	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)

Earlier-phase candidates (phase 2, investigational — efficacy not yet established): Aloe, Silver Diammine Fluoride, Sodium Chloride.

Clinical trials & evidence

Clinical trials

Clinical trials: 400.

Phase distribution (across all retrieved trials)

Phase	Trials
Not specified	279
PHASE4	40
PHASE3	33
PHASE2	26
PHASE1	8
PHASE1/PHASE2	6
EARLY_PHASE1	6
PHASE2/PHASE3	2

Top trials by phase / activity

NCT	Phase	Status	Title
NCT07158112	PHASE4	ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING	Assessing Gingivitis and Plaque From a Marketed Toothpaste
NCT07414173	PHASE4	RECRUITING	6-month Clinical Investigation Assessing the Efficacy of an Antimicrobial Mouthrinse in Reducing Established Plaque and Improving Gum Health
NCT07614490	PHASE4	RECRUITING	Clinical Study to Collect and Analyze Dental Plaque and Oral Health Measures in a Population With High Plaque/Low Gingivitis and High Plaque/High Gingivitis
NCT00762528	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Compare Anti-inflammatory Dentifrices
NCT00855933	PHASE4	COMPLETED	A Controlled Clinical Study to Determine the Gingivitis Benefit of Flossing
NCT00941668	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Evaluate Inflammation Caused by Gingivitis in Adults
NCT01317446	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Effect of Mouthrinsing on Inflammation of the Gums.
NCT01578603	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Effects of Two Sugar Substituted Chewing Gums on Caries and Gingivitis Variables
NCT01593540	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Clinical Examination of Metal Free Interdental Brushes
NCT01601145	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Effect of Probiotic on the Plaque pH. A Randomized Double Blind Interventional Study
NCT01751178	PHASE4	COMPLETED	An Efficacy Study of Chlorhexidine Mouthwashes
NCT01778699	PHASE4	UNKNOWN	Anticaries Effect of Probiotic Lactobacillus Brevis CD2 (Lb CD2).
NCT02065414	PHASE4	COMPLETED	A Clinical Trial to Test the Effect of Experimental Mouth Rinse on Gum Disease
NCT02080273	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Six Month Plaque and Gingivitis Study Using Colgate Total Toothpaste
NCT02123563	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Mechanical-chemical Gingival Therapy in Diabetics and/or Obese
NCT02154594	PHASE4	COMPLETED	The Efficacy of Acacia Catechu Mouthrinse as Antiplaque and Antigingivitis Agent in Fixed Orthodontic Appliance Patients.
NCT02215473	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Bacteremia in Periodontal Patients
NCT02267239	PHASE4	UNKNOWN	Methodology Antiseptic Application, Influence on Oral Biofilm.
NCT02360995	PHASE4	COMPLETED	The Clinical Investigation of Toothpaste as Compared to Toothpaste and Mouthwash in Reducing Plaque and Gingivitis: A Six-week Clinical Study in the US
NCT02366689	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Clinical Study Comparing Dental Plaque and Gingivitis Reduction After Using One of Three Oral Hygiene Multi-component Regimens (Using of a Manual Toothbrush, a Toothpaste and a Mouthwash)
NCT02515929	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Prospective Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial in the Gingivitis Prevention With OPCs
NCT02884817	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Essential Oil+ELA, Plaque and Gingivitis
NCT02911766	PHASE4	UNKNOWN	Efficacy of Different Chlorhexidine Concentrations
NCT03099551	PHASE4	UNKNOWN	Randomized Trial to Evaluate the Efficacy of Two Different Toothbrushes on Plaque Control
NCT03179735	PHASE4	UNKNOWN	Mouthwashes During Orthodontic Treatment
NCT03219840	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Cetylpyridium Chloride (CPC) Based Chewing Gum and Gingivitis
NCT03508999	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Effectiveness of Metronidazole Gel and Mobile SMS Reminders on Gingivitis in Orthodontic Patients
NCT03936556	PHASE4	COMPLETED	A Clinical Study to Assess the Effects of a Stannous Fluoride Dentifrice on Plaque and Gingivitis
NCT03936569	PHASE4	COMPLETED	A Clinical Study to Assess the Plaque and Gingivitis Effects of a Stannous Fluoride Dentifrice
NCT04033575	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Clinical Investigation of a Toothpaste Containing Stannous Fluoride as Compared to Colgate Fluoride Toothpaste
NCT04050722	PHASE4	COMPLETED	A Clinical Study Investigating the Efficacy of a Stannous Fluoride Dentifrice in Improving Gingival Health After Twice Daily Use for 3 Weeks
NCT04290624	PHASE4	COMPLETED	A Clinical Study to Evaluate the Efficacy of a Range of Dental/Denture Products for Improved Oral Health in Partial Denture Wearers
NCT05120141	PHASE4	COMPLETED	A Twelve Week Study of Experimental Mouth Rinses
NCT05121909	PHASE4	COMPLETED	A Study of Experimental Mouthwashes
NCT05623761	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Toothpastes With Thermal Water for Oral Health
NCT05731778	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Clinical Study to Assess Therapeutic Delay and Resolution of Induced Gingivitis
NCT05802628	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Salivary Drug Concentration Exploratory Study of Cetylpyridinium Chloride Buccal Tablets
NCT07029438	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Comparative Efficacy of Floss and Essential Oil/CPC+Zn Mouthwashes in Reducing Dental Plaque and Gingivitis
NCT07211061	PHASE4	COMPLETED	A Study is to Evaluate a Regimen on Gingivitis Using Traditional and Novel Assessment Methods
NCT07270952	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Protocol Efficacy of Mouthwashes in Experimental Gingivitis

Drugs tested across these trials (top 30)

Molecule	Max phase	Trials referencing
CHLORHEXIDINE	4	31
WATER	4	11
TRICLOSAN	4	7
SODIUM MONOFLUOROPHOSPHATE	4	3
HYALURONIC ACID	4	1
HYDROGEN PEROXIDE	4	1
CETYLPYRIDINIUM	3	11
FLUORIDE ION	3	5
STANNOUS FLUORIDE	3	5
PROPOLIS WAX	3	2
XYLITOL	3	2
ACACIA	3	1
CYPROTERONE ACETATE	3	1
DOCONEXENT	3	1
LICORICE	3	1
MYRRH	3	1
NITRIC ACID	3	1
PROPYLENE GLYCOL	3	1
SESAME OIL	3	1
SILVER DIAMMINE FLUORIDE	3	1
OCTENIDINE	2	2
THYMOL	2	2
AMY-101	2	1
DELMOPINOL	2	1
EUCALYPTUS OIL	2	1
FLUORIDE	0	5
CHEMBL1208639	0	3
CHEMBL4439413	0	1
CHEMBL186200	0	1
CYPROTERONE	0	1