Gram-negative bacterial infections
diseaseOn this page
Also known as bacterial infection, gram-negativebacterial infections, gram negativebacterial infections, gram-negativebacterial infections, gramme negativegram negative bacterial infectionsgram-negative bacterial infectiongramme negative bacterial infectionsinfection, gram-negative bacterialinfections, gram negative bacterialinfections, gram-negative bacterialinfections, gramme negative bacterial
Summary
Gram-negative bacterial infections (MONDO:0021678) is a disease (an umbrella term covering 15 Mondo subtypes) with 1 GWAS associations across 5 studies and 37 clinical trials. Top therapeutic interventions include cefiderocol, colistimethate sodium, and colistin. A subtype of bacterial infectious disease — broader associated-gene and molecular evidence is on the parent page (see Disease family below).
At a glance
- Umbrella term: 15 Mondo subtypes
- GWAS associations: 1
- Clinical trials: 37
Clinical features
No curated clinical features (Orphanet) for this disease.
Identifiers
Disease identifiers
| Field | Value |
|---|---|
| Canonical name | gram-negative bacterial infections |
| Mondo ID | MONDO:0021678 |
| MeSH | D016905 |
| SNOMED CT | 371583007 |
| UMLS | C0085423 |
| MedGen | 88406 |
| Is cancer (heuristic) | no |
Also known as: bacterial infection, gram-negative · bacterial infections, gram negative · bacterial infections, gram-negative · bacterial infections, gramme negative · gram negative bacterial infections · gram-negative bacterial infection · gramme negative bacterial infections · infection, gram-negative bacterial · infections, gram negative bacterial · infections, gram-negative bacterial · infections, gramme negative bacterial
Data availability: 1 GWAS association (5 studies).
Disease family
This is a subtype of bacterial infectious disease. Genetic, therapeutic, and trial evidence is largely curated at the broader-term level — see the parent page for the associated-gene cohort and molecular evidence.
Classification path: disease › human disease › disease by etiologic mechanism › disease of primarily extrinsic mechanism › infectious disease › bacterial infectious disease › gram-negative bacterial infections
Related subtypes (51): primary bacterial infectious disease, commensal bacterial infectious disease, opportunistic bacterial infectious disease, chorioamnionitis, Clostridium difficile colitis, bacterial gastritis, bacterial arthritis, bacterial pneumonia, Whipple disease, Aeromonas hydrophila infectious disease, Pectobacterium carotovorum infection, Pseudomonas infection, septic peritonitis, bacterial infectious disease with sepsis, empyema, bacterial urinary tract infection, bacterial sexually transmitted disease, meningococcal infection, pasteurellosis, peritonsillar abscess, pneumonic pasteurellosis, tracheitis, Actinobacillus infectious disease, bacterial conjunctivitis, bacterial endocarditis, bacterial meningitis, Bifidobacteriales infectious disease, haemophilus infectious disease, Proteus infectious disease, pulpitis, rat-bite fever, Rickettsiosis, vibrio infectious disease, Yersinia infectious disease, bacterial myositis, noma, idiopathic severe pneumococcemia, necrotizing soft tissue infection, mycobacterial infectious disease, escherichia coli infection, gram-positive bacterial infections, spirochaetales infections, skin disease caused by bacterial infection, staphylococcal infection, anaerobic bacteria infectious disease, Klebsiella infectious disease, fournier gangrene, botryomycosis, bacterial hemorrhagic fever, Mycoplasmoides infection, Enterococcus infectious disease
Subtypes (15): streptobacillus infectious disease, Bacteroidaceae infectious disease, Desulfovibrionaceae infectious disease, Helicobacter pylori infectious disease, Moraxellaceae infectious disease, Anaplasmataceae infectious disease, Bartonellaceae infectious disease, Fusobacteriaceae infectious disease, Rickettsiaceae infectious disease, Treponema infectious disease, chlamydiaceae infections, bordetellosis, bacterial meningitis caused by gram-negative bacteria, pneumonia caused by gram negative bacteria, burkholderia infectious disease
Genetics & variants
GWAS landscape
1 GWAS associations across 5 studies. Top hits map to 1 distinct genes (as reported by GWAS).
Top associations by p-value
| rsID | p-value | Gene | Risk allele | Odds ratio |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| rs181411722 | 3e-16 | KAZN | A | 2.77 |
Top studies (by case count)
| Study | Lead author | Year | Cases | Controls | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| GCST90477023 | Verma A | 2024 | 2,457 | 444,598 | Diversity and scale: Genetic architecture of 2068 traits in the VA Million Veteran Program. |
| GCST90435516 | Zhou W | 2018 | 832 | 393,897 | Efficiently controlling for case-control imbalance and sample relatedness in large-scale genetic association studies. |
| GCST90477022 | Verma A | 2024 | 693 | 120,017 | Diversity and scale: Genetic architecture of 2068 traits in the VA Million Veteran Program. |
| GCST90479744 | Verma A | 2024 | 693 | 120,017 | Diversity and scale: Genetic architecture of 2068 traits in the VA Million Veteran Program. |
| GCST90481425 | Verma A | 2024 | 298 | 59,034 | Diversity and scale: Genetic architecture of 2068 traits in the VA Million Veteran Program. |
Variant details and genetic-evidence tiers
Tier distribution (top 50 variants)
| Tier | Variants |
|---|---|
| Tier 1: coding | 0 |
| Tier 2: splice/UTR | 0 |
| Tier 3: regulatory | 0 |
| Tier 4: intronic/intergenic | 1 |
MAF distribution
| Bucket | Variants |
|---|---|
| common (>=0.05) | 0 |
| low_freq (0.01-0.05) | 0 |
| rare (<0.01) | 1 |
| unknown | 0 |
Functional consequences
| Consequence | Count |
|---|---|
| intron_variant | 1 |
Top variants
| rsID | Chr | Pos | Alleles | MAF | Consequence | Gene | p-value | Tier |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| rs181411722 | 1 | 14467333 | A>T | 0 | intron_variant | KAZN | 3e-16 | Tier 4: intronic/intergenic |
Genes & proteins
No associated-gene cohort resolved for this disease. Atlas builds the molecular and therapeutic sections — associated genes, protein families, druggability, pathways, interactions, and drug associations — by aggregating over a disease’s associated genes (resolved via GWAS / GenCC / ClinVar / CIViC), and none resolved here. This is expected for antibody-mediated, autoimmune, or otherwise non-gene-defined conditions; the curated evidence for this disease is its clinical features, GWAS susceptibility, and clinical trials (above).
Function
No pathway enrichment — requires an associated-gene cohort.
Therapeutics
Drugs indicated for this disease
0 approved, 1 in late-stage (phase 3) trials. Disease-direct ChEMBL indications, not inferred from the associated-gene cohort below.
| Drug | Development status |
|---|---|
| Tigecycline | Phase 3 (in late-stage trials) |
Earlier-phase candidates (phase 2, investigational — efficacy not yet established): Avibactam, Aztreonam, Cefiderocol.
Clinical trials & evidence
Clinical trials
Clinical trials: 37.
Phase distribution (across all retrieved trials)
| Phase | Trials |
|---|---|
| Not specified | 15 |
| PHASE4 | 8 |
| PHASE2 | 8 |
| PHASE3 | 3 |
| PHASE1 | 3 |
Top trials by phase / activity
| NCT | Phase | Status | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| NCT07478484 | PHASE4 | RECRUITING | Different Administration Regimens of CAZ-AVI in Combination With ATM for the Treatment of CR-GNB |
| NCT00406198 | PHASE4 | COMPLETED | Impact of Continuous Venovenous Haemofiltration on Organ Failure During the Early Phase of Severe Sepsis |
| NCT00629382 | PHASE4 | COMPLETED | Early Use of Polymyxin B Hemoperfusion in Abdominal Sepsis |
| NCT01732250 | PHASE4 | COMPLETED | Multicenter Open-label Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) to Compare Colistin Alone Versus Colistin Plus Meropenem |
| NCT02117986 | PHASE4 | UNKNOWN | Efficacy and Mortality of a Loading Dose of Colistin in Critical Ill Patients |
| NCT02285075 | PHASE4 | COMPLETED | Temocillin Pharmacokinetic in Hemodialysis |
| NCT03397914 | PHASE4 | COMPLETED | Effect of Different Colistin Doses on Clinical Outcome of Pediatric Cancer Patients With Gram Negative Infections |
| NCT04785924 | PHASE4 | WITHDRAWN | Imipenem/Cilastatin/Relebactam (IMI/REL) in Treatment of CRE Infections |
| NCT00079989 | PHASE3 | COMPLETED | Study Evaluating Tigecycline in Selected Serious Infections Due to Resistant Gram-Negative Organisms |
| NCT00490477 | PHASE3 | COMPLETED | The Effects of Polymyxin-B Protects on Sepsis Induced Kidney Dysfunction: a Randomized Clinical Trial |
| NCT04861922 | PHASE3 | UNKNOWN | Unfractioned Heparin for Treatment of Sepsis Caused by Abdominal Infection |
| NCT05639647 | PHASE2 | RECRUITING | Study of 2 Medicines (Aztreonam and Avibactam) Compared to Best Available Therapy for Serious Gram-negative Infections |
| NCT06135350 | PHASE2 | RECRUITING | Clinical Trial to Study the Efficacy and Safety of Fluorothiazinone (N.F. Gamaleya NRCEM) in Prophylaxis of Nosocomial Bacterial Infections With Participation of Patients on MV |
| NCT06462235 | PHASE2 | RECRUITING | A Study to Learn About the Study Medicine Aztreonam-Avibactam (ATM-AVI) in Infants and Newborns Admitted in Hospitals With Bacterial Infection (CHERISH) |
| NCT00723502 | PHASE2 | COMPLETED | Efficacy and Safety Study of Finafloxacin Used in Helicobacter Pylori Infected Patients |
| NCT04126031 | PHASE2 | TERMINATED | Evaluation of Pharmacokinetics, Safety, and Tolerability of Ceftazidime-avibactam in Neonates and Infants. |
| NCT04215991 | PHASE2 | COMPLETED | A Study to Assess the Safety, Tolerability, and Pharmacokinetics of Cefiderocol in Hospitalized Pediatric Participants |
| NCT04335539 | PHASE2 | COMPLETED | A Study to Assess the Safety, Tolerability, and Pharmacokinetics of Single and Multiple Doses of Cefiderocol in Hospitalized Pediatric Participants |
| NCT06086626 | PHASE2 | COMPLETED | A Study to Assess the Safety, Tolerability, and Pharmacokinetics of Cefiderocol in Hospitalized Neonates and Infants |
| NCT01015014 | PHASE1 | COMPLETED | Safety, Pharmacokinetics (PK) and Tolerability Study of a Novel Drug for Treatment of Bacterial Infections |
| NCT03182504 | PHASE1 | COMPLETED | A Study to Investigate the Intrapulmonary Lung Penetration of Nacubactam in Healthy Participants |
| NCT07070375 | PHASE1 | COMPLETED | Pharmacokinetics and Safety of HRS-8427 in Healthy Volunteers and in Patients With Impaired Renal Function |
| NCT00177814 | Not specified | COMPLETED | Piperacillin as a Part of Antibiotic Streamlining in the Intensive Care Unit |
| NCT00177957 | Not specified | COMPLETED | Gram Negative Bacteremia, Risk Factors for Failure of Therapy |
| NCT00394784 | Not specified | WITHDRAWN | Surveillance Study - Incidence of Antibiotic Resistance in Serial Gram-negative Bloodstream Isolates |
| NCT00563134 | Not specified | SUSPENDED | A Randomised Trial on the Saftely and Efficacy of GR270774 in the Treatment of Gram-negative Sepsis in Adult |
| NCT00874367 | Not specified | COMPLETED | Early-Onset Sepsis Surveillance Study |
| NCT01600768 | Not specified | UNKNOWN | Evaluation of Extended Intravenous of Beta-lactams in the Treatment of Serious Gram-negative Infections in Critically Ill Patients |
| NCT02007343 | Not specified | COMPLETED | Burden of Antibiotic Resistance in Gram-Negative Infections in Dutch Hospitals |
| NCT02088840 | Not specified | COMPLETED | Survey of Severe Infections by Gram Negative Bacteria in Patients Submitted to Stem Cell Transplant |
| NCT02666274 | Not specified | UNKNOWN | Feasibility Studies to Inform Novel Proposals to Avert Community-Based Antimicrobial Resistance Spread |
| NCT02962934 | Not specified | COMPLETED | An Observational Pharmacokinetic Sudy of Ceftolozane-Tazobactam in Intensive Care Unit in Patients With and Without CRRT |
| NCT03160040 | Not specified | COMPLETED | A Retrospective Observational Study to Evaluate the Utilization, Outcomes, and Adverse Events in Participants Treated With Minocin® (Minocycline) for Infections Caused by Gram-negative Bacteria in a Real World Setting |
| NCT04055922 | Not specified | UNKNOWN | Comparison of Solid Organ Transplant |
| NCT04917380 | Not specified | UNKNOWN | The Clinical Character，Risk and Prognosis of Post-neurosurgical Intracranial Infection With Different Pathogens. |
| NCT05171257 | Not specified | COMPLETED | Quantifying Gram-negative Resistance to Empiric Therapy in the Intensive Care Unit |
| NCT05210387 | Not specified | TERMINATED | Seven Versus 14 Days of Antibiotic Therapy for Multidrug-resistant Gram-negative Bacilli Infections |
Drugs tested across these trials (top 30)
| Molecule | Max phase | Trials referencing |
|---|---|---|
| CEFIDEROCOL | 4 | 3 |
| COLISTIMETHATE SODIUM | 4 | 3 |
| COLISTIN | 4 | 2 |
| IMIPENEM ANHYDROUS | 4 | 2 |
| MEROPENEM | 4 | 2 |
| FINAFLOXACIN | 4 | 1 |
| RELEBACTAM | 4 | 1 |
| TIGECYCLINE | 4 | 1 |
| NACUBACTAM | 3 | 1 |
| EPETRABOROLE | 2 | 1 |
| CHEMBL5194685 | 0 | 3 |
| CHEMBL2221249 | 0 | 2 |
| CHEMBL4793072 | 0 | 2 |
| CHEMBL5411808 | 0 | 2 |
| CHEMBL6151919 | 0 | 2 |
| CHEMBL4071927 | 0 | 1 |
| CHEMBL4754862 | 0 | 1 |