Kidney failure

Summary

Kidney failure (MONDO:0001106) is a disease with 16 cohort genes (112 GWAS associations across 31 studies) and 755 clinical trials. Top therapeutic interventions include sirolimus, fondaparinux, and canagliflozin anhydrous.

At a glance

• Cohort genes: 16
• GWAS associations: 112
• ClinVar variants: 25
• Clinical trials: 755

Clinical features

No curated clinical features (Orphanet) for this disease.

Identifiers

Disease identifiers

Field	Value
Canonical name	kidney failure
Mondo ID	MONDO:0001106
EFO	EFO:1002048
MeSH	D051437
DOID	DOID:1074
ICD-11	761526554
NCIT	C4376
SNOMED CT	42399005
UMLS	C0035078
MedGen	11177
Is cancer (heuristic)	no

Also known as: failure, renal · renal failure · renal failure syndrome · renal insufficiency

Data availability: 25 ClinVar variants · 112 GWAS associations (31 studies).

Disease family

An umbrella term covering 3 Mondo subtypes.

Classification path: disease › human disease › disease by body system or component › urinary system disorder › kidney disorder › kidney failure

Related subtypes (56): renal hypertension, nephritis, impaired renal function disease, nephrocalcinosis, atheroembolism of kidney, renal artery disease, nephrosis, cystic kidney disease, anuria, stricture or kinking of ureter, proteinuria, renal infectious disease, diabetes insipidus, orthostatic proteinuria, kidney hypertrophy, chronic kidney disease, hydronephrosis, renal tubular transport disease, kidney cortex necrosis, kidney papillary necrosis, perinephritis, renal aminoaciduria, autosomal dominant progressive nephropathy with hypertension, nephrolithiasis, X-linked diffuse leiomyomatosis-Alport syndrome, tubulointerstitial nephritis and uveitis syndrome, distal renal tubular acidosis, oligomeganephronia, duplication of urethra, renal tubular dysgenesis, exstrophy-epispadias complex, fetal lower urinary tract obstruction, IgG4-related kidney disease, congenital primary megaureter, renal nutcracker syndrome, renal hypoplasia, renal dysplasia, congenital megacalycosis, glomerular disorder, congenital renal artery stenosis, kidney neoplasm, renal tubule disorder, pyonephrosis, Arnold stickler bourne syndrome, C1q nephropathy, hypertensive nephropathy, atypical Fanconi syndrome-neonatal hyperinsulinism syndrome, idiopathic non-lupus full-house nephropathy, lachiewicz sibley syndrome, crush syndrome, obstructive nephropathy, inherited kidney disorder, acute tubulointerstitial nephritis, kidney cortex disease, non-syndromic supernumerary kidneys, neonatal renal venous thrombosis

Subtypes (3): acute kidney injury, uremia, chronic renal failure syndrome

Genetics & variants

GWAS landscape

112 GWAS associations across 31 studies. Top hits map to 18 distinct genes (as reported by GWAS).

Top associations by p-value

rsID	p-value	Gene	Risk allele	Odds ratio
rs28362063	4e-145	UMOD	T	0.21
rs77924615	5e-120	PDILT	G	0.2
rs6464165	1e-53	PRKAG2	T	0.09
rs73728279	6e-42	PRKAG2	G	0.1
rs10224210	4e-40	PRKAG2	T	0.09
rs3925584	6e-37	MPPED2-AS1 - DCDC1	T	0.06
rs7903146	8e-29	TCF7L2	C	0.07
rs34872471	5e-28	TCF7L2	T	0.07
chr16:53799977	9e-28		T	0.06
rs60910145	3e-26	APOL1	T	0.14
rs2486272	8e-26	GATM	T	0.07
rs2467865	1e-25	SLC28A2-AS1 - RNU6-953P	T	0.05
chr15:53964746	4e-25		G	0.06
rs334	4e-25	HBB	T	0.28
chr15:45689095	1e-24		T	0.06
rs73885319	2e-23	APOL1	A	0.28
chr15:53965346	1e-21		A	0.06
rs80025274	7e-21	WDR72	C	0.07
chr5:697392	2e-20		G	0.09
chr15:39227715	7e-20		C	0.06
rs17730281	2e-19	WDR72	G	0.06
chr22:43129361	3e-19		A	0.05
rs62048402	5e-19	FTO	G	0.06
chr15:45694768	3e-18		G	0.1
chr11:65512057	3e-18		T	0.05
chr4:144046597	2e-17		T	0.05
rs4269133	3e-17	USP38-DT	C	0.06
rs28910285	9e-17	A4GALT	T	0.05
rs8026743	1e-16	LINC02694	G	0.05
rs11642015	2e-16	FTO	C	0.05

Top studies (by case count)

Study	Lead author	Year	Cases	Controls	Title
GCST90476118	Verma A	2024	88,771	333,750	Diversity and scale: Genetic architecture of 2068 traits in the VA Million Veteran Program.
GCST90476123	Verma A	2024	63,705	368,937	Diversity and scale: Genetic architecture of 2068 traits in the VA Million Veteran Program.
GCST90476119	Verma A	2024	42,394	382,809	Diversity and scale: Genetic architecture of 2068 traits in the VA Million Veteran Program.
GCST90476117	Verma A	2024	31,017	82,005	Diversity and scale: Genetic architecture of 2068 traits in the VA Million Veteran Program.
GCST90480380	Verma A	2024	31,017	82,005	Diversity and scale: Genetic architecture of 2068 traits in the VA Million Veteran Program.
GCST90476122	Verma A	2024	21,844	94,448	Diversity and scale: Genetic architecture of 2068 traits in the VA Million Veteran Program.
GCST90480379	Verma A	2024	21,844	94,448	Diversity and scale: Genetic architecture of 2068 traits in the VA Million Veteran Program.
GCST90478521	Verma A	2024	16,080	96,703	Diversity and scale: Genetic architecture of 2068 traits in the VA Million Veteran Program.
GCST90480373	Verma A	2024	16,080	96,703	Diversity and scale: Genetic architecture of 2068 traits in the VA Million Veteran Program.
GCST90478518	Verma A	2024	9,310	47,503	Diversity and scale: Genetic architecture of 2068 traits in the VA Million Veteran Program.

Variant details and genetic-evidence tiers

Tier distribution (top 50 variants)

Tier	Variants
Tier 1: coding	6
Tier 2: splice/UTR	0
Tier 3: regulatory	0
Tier 4: intronic/intergenic	44

MAF distribution

Bucket	Variants
common (>=0.05)	45
low_freq (0.01-0.05)	4
rare (<0.01)	1
unknown	0

Functional consequences

Consequence	Count
intron_variant	21
unknown	16
missense_variant	6
intergenic_variant	6
non_coding_transcript_exon_variant	1

Top variants

rsID	Chr	Pos	Alleles	MAF	Consequence	Gene	p-value	Tier
rs28362063	16	20353690	T>C	0.178	intron_variant	UMOD	4e-145	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs77924615	16	20381010	G>A	0.174	intron_variant	PDILT	5e-120	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs6464165	7	151716038	T>C	0.282	intron_variant	PRKAG2	1e-53	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs73728279	7	151714408	G>A,T	0.234	intron_variant	PRKAG2	6e-42	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs10224210	7	151716108	T>C	0.233	intron_variant	PRKAG2	4e-40	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs3925584	11	30738788	T>A,C,G	0.454	intron_variant	MPPED2-AS1 - DCDC1	6e-37	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs7903146	10	112998590	C>G,T	0.289	intron_variant	TCF7L2	8e-29	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs34872471	10	112994312	T>C	0.293	intron_variant	TCF7L2	5e-28	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
chr16:53799977				0.428			9e-28	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs60910145	22	36265988	T>C,G	0.044	missense_variant	APOL1	3e-26	Tier 1: coding
rs2486272	15	45380055	T>A,C,G	0.386	intron_variant	GATM	8e-26	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs2467865	15	45346109	T>A,C,G	0.373	intergenic_variant	SLC28A2-AS1 - RNU6-953P	1e-25	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
chr15:53964746				0.499			4e-25	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs334	11	5227002	T>A,C,G	0.038	missense_variant	HBB	4e-25	Tier 1: coding
chr15:45689095				0.414			1e-24	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs73885319	22	36265860	A>G	0.044	missense_variant	APOL1	2e-23	Tier 1: coding
chr15:53965346				0.208			1e-21	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs80025274	15	53654970	C>A,G,T	0.206	intron_variant	WDR72	7e-21	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
chr5:697392				0.383			2e-20	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
chr15:39227715				0.367			7e-20	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs17730281	15	53615751	G>A	0.221	missense_variant	WDR72	2e-19	Tier 1: coding
chr22:43129361				0.329			3e-19	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs62048402	16	53769311	G>A,T	0.329	intron_variant	FTO	5e-19	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
chr15:45694768				0.413			3e-18	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
chr11:65512057				0.352			3e-18	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
chr4:144046597				0.361			2e-17	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs4269133	4	143125692	C>A,G,T	0.363	intron_variant	USP38-DT	3e-17	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs28910285	22	42720979	T>A,C	0.318	intron_variant	A4GALT	9e-17	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs8026743	15	38937539	G>A	0.316	intron_variant	LINC02694	1e-16	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs11642015	16	53768582	C>G,T	0.329	intron_variant	FTO	2e-16	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic

ClinVar germline variants

25 retrieved; paginated sample, class counts are floors:

11 uncertain significance, 8 conflicting classifications of pathogenicity, 2 pathogenic/likely pathogenic, 2 likely pathogenic, 1 benign/likely benign, 1 pathogenic

ClinVar	Variant (HGVS)	Gene	Classification	Review
817020	NM_014967.5(FAN1):c.1899del (p.Cys633fs)	FAN1	Pathogenic/Likely pathogenic	criteria provided, multiple submitters, no conflicts
4846739	GRCh38/hg38 2q13(chr2:110116103-110226292)x1	LOC126806306	Pathogenic	criteria provided, single submitter
2942258	NM_003611.3(OFD1):c.1651_1654del (p.Thr551fs)	OFD1	Pathogenic/Likely pathogenic	criteria provided, multiple submitters, no conflicts
4075234	NM_000537.4(REN):c.28T>C (p.Trp10Arg)	LOC107548112	Likely pathogenic	criteria provided, single submitter
4075232	NM_003361.4(UMOD):c.274T>C (p.Cys92Arg)	UMOD	Likely pathogenic	criteria provided, single submitter
66014	NM_000204.5(CFI):c.355G>A (p.Gly119Arg)	CFI	Conflicting classifications of pathogenicity	criteria provided, conflicting classifications
290949	NM_014425.5(INVS):c.2224G>A (p.Val742Met)	INVS	Conflicting classifications of pathogenicity	criteria provided, conflicting classifications
1049509	NM_001204288.2(MUC1):c.493G>A (p.Gly165Ser)	MUC1	Conflicting classifications of pathogenicity	criteria provided, conflicting classifications
257013	NM_001009944.3(PKD1):c.8161+5C>T	PKD1	Conflicting classifications of pathogenicity	criteria provided, conflicting classifications
1153523	NM_000297.4(PKD2):c.1717-7C>T	PKD2	Conflicting classifications of pathogenicity	criteria provided, conflicting classifications
96431	NM_138694.4(PKHD1):c.8345G>C (p.Gly2782Ala)	PKHD1	Conflicting classifications of pathogenicity	criteria provided, conflicting classifications
262755	NM_153704.6(TMEM67):c.717A>G (p.Val239=)	TMEM67	Conflicting classifications of pathogenicity	criteria provided, conflicting classifications
64699	NM_000368.5(TSC1):c.853T>G (p.Phe285Val)	TSC1	Conflicting classifications of pathogenicity	criteria provided, conflicting classifications
4074775	NM_001845.6(COL4A1):c.614C>A (p.Pro205Gln)	COL4A1	Uncertain significance	criteria provided, single submitter
290948	NM_014425.5(INVS):c.3016+5C>T	INVS	Uncertain significance	criteria provided, multiple submitters, no conflicts
3698797	NM_002473.6(MYH9):c.4570G>C (p.Glu1524Gln)	MYH9	Uncertain significance	criteria provided, multiple submitters, no conflicts
3343016	NM_178170.3(NEK8):c.2036T>C (p.Leu679Pro)	NEK8	Uncertain significance	criteria provided, multiple submitters, no conflicts
4077139	NM_178170.3(NEK8):c.2033C>A (p.Thr678Asn)	NEK8	Uncertain significance	criteria provided, single submitter
1256448	NM_001009944.3(PKD1):c.6679C>T (p.His2227Tyr)	PKD1	Uncertain significance	criteria provided, multiple submitters, no conflicts
4075017	NM_000297.4(PKD2):c.1716+5T>C	PKD2	Uncertain significance	criteria provided, single submitter
631985	NM_138694.4(PKHD1):c.12142C>T (p.Gln4048Ter)	PKHD1	Uncertain significance	criteria provided, multiple submitters, no conflicts
285516	NM_153704.6(TMEM67):c.1700A>G (p.Tyr567Cys)	TMEM67	Uncertain significance	criteria provided, multiple submitters, no conflicts
1437395	NM_003361.4(UMOD):c.1640G>A (p.Arg547Gln)	UMOD	Uncertain significance	criteria provided, multiple submitters, no conflicts
917864	NM_003361.4(UMOD):c.202G>A (p.Glu68Lys)	UMOD	Uncertain significance	criteria provided, multiple submitters, no conflicts
433938	NM_001009944.3(PKD1):c.214C>T (p.Leu72=)	PKD1	Benign/Likely benign	criteria provided, multiple submitters, no conflicts

Genes & proteins

Mendelian disease overlap and somatic drivers

GenCC: 0 · Orphanet: 46 · OMIM-shared: 0 · Dual-evidence (GWAS+Mendelian): 0

Orphanet rare-disease linkage (cohort genes)

Gene	Orphanet ID	Rare disease
TSC1	Orphanet:210159	Adult hepatocellular carcinoma
TSC1	Orphanet:269008	Isolated focal cortical dysplasia type IIb
TSC1	Orphanet:538	Lymphangioleiomyomatosis
TSC1	Orphanet:805	Tuberous sclerosis complex
UMOD	Orphanet:88950	UMOD-related autosomal dominant tubulointerstitial kidney disease
NEK8	Orphanet:294415	Renal-hepatic-pancreatic dysplasia
NEK8	Orphanet:730	Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease
NEK8	Orphanet:93591	Infantile nephronophthisis
INVS	Orphanet:3156	Senior-Loken syndrome
INVS	Orphanet:93591	Infantile nephronophthisis
NEK9	Orphanet:464366	NEK9-related lethal skeletal dysplasia
NEK9	Orphanet:64754	Nevus comedonicus syndrome
COL4A1	Orphanet:36383	COL4A1/2-related familial vascular leukoencephalopathy
COL4A1	Orphanet:477749	Pontine autosomal dominant microangiopathy with leukoencephalopathy
COL4A1	Orphanet:481986	Familial schizencephaly
COL4A1	Orphanet:73229	HANAC syndrome
COL4A1	Orphanet:75326	Familial isolated retinal arteriolar tortuosity
COL4A1	Orphanet:899	Walker-Warburg syndrome
COL4A1	Orphanet:99810	Familial porencephaly
OFD1	Orphanet:244	Primary ciliary dyskinesia
OFD1	Orphanet:2750	Orofaciodigital syndrome type 1
OFD1	Orphanet:2754	Orofaciodigital syndrome type 6
OFD1	Orphanet:475	Isolated Joubert syndrome
OFD1	Orphanet:791	Retinitis pigmentosa
TMEM67	Orphanet:140976	RHYNS syndrome
TMEM67	Orphanet:1454	Joubert syndrome with hepatic defect
TMEM67	Orphanet:475	Isolated Joubert syndrome
TMEM67	Orphanet:564	Meckel syndrome
TMEM67	Orphanet:84081	Senior-Boichis syndrome
FAN1	Orphanet:401996	Karyomegalic interstitial nephritis
CFI	Orphanet:200418	Immunodeficiency with factor I anomaly
CFI	Orphanet:244242	HELLP syndrome
CFI	Orphanet:244275	De novo thrombotic microangiopathy after kidney transplantation
CFI	Orphanet:544472	Atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome with complement gene abnormality
CFI	Orphanet:75376	Familial drusen
MUC1	Orphanet:88949	MUC1-related autosomal dominant tubulointerstitial kidney disease
MYH9	Orphanet:182050	MYH9-related syndromic thrombocytopenia
MYH9	Orphanet:477742	Nodular fasciitis
MYH9	Orphanet:90635	Rare autosomal dominant non-syndromic sensorineural deafness type DFNA
PKD1	Orphanet:730	Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease
PKD1	Orphanet:88924	Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease type 1 with tuberous sclerosis
PKD2	Orphanet:730	Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease
PKHD1	Orphanet:53035	Caroli disease
PKHD1	Orphanet:731	Autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease
PRKD1	Orphanet:276145	Malignant epithelial tumor of salivary glands
PRKD1	Orphanet:708019	Congenital heart defect-ectodermal dysplasia- brachydactyly-telangiectasia syndrome

Cohort genes → proteins

16 cohort genes, 16 distinct canonical proteins.

Evidence partition

Subset	Genes
multi_evidence	16

Cohort genes (full)

Symbol	HGNC	Ensembl	UniProt	Name	Evidence
TSC1	HGNC:12362	ENSG00000165699	Q92574	Hamartin	clinvar
UMOD	HGNC:12559	ENSG00000169344	P07911	Uromodulin	clinvar
NEK8	HGNC:13387	ENSG00000160602	Q86SG6	Serine/threonine-protein kinase Nek8	clinvar
INVS	HGNC:17870	ENSG00000119509	Q9Y283	Inversin	clinvar
NEK9	HGNC:18591	ENSG00000119638	Q8TD19	Serine/threonine-protein kinase Nek9	clinvar
COL4A1	HGNC:2202	ENSG00000187498	P02462	Collagen alpha-1(IV) chain	clinvar
OFD1	HGNC:2567	ENSG00000046651	O75665	Centriole and centriolar satellite protein OFD1	clinvar
TMEM67	HGNC:28396	ENSG00000164953	Q5HYA8	Meckelin	clinvar
FAN1	HGNC:29170	ENSG00000198690	Q9Y2M0	Fanconi-associated nuclease 1	clinvar
CFI	HGNC:5394	ENSG00000205403	P05156	Complement factor I	clinvar
MUC1	HGNC:7508	ENSG00000185499	P15941	Mucin-1	clinvar
MYH9	HGNC:7579	ENSG00000100345	P35579	Myosin-9	clinvar
PKD1	HGNC:9008	ENSG00000008710	P98161	Polycystin-1	clinvar
PKD2	HGNC:9009	ENSG00000118762	Q13563	Polycystin-2	clinvar
PKHD1	HGNC:9016	ENSG00000170927	P08F94	Fibrocystin	clinvar
PRKD1	HGNC:9407	ENSG00000184304	Q15139	Serine/threonine-protein kinase D1	clinvar

Cohort function summary

Lead sentence per gene, UniProt-curated.

Symbol	Protein name	Function (lead sentence)
TSC1	Hamartin	Non-catalytic component of the TSC-TBC complex, a multiprotein complex that acts as a negative regulator of the canonical mTORC1 complex, an evolutionarily conserved central nutrient sensor that stimulates anabolic reactions and macromolec…
UMOD	Uromodulin	Functions in biogenesis and organization of the apical membrane of epithelial cells of the thick ascending limb of Henle’s loop (TALH), where it promotes formation of complex filamentous gel-like structure that may play a role in the water…
NEK8	Serine/threonine-protein kinase Nek8	Required for renal tubular integrity.
INVS	Inversin	Required for normal renal development and establishment of left-right axis.
NEK9	Serine/threonine-protein kinase Nek9	Pleiotropic regulator of mitotic progression, participating in the control of spindle dynamics and chromosome separation.
COL4A1	Collagen alpha-1(IV) chain	Type IV collagen is the major structural component of glomerular basement membranes (GBM), forming a ‘chicken-wire’ meshwork together with laminins, proteoglycans and entactin/nidogen.
OFD1	Centriole and centriolar satellite protein OFD1	Component of the centrioles controlling mother and daughter centrioles length.
TMEM67	Meckelin	Required for ciliary structure and function.
FAN1	Fanconi-associated nuclease 1	Nuclease required for the repair of DNA interstrand cross-links (ICL) recruited at sites of DNA damage by monoubiquitinated FANCD2.
CFI	Complement factor I	Trypsin-like serine protease that plays an essential role in regulating the immune response by controlling all complement pathways.
MUC1	Mucin-1	The alpha subunit has cell adhesive properties.
MYH9	Myosin-9	Cellular myosin that appears to play a role in cytokinesis, cell shape, and specialized functions such as secretion and capping.
PKD1	Polycystin-1	Component of a heteromeric calcium-permeable ion channel formed by PKD1 and PKD2 that is activated by interaction between PKD1 and a Wnt family member, such as WNT3A and WNT9B.
PKD2	Polycystin-2	Forms a nonselective cation channel.
PKHD1	Fibrocystin	Promotes ciliogenesis in renal epithelial cells and therefore participates in the tubules formation and/ or ensures the maintenance of the architecture of the lumen of the kidney.
PRKD1	Serine/threonine-protein kinase D1	Serine/threonine-protein kinase that converts transient diacylglycerol (DAG) signals into prolonged physiological effects downstream of PKC, and is involved in the regulation of MAPK8/JNK1 and Ras signaling, Golgi membrane integrity and tr…

Protein-family classification

Druggable: 6 · Difficult: 2 · Unknown: 8 · Druggable fraction: 0.38

Family distribution

Cohort families vs a genome-wide background (hypergeometric, BH-FDR; fold = observed/expected). Counts kept; sorted by enrichment, so the catch-all Other/Unknown bucket no longer leads.

Family	Genes	Fold	FDR
Kinase	3	5.2×	0.092
Antibody/Immunoglobulin	2	3.6×	0.256
Scaffold/PPI	2	2.2×	0.393
Protease	1	2.3×	0.448
Other/Unknown	8	0.9×	0.765

Per-gene assignment

Symbol	Family	Druggable?	EC	InterPro (top 3)
TSC1	Other/Unknown	no		Hamartin
UMOD	Other/Unknown	no		EGF-type_Asp/Asn_hydroxyl_site, EGF, ZP_dom
NEK8	Kinase	yes		Reg_chr_condens, Prot_kinase_dom, Ser/Thr_kinase_AS
INVS	Scaffold/PPI	no		IQ_motif_EF-hand-BS, Ankyrin_rpt, Ankyrin_rpt-contain_sf
NEK9	Kinase	yes		Reg_chr_condens, Prot_kinase_dom, Ser/Thr_kinase_AS
COL4A1	Other/Unknown	no		Collagen_IV_NC, Collagen, CTDL_fold
OFD1	Other/Unknown	no		LisH, OFD1
TMEM67	Other/Unknown	no		Growth_fac_rcpt_cys_sf, Meckelin
FAN1	Other/Unknown	no		Rad18_UBZ4, tRNA_endonuc-like_dom_sf, VRR_NUC
CFI	Protease	yes	3.4.21.45	SRCR, Trypsin_dom, Peptidase_S1A
MUC1	Other/Unknown	no		SEA_dom, SEA_dom_sf
MYH9	Scaffold/PPI	no		IQ_motif_EF-hand-BS, Myosin_head_motor_dom-like, Myosin_tail
PKD1	Antibody/Immunoglobulin	yes		GPS, LRRNT, PC1
PKD2	Other/Unknown	no		EF_hand_dom, PKD_2, EF-hand-dom_pair
PKHD1	Antibody/Immunoglobulin	yes		IPT_dom, PbH1, Pectin_lyase_fold/virulence
PRKD1	Kinase	yes	2.7.11.13	Prot_kinase_dom, PH_domain, PKC_DAG/PE

Expression context

Cohort genes with no expression data: 0.

14 cohort genes are a single-cell marker in ≥1 SCXA experiment.

Breadth distribution (Bgee present_calls)

Bucket	Genes
narrow (1-5 tissues)	0
moderate (6-20)	0
broad (>20)	16
unknown	0

Top tissues across cohort

Tissue	Cohort genes
calcaneal tendon	3
renal medulla	2
buccal mucosa cell	2
metanephros cortex	2
right uterine tube	2
pancreatic ductal cell	2
right hemisphere of cerebellum	2
thoracic aorta	2
gluteal muscle	1
lateral globus pallidus	1
substantia nigra pars compacta	1
adult mammalian kidney	1
adult organism	1
left lobe of thyroid gland	1
adrenal tissue	1
sural nerve	1
left ovary	1
tibia	1
placenta	1
right coronary artery	1

Per-gene tissue summary (top 30)

Symbol	Bgee breadth	FANTOM5 breadth	SCXA	Top tissues
TSC1	297	ubiquitous	marker	substantia nigra pars compacta, gluteal muscle, lateral globus pallidus
UMOD	104	tissue_specific	marker	renal medulla, adult organism, adult mammalian kidney
NEK8	196	ubiquitous	marker	buccal mucosa cell, metanephros cortex, left lobe of thyroid gland
INVS	215	ubiquitous	yes	calcaneal tendon, adrenal tissue, sural nerve
NEK9	296	ubiquitous	marker	tibia, right uterine tube, left ovary
COL4A1	283	ubiquitous	marker	visceral pleura, placenta, right coronary artery
OFD1	288	ubiquitous	marker	sperm, bronchial epithelial cell, cervix squamous epithelium
TMEM67	203	ubiquitous	marker	buccal mucosa cell, right uterine tube, calcaneal tendon
FAN1	214	ubiquitous	yes	pancreatic ductal cell, right hemisphere of cerebellum, gastrocnemius
CFI	240	broad	marker	germinal epithelium of ovary, parietal pleura, right lobe of liver
MUC1	247	ubiquitous	marker	pylorus, pancreatic ductal cell, nasal cavity epithelium
MYH9	279	ubiquitous	marker	stromal cell of endometrium, ascending aorta, thoracic aorta
PKD1	290		marker	right hemisphere of cerebellum, cerebellar hemisphere, cerebellar cortex
PKD2	288	ubiquitous	marker	blood vessel layer, calcaneal tendon, saphenous vein
PKHD1	51	tissue_specific	marker	kidney epithelium, renal medulla, metanephros cortex
PRKD1	239	ubiquitous	marker	ventricular zone, seminal vesicle, thoracic aorta

Protein interactions among cohort

Intra-cohort edges: 19.

Hub genes (top 10 by interactor count)

Symbol	Interactor count
MYH9	5,533
TSC1	5,445
COL4A1	2,909
OFD1	2,878
NEK9	2,341
PRKD1	2,131
INVS	2,099
UMOD	2,084
PKD2	1,644
PKD1	1,370

Intra-cohort edges

A	B	Sources
INVS	NEK8	string_interaction
INVS	NEK9	string_interaction
MUC1	TMEM67	biogrid_interaction
NEK8	NEK9	biogrid_interaction
NEK8	PKD1	string_interaction
NEK8	PKD2	string_interaction
NEK8	PKHD1	string_interaction
NEK8	TMEM67	string_interaction
NEK9	PKD1	string_interaction
NEK9	PKD2	string_interaction
OFD1	TMEM67	string_interaction
PKD1	PKD2	biogrid_interaction, intact, string_interaction
PKD1	PKHD1	string_interaction
PKD1	PRKD1	string_interaction
PKD1	TSC1	string_interaction
PKD2	PKHD1	string_interaction
PKD2	PRKD1	string_interaction
PKHD1	PRKD1	string_interaction
PKHD1	UMOD	string_interaction

Structural data

PDB: 11 · AlphaFold-only: 5 · No structure: 0

Cohort genes with PDB structures (top 30)

Symbol	UniProt	PDB entries
PKD2	Q13563	31
MUC1	P15941	23
FAN1	Q9Y2M0	18
PKD1	P98161	13
UMOD	P07911	10
MYH9	P35579	8
TSC1	Q92574	5
COL4A1	P02462	4
NEK9	Q8TD19	2
CFI	P05156	2
TMEM67	Q5HYA8	1

AlphaFold-only cohort genes (top 30 by pLDDT)

Symbol	UniProt	pLDDT
NEK8	Q86SG6	85.23
INVS	Q9Y283	70.76
PRKD1	Q15139	68.99
OFD1	O75665	68.41
PKHD1	P08F94

Function

Pathway analysis

Distinct Reactome pathways touched by cohort: 105. Enrichment computed across 16 evidence-associated genes (13 with Reactome annotation).

Pathways by enrichment

Over-representation of cohort genes vs the genome-wide background (hypergeometric test, Benjamini-Hochberg FDR; fold = observed/expected over 13 annotated cohort genes). Counts and members are kept as ground-truth; sorted by enrichment.

Pathway	Cohort genes	Fold	FDR	Sample cohort genes
VxPx cargo-targeting to cilium	2	79.9×	0.029	PKD1, PKD2
Inhibition of TSC complex formation by AKT (PKB)	1	175.7×	0.121	TSC1
Activation of NIMA Kinases NEK9, NEK6, NEK7	1	109.8×	0.121	NEK9
CD163 mediating an anti-inflammatory response	1	87.8×	0.121	MYH9
Anchoring fibril formation	1	58.6×	0.121	COL4A1
Defective GALNT3 causes HFTC	1	54.9×	0.121	MUC1
Defective GALNT12 causes CRCS1	1	54.9×	0.121	MUC1
Sema4D in semaphorin signaling	1	51.7×	0.121	MYH9
Defective C1GALT1C1 causes TNPS	1	51.7×	0.121	MUC1
Developmental Lineage of Mammary Gland Alveolar Cells	1	48.8×	0.121	MUC1
Scavenging by Class A Receptors	1	46.2×	0.121	COL4A1
RHO GTPases activate CIT	1	46.2×	0.121	MYH9
RHO GTPases Activate ROCKs	1	46.2×	0.121	MYH9
Fibronectin matrix formation	1	43.9×	0.121	COL4A1
Crosslinking of collagen fibrils	1	43.9×	0.121	COL4A1
Sema4D induced cell migration and growth-cone collapse	1	43.9×	0.121	MYH9
RHO GTPases activate PAKs	1	41.8×	0.121	MYH9
Attachment of bacteria to epithelial cells	1	38.2×	0.121	COL4A1
Termination of O-glycan biosynthesis	1	38.2×	0.121	MUC1
Nuclear Envelope Breakdown	1	35.1×	0.121	NEK9
Developmental Lineage of Mammary Gland Luminal Epithelial Cells	1	35.1×	0.121	MUC1
Dectin-2 family	1	32.5×	0.121	MUC1
Semaphorin interactions	1	30.3×	0.121	MYH9
Energy dependent regulation of mTOR by LKB1-AMPK	1	30.3×	0.121	TSC1
Anti-inflammatory response favouring Leishmania parasite infection	1	30.3×	0.121	MYH9
Leishmania parasite growth and survival	1	30.3×	0.121	MYH9
Laminin interactions	1	29.3×	0.121	COL4A1
EPHA-mediated growth cone collapse	1	29.3×	0.121	MYH9
Mitotic Prophase	1	28.3×	0.121	NEK9
Parasite infection	1	26.6×	0.121	MYH9

GO biological processes by enrichment

Over-representation of cohort genes vs the genome-wide background (hypergeometric test, Benjamini-Hochberg FDR; fold = observed/expected over 16 annotated cohort genes). Counts and members are kept as ground-truth; sorted by enrichment.

GO term	Cohort genes	Fold	FDR	Sample cohort genes
metanephric ascending thin limb development	3	789.9×	8e-07	UMOD, PKD1, PKD2
mesonephric tubule development	2	1053.2×	1e-04	PKD1, PKD2
renal tubule morphogenesis	2	526.6×	4e-04	COL4A1, PKD2
kidney development	4	35.1×	4e-04	TSC1, INVS, PKD1, PKHD1
mesonephric duct development	2	421.3×	5e-04	PKD1, PKD2
placenta blood vessel development	2	175.5×	0.003	PKD1, PKD2
regulation of cell-matrix adhesion	2	162.0×	0.003	TSC1, PKHD1
detection of mechanical stimulus	2	150.5×	0.003	PKD1, PKD2
protein heterotetramerization	2	131.7×	0.003	PKD1, PKD2
intracellular calcium ion homeostasis	3	27.2×	0.005	UMOD, PKD2, PKHD1
embryonic placenta development	2	95.8×	0.005	PKD1, PKD2
branching morphogenesis of an epithelial tube	2	91.6×	0.005	PKD1, PKHD1
neural tube development	2	65.8×	0.009	PKD1, PKD2
spinal cord development	2	63.8×	0.009	PKD1, PKD2
Wnt signaling pathway	3	18.7×	0.009	INVS, PKD1, PKD2
citric acid secretion	1	1053.2×	0.012	UMOD
metanephric cortex development	1	1053.2×	0.012	PKD2
metanephric cortical collecting duct development	1	1053.2×	0.012	PKD2
metanephric distal tubule development	1	1053.2×	0.012	PKD2
metanephric distal tubule morphogenesis	1	1053.2×	0.012	PKD1
regulation of cholangiocyte proliferation	1	1053.2×	0.012	PKHD1
protein localization to ciliary inversin compartment	1	1053.2×	0.012	INVS
heart development	3	14.8×	0.012	NEK8, PKD1, PKD2
organ or tissue specific immune response	1	526.6×	0.012	UMOD
response to water deprivation	1	526.6×	0.012	UMOD
regulation of skeletal muscle contraction by modulation of calcium ion sensitivity of myofibril	1	526.6×	0.012	PRKD1
uropod organization	1	526.6×	0.012	MYH9
protein transport into plasma membrane raft	1	526.6×	0.012	UMOD
cortical granule exocytosis	1	526.6×	0.012	MYH9
renal artery morphogenesis	1	526.6×	0.012	PKD2

Therapeutics

Drugs indicated for this disease

3 approved, 18 in late-stage (phase 3) trials. Disease-direct ChEMBL indications, not inferred from the associated-gene cohort below.

Drug	Development status
Calcium Acetate	Approved (phase 4)
Captopril	Approved (phase 4)
Terlipressin	Approved (phase 4)
Apixaban	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Atorvastatin	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Citric Acid	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Cyclosporine	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Dapagliflozin	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Daptomycin	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Everolimus	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Fenoldopam	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Furosemide	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Heparin	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Methylprednisolone	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Mycophenolate Mofetil	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Rivaroxaban	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Rosuvastatin	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Sodium Bicarbonate	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Sodium Chloride	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Tacrolimus Anhydrous	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Tonapofylline	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)

Earlier-phase candidates (phase 2, investigational — efficacy not yet established): Alfacalcidol, Amino Acids, Desflurane, Epoetin Beta, Imiquimod, Nesiritide, Pirfenidone, Rituximab, Sevoflurane, Sirolimus.

Drug target analysis

Approved (phase 4): 2 · Phase ≥3: 2 · Phased (≥1): 3 · Undrugged: 13

Druggability breadth: 8 of 16 evidence-associated genes (50%) have a ChEMBL target (buckets above are over the deeply-mined display cohort).

Genes with an approved drug

The molecule shown is one approved compound that hits the gene — not necessarily a drug of choice or one indicated for this disease.

Symbol	Example approved molecule
NEK9	MOMELOTINIB
PRKD1	INGENOL MEBUTATE

Top cohort targets by molecule count

Symbol	Molecules	Max phase
PRKD1	26	4
NEK9	21	4
MYH9	1	2
TSC1	0	0
UMOD	0	0
NEK8	0	0
INVS	0	0
COL4A1	0	0
OFD1	0	0
TMEM67	0	0

Drugs targeting cohort genes (top 30)

Molecule	Max phase	Targets in cohort
MOMELOTINIB	4	NEK9
FEDRATINIB	4	NEK9
DABRAFENIB	4	NEK9
PACRITINIB	4	NEK9
FOSTAMATINIB	4	NEK9
CRIZOTINIB	4	NEK9, PRKD1
INGENOL MEBUTATE	4	PRKD1
MIDOSTAURIN	4	PRKD1
TAMOXIFEN	4	PRKD1
NERATINIB	4	PRKD1
BRIGATINIB	4	PRKD1
NINTEDANIB	4	PRKD1
SUNITINIB	4	PRKD1
GEFITINIB	4	PRKD1
DOVITINIB	3	NEK9
LESTAURTINIB	3	NEK9, PRKD1
SURAMIN	3	PRKD1
FASUDIL	3	PRKD1
ALVOCIDIB	3	PRKD1
FORETINIB	2	NEK9
REBASTINIB	2	NEK9
DANUSERTIB	2	NEK9
R-406	2	NEK9
ENMD-2076	2	NEK9
AT-9283	2	NEK9, PRKD1
MILCICLIB	2	NEK9
BMS-754807	2	NEK9
MOLIBRESIB	2	MYH9
PHORBOL MYRISTATE ACETATE	2	PRKD1
EDELFOSINE	2	PRKD1

Bioactivity and enzyme data

Enzyme cohort genes (≥1 EC): 2.

Cohort genes with ChEMBL bioactivity (full, sorted by assay count)

Symbol	Assays	Type breakdown
PRKD1	660	Binding:650, Functional:10
NEK9	254	Binding:254
NEK8	37	Binding:37
PKD1	27	Binding:27
MUC1	13	Binding:13
PKD2	12	Binding:12
MYH9	10	Binding:10

Cohort enzymes (BRENDA EC)

Symbol	EC numbers	Names
CFI	3.4.21.45	complement factor I
PRKD1	2.7.11.13	protein kinase C

Cohort genes with high screening signal

≥100 ChEMBL assays — a studied-ness signal; see Therapeutics for approved-drug status.

Symbol	ChEMBL assays
NEK9	254
PRKD1	660

Pharmacogenomics

Cohort genes with a PharmGKB record: 16; with CPIC/DPWG dosing guidelines: 0.

No cohort gene has a CPIC/DPWG genotype-guided dosing guideline (PharmGKB).

Chemical tractability of cohort targets

30 approved/phased compounds have measured bioactivity against a cohort gene (and aren’t yet in disease-level trials). This is a research / tractability signal, NOT a therapeutic recommendation — a bioactivity row often reflects off-target or screening binding (e.g. promiscuous kinase inhibitors against a cohort kinase), implying no disease mechanism.

Compound	Max phase	Cohort target (bioactivity)
MOMELOTINIB	4	NEK9
FEDRATINIB	4	NEK9
DABRAFENIB	4	NEK9
PACRITINIB	4	NEK9
FOSTAMATINIB	4	NEK9
CRIZOTINIB	4	NEK9, PRKD1
INGENOL MEBUTATE	4	PRKD1
MIDOSTAURIN	4	PRKD1
TAMOXIFEN	4	PRKD1
NERATINIB	4	PRKD1
BRIGATINIB	4	PRKD1
NINTEDANIB	4	PRKD1
SUNITINIB	4	PRKD1
GEFITINIB	4	PRKD1
DOVITINIB	3	NEK9
LESTAURTINIB	3	NEK9, PRKD1
SURAMIN	3	PRKD1
FASUDIL	3	PRKD1
ALVOCIDIB	3	PRKD1
FORETINIB	2	NEK9
REBASTINIB	2	NEK9
DANUSERTIB	2	NEK9
R-406	2	NEK9
ENMD-2076	2	NEK9
AT-9283	2	NEK9, PRKD1
MILCICLIB	2	NEK9
BMS-754807	2	NEK9
MOLIBRESIB	2	MYH9
PHORBOL MYRISTATE ACETATE	2	PRKD1
EDELFOSINE	2	PRKD1

Druggability pyramid

Cohort genes binned by druggability tier (high → low):

Tier	Definition	Genes	Symbols
A	Approved (phase 4 drug)	2	NEK9, PRKD1
B	Phased (≥1) drug, not yet approved	1	MYH9
C	Druggable family + PDB, no drug	2	CFI, PKD1
D	Druggable family + AlphaFold only, no drug	2	NEK8, PKHD1
E	Difficult family or no structure, no drug	9	TSC1, UMOD, INVS, COL4A1, OFD1, TMEM67, FAN1, MUC1, PKD2

Undrugged target profiles

13 cohort genes are undrugged. Ranked by ‘starting-point quality’ (assay depth + drugged-partner adjacency).

Symbol	ChEMBL assays	Drugged partners (top 3)
PKD1	27	PRKD1
TSC1	0	—
UMOD	0	—
NEK8	37	—
INVS	0	—
COL4A1	0	—
OFD1	0	—
TMEM67	0	—
FAN1	0	—
CFI	0	—
MUC1	13	—
PKD2	12	—
PKHD1	0	—

Clinical trials & evidence

Clinical trials

Clinical trials: 755.

Phase distribution (across all retrieved trials)

Phase	Trials
Not specified	402
PHASE1	105
PHASE4	90
PHASE3	75
PHASE2	54
PHASE1/PHASE2	14
PHASE2/PHASE3	10
EARLY_PHASE1	5

Top trials by phase / activity

NCT	Phase	Status	Title
NCT04447911	PHASE4	RECRUITING	Effects of the SGLT2 Inhibitor Empagliflozin in Patients With Euvolemic and Hypervolemic Hyponatremia
NCT05242315	PHASE4	RECRUITING	Extended-Release Tacrolimus Following Liver Transplantation
NCT05788276	PHASE4	RECRUITING	Can Dapagliflozin Preserve Structure and Function in Transplanted Kidneys?
NCT06054035	PHASE4	RECRUITING	SGLT2 Inhibition in Addition to Lifestyle Intervention and Risk for Complications in Subtypes of Patients With Prediabetes
NCT07160452	PHASE4	NOT_YET_RECRUITING	Levocarnitine for Reducing ESA Requirements in Hemodialysis Patients With Renal Anemia
NCT07345689	PHASE4	NOT_YET_RECRUITING	A Study of the Pharmacokinetics and Safety of Anaprazole Sodium in Special Populations
NCT00123331	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Rapamycin Use in Calcineurin Inhibitor (CNI)-Free Immunosuppression for Stabilization/Improvement of Renal Function After Heart Transplantation
NCT00123461	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Study of Safety and Efficacy of Doxercalciferol in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease, Stage 3 or 4, and Secondary Hyperparathyroidism
NCT00144118	PHASE4	TERMINATED	The Effect of Isoflurane or Sevoflurane on Kidney Function
NCT00184769	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Growth Hormone Treatment in Infants Aged 1 to 2 Years With Chronic Renal Insufficiency (CRI) and Growth Retardation.
NCT00186329	PHASE4	COMPLETED	BNP for Cardio-Renal Decompensation Syndrome (BNP-CARDS)
NCT00194883	PHASE4	SUSPENDED	Effect of Cytokines on Growth of Children With Chronic Kidney Failure
NCT00195429	PHASE4	COMPLETED	A Study Comparing the Withdrawal of Steroids or Tacrolimus in Kidney Transplant Recipients
NCT00195468	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Study Comparing Cyclosporine Dose Reduction vs. Cyclosporine Elimination in Kidney Transplant Recipients Taking Sirolimus
NCT00195481	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Study Evaluating Sirolimus in Kidney Transplant Recipients in India
NCT00209417	PHASE4	TERMINATED	Renal Effects of Two Iodinated Contrast Media in Patients at Risk Undergoing Computed Tomography
NCT00246129	PHASE4	COMPLETED	CamTac Trial:Campath-Tacrolimus vs IL2R MoAb/Tacrolimus/MMF in Renal Transplantation
NCT00247325	PHASE4	COMPLETED	RECOVER:Comparison of Renal Toxicity Between Visipaque(Iodixanol)and Hexabrix(Ioxaglate)in Renal Insufficiency Undergoing Coronary Angiography
NCT00254709	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Study Evaluating Two Different Sirolimus-based Immunosuppressive Regimens in Elderly Kidney Transplant Recipients
NCT00259441	PHASE4	COMPLETED	PROMISS: Simvastatin Prevents the Contrast Induced Acute Renal Failure in Patients With Renal Insufficiency Undergoing Coronary Angiography
NCT00261820	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Study Comparing Two Immunosuppressive Regimens in De Novo Renal Allograft Recipients
NCT00266123	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Study Comparing Two Sirolimus Regimens vs. Tacrolimus and Mycophenolate Mofetil Regimen in Kidney Transplant Recipients
NCT00282217	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Study Evaluating Sirolimus in the Treatment of Kidney Transplant
NCT00294866	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Effect of Paricalcitol on Markers of Inflammation in Hemodialysis Patients
NCT00295555	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Doxazosin Effects on ABPM in Hypertensive Patients With Diabetic Nephropathy
NCT00356954	PHASE4	COMPLETED	NASPI: N-Acetylcysteine vs. Ascorbic Acid for Prevention of Contrast Induced Nephropathy in Renal Insufficiency Undergoing Coronary Catheterization
NCT00368901	PHASE4	COMPLETED	STAAR-2 Clinical Study
NCT00369382	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Study Of The Safety And Efficacy Of Conversion From A CNI To Sirolimus In Renally-Impaired Heart Transplant Recipients
NCT00369733	PHASE4	COMPLETED	STAAR-3 Clinical Study
NCT00369772	PHASE4	COMPLETED	STAAR-1 Clinical Study
NCT00396435	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Correction of Anaemia and Progression of Renal Failure on Transplanted Patients
NCT00412802	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Adaptation Dose of Enoxaparin in Moderate Renal Failure Patients With Acute Coronary Syndrome
NCT00483275	PHASE4	WITHDRAWN	Fall Prevention by Alfacalcidol and Training
NCT00492518	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Acetylcysteine, Theophylline, and a Combination of Both in the Prophylaxis of Contrast-Induced Nephropathy
NCT00495365	PHASE4	TERMINATED	A Dose Conversion Study of Epoetin Alfa in Subjects With the Anemia of Chronic Kidney Disease.
NCT00527059	PHASE4	UNKNOWN	Renal Effects of Levosimendan in Patients Admitted With Acute Decompensated Heart Failure
NCT00566033	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Multiple Intervention and AUdit in Renal Diseases to Optimize Care
NCT00584350	PHASE4	UNKNOWN	Prevention of Contrast Nephropathy During Diagnostic Coronary Angiogram or PCI With Hydratation Based on LEVDP
NCT00613964	PHASE4	TERMINATED	The Effects of Carperitide on Short and Long-term Prognosis in Patients With Both Cardiac and Renal Failure
NCT00650845	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Renal Safety Evaluation After Dotarem®-Enhanced MRI

Drugs tested across these trials (top 30)

Molecule	Max phase	Trials referencing
SIROLIMUS	4	10
FONDAPARINUX	4	7
CANAGLIFLOZIN ANHYDROUS	4	6
CYCLOSPORINE	4	6
TACROLIMUS ANHYDROUS	4	6
ALBUMIN HUMAN	4	4
FERRIC CITRATE	4	4
IOPAMIDOL	4	4
SEVELAMER	4	4
ACETYLCYSTEINE	4	3
DARBEPOETIN ALFA	4	3
IOHEXOL	4	3
MYCOPHENOLATE MOFETIL	4	3
NESIRITIDE	4	3
SODIUM BICARBONATE	4	3
SOMATROPIN	4	3
ALFACALCIDOL	4	2
CALCIUM ACETATE	4	2
EMPAGLIFLOZIN	4	2
EPOETIN ALFA	4	2
EVEROLIMUS	4	2
FUROSEMIDE	4	2
GLECAPREVIR	4	2
LEVOCARNITINE	4	2
MEPERIDINE	4	2
MIDODRINE	4	2
PARICALCITOL	4	2
PIBRENTASVIR	4	2
PIRFENIDONE	4	2
PREDNISOLONE	4	2