Influenza

Summary

Influenza (MONDO:0005812) is a disease with 11 GWAS associations across 18 studies and 1,433 clinical trials. Top therapeutic interventions include oseltamivir, peramivir anhydrous, and baloxavir marboxil. A subtype of viral respiratory tract infection — broader associated-gene and molecular evidence is on the parent page (see Disease family below).

At a glance

• GWAS associations: 11
• Clinical trials: 1,433

Clinical features

No curated clinical features (Orphanet) for this disease.

Identifiers

Disease identifiers

Field	Value
Canonical name	influenza
Mondo ID	MONDO:0005812
EFO	EFO:0007328
MeSH	D007251, D009976
DOID	DOID:8469
ICD-11	145723401
NCIT	C53482
SNOMED CT	61700007
UMLS	C0021400
MedGen	9466
Is cancer (heuristic)	no

Also known as: flu · influenza infection · Influenza with other manifestations · orthomyxoviridae caused disease or disorder · orthomyxoviridae disease or disorder · orthomyxoviridae infectious disease

Data availability: 11 GWAS associations (18 studies).

Disease family

This is a subtype of viral respiratory tract infection. Genetic, therapeutic, and trial evidence is largely curated at the broader-term level — see the parent page for the associated-gene cohort and molecular evidence.

Classification path: disease › human disease › disease by etiologic mechanism › disease of primarily extrinsic mechanism › infectious disease › viral infectious disease › viral respiratory tract infection › influenza

Related subtypes (5): respiratory syncytial virus infectious disease, viral laryngitis, common cold, viral pneumonia, hantavirus pulmonary syndrome

Subtypes (2): swine influenza, avian influenza

Genetics & variants

GWAS landscape

11 GWAS associations across 18 studies. Top hits map to 4 distinct genes (as reported by GWAS).

Top associations by p-value

rsID	p-value	Gene	Risk allele	Odds ratio
rs2837112	4e-28	B3GALT5	A	0.92
rs16861415	7e-19	ST6GAL1	C	0.89
chr7:70779892	4e-09		C	3.06
rs376768393	9e-09	LINC01487	C	3.85
chrX:62728373	1e-08		C	1.51
chr10:13460799	3e-08		A	2.94
chr16:27617492	3e-08		T	2.79
chr8:74792099	3e-08		T	2.76
chr14:105171118	4e-08		T	2.92
chr9:72294332	4e-08		C	1.77
rs147086915	2e-07	ROBO2	?

Top studies (by case count)

Study	Lead author	Year	Cases	Controls	Title
GCST90473656	UK Biobank Whole-Genome Sequencing Consortium	2025	9,913	448,527	Whole-genome sequencing of 490,640 UK Biobank participants.
GCST90667769	UK Biobank Whole-Genome Sequencing Consortium	2025	9,913	448,527	Whole-genome sequencing of 490,640 UK Biobank participants.
GCST90478127	Verma A	2024	5,133	429,900	Diversity and scale: Genetic architecture of 2068 traits in the VA Million Veteran Program.
GCST90726944	Kim HI	2026	4,969	39,057	Exome sequencing and analysis of 44,028 British South Asians enriched for high autozygosity.
GCST90080093	Backman JD	2021	1,922	377,148	Exome sequencing and analysis of 454,787 UK Biobank participants.
GCST90084079	Backman JD	2021	1,922	377,148	Exome sequencing and analysis of 454,787 UK Biobank participants.
GCST90478126	Verma A	2024	1,833	113,440	Diversity and scale: Genetic architecture of 2068 traits in the VA Million Veteran Program.
GCST90481086	Verma A	2024	1,833	113,440	Diversity and scale: Genetic architecture of 2068 traits in the VA Million Veteran Program.
GCST90473655	UK Biobank Whole-Genome Sequencing Consortium	2025	1,598	456,842	Whole-genome sequencing of 490,640 UK Biobank participants.
GCST90651956	Liu TY	2025	1,523	198,125	Diversity and longitudinal records: Genetic architecture of disease associations and polygenic risk in the Taiwanese Han population.

Variant details and genetic-evidence tiers

Tier distribution (top 50 variants)

Tier	Variants
Tier 1: coding	0
Tier 2: splice/UTR	1
Tier 3: regulatory	0
Tier 4: intronic/intergenic	10

MAF distribution

Bucket	Variants
common (>=0.05)	3
low_freq (0.01-0.05)	0
rare (<0.01)	1
unknown	7

Functional consequences

Consequence	Count
unknown	7
intron_variant	3
3_prime_UTR_variant	1

Top variants

rsID	Chr	Pos	Alleles	MAF	Consequence	Gene	p-value	Tier
rs2837112	21	39670772	G>A	0.466	3_prime_UTR_variant	B3GALT5	4e-28	Tier 2: splice/UTR
rs16861415	3	186978576	T>C	0.092	intron_variant	ST6GAL1	7e-19	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
chr7:70779892							4e-09	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs376768393	3	155251762	T>C	0.006	intron_variant	LINC01487	9e-09	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
chrX:62728373							1e-08	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
chr10:13460799							3e-08	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
chr16:27617492							3e-08	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
chr8:74792099							3e-08	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
chr14:105171118							4e-08	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
chr9:72294332							4e-08	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs147086915	3	77292621	A>T	0.05	intron_variant	ROBO2	2e-07	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic

Genes & proteins

No associated-gene cohort resolved for this disease. Atlas builds the molecular and therapeutic sections — associated genes, protein families, druggability, pathways, interactions, and drug associations — by aggregating over a disease’s associated genes (resolved via GWAS / GenCC / ClinVar / CIViC), and none resolved here. This is expected for antibody-mediated, autoimmune, or otherwise non-gene-defined conditions; the curated evidence for this disease is its clinical features, GWAS susceptibility, and clinical trials (above).

Function

No pathway enrichment — requires an associated-gene cohort.

Therapeutics

Drugs indicated for this disease

15 approved, 51 in late-stage (phase 3) trials. Disease-direct ChEMBL indications, not inferred from the associated-gene cohort below.

Drug	Development status
Acetaminophen	Approved (phase 4)
Baloxavir Marboxil	Approved (phase 4)
Ibuprofen	Approved (phase 4)
Influenza A Virus Hemagglutinin	Approved (phase 4)
Influenza A Virus, Inactivated Hemagglutinin	Approved (phase 4)
Influenza A Virus, Inactivated Neuraminidase	Approved (phase 4)
Influenza A Virus, Inactivated Whole Virion	Approved (phase 4)
Influenza A Virus, Live Attenuated	Approved (phase 4)
Influenza A Virus, Split Virion	Approved (phase 4)
Influenza B Virus Hemagglutinin	Approved (phase 4)
Influenza B Virus, Inactivated Hemagglutinin	Approved (phase 4)
Influenza B Virus, Inactivated Neuraminidase	Approved (phase 4)
Influenza B Virus, Live Attenuated	Approved (phase 4)
Influenza B Virus, Split Virion	Approved (phase 4)
Zanamivir	Approved (phase 4)
AD26.RSV.PREF	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Acetylcysteine	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Amoxicillin	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Anakinra	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Apremilast	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Ascorbic Acid	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Aspirin	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Baricitinib	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Ceftaroline	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Ceftriaxone	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Celecoxib	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Chlorpheniramine	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Cholecalciferol	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Clavulanic Acid	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Clopidogrel	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Cysteamine	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Dexamethasone	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Dextrose	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Enalapril	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Eritoran	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Favipiravir	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Fluoxetine	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Hydrocortisone	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Hydroxychloroquine	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
INTERFERON BETA-1A	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Imatinib	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Imiquimod	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Influenza Virus Vaccine	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Ivermectin	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Laninamivir Octanoate	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Lopinavir	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Moxifloxacin	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Naphazoline	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Nirmatrelvir	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Nitazoxanide	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Oseltamivir	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Panthenol	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Peramivir Anhydrous	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Phenylephrine	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Piperacillin	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Prasugrel	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Remdesivir	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Ritonavir	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Sarilumab	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Simvastatin	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Sirolimus	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Sodium Chloride	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Tazobactam	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Ticagrelor	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Tocilizumab	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Umifenovir	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)

Earlier-phase candidates (phase 2, investigational — efficacy not yet established): Amantadine, Atorvastatin, Chloroquine, DAS-181, Diltiazem, MATRIX-M1 ADJUVANT, Molnupiravir, Pimodivir, Ribavirin.

Clinical trials & evidence

Clinical trials

Clinical trials: 1,433.

Phase distribution (across all retrieved trials)

Phase	Trials
PHASE3	277
PHASE2	257
PHASE4	231
PHASE1	199
PHASE1/PHASE2	75
Not specified	37
PHASE2/PHASE3	24

Top trials by phase / activity

NCT	Phase	Status	Title
NCT03734237	PHASE4	ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING	A Pragmatic Assessment of Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness in the DoD
NCT03753347	PHASE4	ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING	TITRE III: Influenza B Immunogenicity Investigation
NCT04101838	PHASE4	ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING	B Cell and Antibody Response to Seasonal Influenza Vaccines in Younger and Older Adults
NCT05045612	PHASE4	RECRUITING	Antibiotic Therapy in Viral Airway Infections
NCT05616546	PHASE4	RECRUITING	Bone Marrow and Peripheral Blood Immune Responses Study
NCT06841913	PHASE4	RECRUITING	Woodsmoke Exposure, Influenza Infection, and Nasal Immunity
NCT07232745	PHASE4	ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING	Mucosal and Systemic Immune Responses Induced by an Intranasal Influenza Live Attenuated Vaccine
NCT07240922	PHASE4	ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING	The Dynamics of the Immune Responses to Repeat Influenza Vaccination Exposures (DRIVE III) Study
NCT07287137	PHASE4	ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING	Comparative Immunogenicity of Respiratory Virus Vaccines (CIRV2) Study
NCT07545564	PHASE4	ENROLLING_BY_INVITATION	A Study on Mucosal Specific IgA Immunokinetics After Administration of Nasal Spray Live Attenuated Influenza Vaccine
NCT00133510	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Influenza Vaccine in Pediatric Transplant Subjects
NCT00133523	PHASE4	COMPLETED	FLU-VACS Comparative Study in Adults
NCT00133588	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Proteomic Profiling for Influenza
NCT00137579	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Safety of the Intramuscular Route of the Anti-Flu Vaccine in Patients Receiving Oral Anticoagulation Therapy
NCT00138281	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Influenza Immunity Against Pandemic Respiratory Virus
NCT00138294	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Control of Epidemic Influenza Through a School-based Influenza Vaccination Program
NCT00138385	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Comparison of Inactivated and Live, Attenuated Influenza Vaccine in Children 5-9 Years of Age-Year 3 Amendment
NCT00192140	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Trial to Assess the Shedding,Immunogenicity, and Safety of FluMist Administered to Healthy Individuals 5-49 Years of Age
NCT00192218	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Study to Evaluate the Effectiveness of FluMist Vaccination in a School-Based Intervention Program
NCT00221676	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Effectiveness of Influenza Vaccination Among General Practitioners
NCT00258817	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Phase IV Trial to Collect Safety Data and Sera in Healthy Children Given Fluzone Vaccine
NCT00258830	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Safety and Immunogenicity of the 2005-2006 Fluzone® Vaccine
NCT00304434	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Evaluation of Alternative Oseltamivir (Tamiflu) Dosing Strategies.
NCT00311428	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Safety and Immunogenicity of Three Commercially Available Influenza Vaccines in Children Aged 6 to <36 Months
NCT00363870	PHASE4	COMPLETED	A Study to Demonstrate the Efficacy of GSK Biologicals’ Influenza Vaccine in Adults
NCT00372255	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Study on the Immunogenicity and Tolerability of Influsplit SSW® 2005/2006 in Children Aged 6 - 13 Years
NCT00375115	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Efficacy of Sambucol in the Treatment of Influenza
NCT00377611	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Study on the Incidence of Influenza and Its Complications, in Subjects Aged 50 Years and Over Vaccinated With Fluarix™
NCT00385281	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Proteomic Profiling for Influenza Vaccination - FluMist
NCT00389532	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Phase IV Trial to Determine the Safety and Immunogenicity of the WHO Formulation of the 2006-2007 Fluzone® Vaccine
NCT00389857	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Trial to Collect Safety Data and Sera for Immunogenicity Testing
NCT00390884	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Safety and Immunogenicity of Fluzone® Vaccine in Children Who Received 2 Doses of the 2005-2006 Fluzone Formulation.
NCT00396305	PHASE4	TERMINATED	Th1 Response to Influenza: Aging and Vaccine Efficacy
NCT00412555	PHASE4	COMPLETED	A Study of Tamiflu (Oseltamivir) for Seasonal Prophylaxis of Influenza in Children.
NCT00412737	PHASE4	COMPLETED	A Study of Oseltamivir (Tamiflu) for the Seasonal Prophylaxis of Influenza in Immunocompromised Participants
NCT00419224	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Influenza Vaccination in Bone Marrow Transplantation
NCT00436124	PHASE4	TERMINATED	A Study of Tamiflu (Oseltamivir) Treatment in Laboratory-Confirmed Influenza.
NCT00442975	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Response of Older Adults to Influenza Vaccination With Regard to Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Status
NCT00448773	PHASE4	COMPLETED	REDucing Influenza Among University Students, University of California at Berkeley
NCT00538512	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Comparative Study of Influenza Vaccines in Adults, FLUVACS-year 4

Drugs tested across these trials (top 30)

Molecule	Max phase	Trials referencing
OSELTAMIVIR	4	68
PERAMIVIR ANHYDROUS	4	24
BALOXAVIR MARBOXIL	4	12
FAVIPIRAVIR	4	7
NITAZOXANIDE	4	5
ALUMINUM HYDROXIDE	4	4
ZANAMIVIR	4	4
DILTIAZEM	4	3
LANINAMIVIR OCTANOATE	4	3
ACETAMINOPHEN	4	2
STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE POLYSACCHARIDE CONJUGATED TO CORYNEBACTERIUM DIPHTHERIAE CRM197	4	2
AMANTADINE	4	1
ASCORBIC ACID	4	1
ATORVASTATIN	4	1
AZITHROMYCIN	4	1
CEFTRIAXONE	4	1
CHLOROQUINE	4	1
ELASOMERAN	4	1
IMIQUIMOD	4	1
INFLUENZA A VIRUS, SPLIT VIRION	4	1
INTERFERON ALFACON-1	4	1
LANSOPRAZOLE	4	1
NAPHAZOLINE	4	1
PHENIRAMINE MALEATE	4	1
PHENYLEPHRINE	4	1
PROBENECID	4	1
SODIUM CHLORIDE	4	1
INFLUENZA VIRUS VACCINE	3	11
DAS-181	3	5
INGAVIRIN	3	2