Meningitis

Summary

Meningitis (MONDO:0021108) is a disease with 9 GWAS associations across 7 studies and 145 clinical trials. Top therapeutic interventions include ceftaroline fosamil, daptomycin, and amphotericin b. A subtype of encephalomyelitis — broader associated-gene and molecular evidence is on the parent page (see Disease family below).

At a glance

• GWAS associations: 9
• Clinical trials: 145

Clinical features

No curated clinical features (Orphanet) for this disease.

Identifiers

Disease identifiers

Field	Value
Canonical name	meningitis
Mondo ID	MONDO:0021108
MeSH	D008581
NCIT	C26828
SNOMED CT	7180009
UMLS	C0025289
MedGen	6298
Anatomy (UBERON)	UBERON:0002360
Is cancer (heuristic)	no

Also known as: inflammation of meninx · meningitis · meningitis (disease) · meninx inflammation

Data availability: 9 GWAS associations (7 studies).

Disease family

This is a subtype of encephalomyelitis. Genetic, therapeutic, and trial evidence is largely curated at the broader-term level — see the parent page for the associated-gene cohort and molecular evidence.

Classification path: disease › human disease › disease by body system or component › nervous system disorder › central nervous system disorder › encephalomyelitis › meningitis

Related subtypes (6): myelitis, cerebritis, optic neuritis, Venezuelan equine encephalitis, encephalitis, hypophysitis

Subtypes (4): chronic meningitis, infectious meningitis, aseptic meningitis, non-infectious meningitis

Genetics & variants

GWAS landscape

9 GWAS associations across 7 studies. Top hits map to 7 distinct genes (as reported by GWAS).

Top associations by p-value

rsID	p-value	Gene	Risk allele	Odds ratio
rs13358188	8e-13	SGCD	G	1.1
rs17587821	4e-12	ITPKB	C	1.06
rs189257688	1e-11	RAPH1 - CD28	T	1.06
rs188530871	8e-11	SCAPER	T	1.08
rs61878814	1e-10	RCN1	C	1.05
rs116886525	2e-10	APOA5 - LNC-RHL1	T	1.09
rs35608792	5e-10	RERE	G	1.04
rs116306652	1e-09	CACNA1E	T	1.05
rs189231279	8e-09	LPP	?

Top studies (by case count)

Study	Lead author	Year	Cases	Controls	Title
GCST90473300	UK Biobank Whole-Genome Sequencing Consortium	2025	2,318	456,122	Whole-genome sequencing of 490,640 UK Biobank participants.
GCST90077734	Backman JD	2021	1,865	329,889	Exome sequencing and analysis of 454,787 UK Biobank participants.
GCST90081720	Backman JD	2021	1,865	329,889	Exome sequencing and analysis of 454,787 UK Biobank participants.
GCST90077735	Backman JD	2021	1,689	327,363	Exome sequencing and analysis of 454,787 UK Biobank participants.
GCST90081721	Backman JD	2021	1,689	327,363	Exome sequencing and analysis of 454,787 UK Biobank participants.
GCST90651441	Liu TY	2025	442	235,960	Diversity and longitudinal records: Genetic architecture of disease associations and polygenic risk in the Taiwanese Han population.
GCST90276150	Gelemanovic A	2023	7	0	Genome-Wide Meta-Analysis Identifies Multiple Novel Rare Variants to Predict Common Human Infectious Diseases Risk.

Variant details and genetic-evidence tiers

Tier distribution (top 50 variants)

Tier	Variants
Tier 1: coding	0
Tier 2: splice/UTR	1
Tier 3: regulatory	0
Tier 4: intronic/intergenic	8

MAF distribution

Bucket	Variants
common (>=0.05)	0
low_freq (0.01-0.05)	5
rare (<0.01)	3
unknown	1

Functional consequences

Consequence	Count
intron_variant	7
3_prime_UTR_variant	1
intergenic_variant	1

Top variants

rsID	Chr	Pos	Alleles	MAF	Consequence	Gene	p-value	Tier
rs13358188	5	155898019	A>G	0.005	intron_variant	SGCD	8e-13	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs17587821	1	226632904	T>C	0.013	3_prime_UTR_variant	ITPKB	4e-12	Tier 2: splice/UTR
rs189257688	2	203679496	C>T	0.013	intron_variant	RAPH1 - CD28	1e-11	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs188530871	15	76489465	C>T	0.006	intron_variant	SCAPER	8e-11	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs61878814	11	32097916	T>C,G	0.026	intron_variant	RCN1	1e-10	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs116886525	11	116800675	C>T	0.006	intergenic_variant	APOA5 - LNC-RHL1	2e-10	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs35608792	1	8390365	A>G	0.023	intron_variant	RERE	5e-10	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs116306652	1	181704764	G>T	0.014	intron_variant	CACNA1E	1e-09	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs189231279	3	188200128	A>G,T		intron_variant	LPP	8e-09	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic

Genes & proteins

No associated-gene cohort resolved for this disease. Atlas builds the molecular and therapeutic sections — associated genes, protein families, druggability, pathways, interactions, and drug associations — by aggregating over a disease’s associated genes (resolved via GWAS / GenCC / ClinVar / CIViC), and none resolved here. This is expected for antibody-mediated, autoimmune, or otherwise non-gene-defined conditions; the curated evidence for this disease is its clinical features, GWAS susceptibility, and clinical trials (above).

Function

No pathway enrichment — requires an associated-gene cohort.

Therapeutics

Drugs indicated for this disease

1 approved, 5 in late-stage (phase 3) trials. Disease-direct ChEMBL indications, not inferred from the associated-gene cohort below.

Drug	Development status
Meropenem	Approved (phase 4)
Aspirin	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Isoniazid	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Moxifloxacin	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Pyrazinamide	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Rifampin	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)

Earlier-phase candidates (phase 2, investigational — efficacy not yet established): Dexamethasone, Ethambutol, Linezolid, Sodium Chloride.

Clinical trials & evidence

Clinical trials

Clinical trials: 145.

Phase distribution (across all retrieved trials)

Phase	Trials
Not specified	68
PHASE3	26
PHASE2	22
PHASE4	15
PHASE1	6
PHASE1/PHASE2	5
PHASE2/PHASE3	2
EARLY_PHASE1	1

Top trials by phase / activity

NCT	Phase	Status	Title
NCT00119080	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Effect of Meningococcal Conjugate Vaccine on Meningococcal Carriage
NCT00371878	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Immunogenicity of 7-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine in Lung Fluid of Adults With and Without HIV Infection
NCT00777257	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Study of Menactra® in US Adolescents When Administered Concomitantly With Tdap Vaccine
NCT00850603	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Safety and Immunogenicity of Intradermal Versus Subcutaneous Doses of Menomune®
NCT01119482	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Study on the Impact of Vaccination With a Conjugate Vaccine on Meningococcal Carriage
NCT01270503	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Post-Marketing Safety Study of Menactra® in Healthy Children, Adolescents, and Adults in the Philippines
NCT01430611	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Study of Sanofi Pasteur and Lanzhou Institute’s Meningococcal (Group A and C) Polysaccharide Vaccine in Children
NCT01593514	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Understanding the Immune Response to Two Different Meningitis Vaccines
NCT01659996	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Study of Menactra® in Healthy Subjects at 9 Months and Concomitantly With Pentacel® at 15 to 18 Months of Age
NCT01745679	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Pharmacological Study of High Doses of Ceftriaxone in Meningitidis
NCT02080559	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Investigating the Immune Response to 4CMenB in Infants
NCT02526394	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Pertussis and Meningitis C Concomitant Vaccination in Adolescents
NCT02591290	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Immunogenicity and Safety of Two-Dose Series of Menactra® in Japanese Healthy Adult Subjects
NCT02633787	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Persistence of Bactericidal Antibodies in Adults Who Received a Booster Dose of Menactra® Approximately 4 Years Earlier
NCT02864927	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Postmarketing Surveillance Study for Use of Menactra® in the Republic of Korea
NCT06592586	PHASE2/PHASE3	ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING	A Follow-up Trial of GBS-NN/NN2 Vaccine in Healthy Pregnant Women
NCT00325130	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Concomitant Use of Gardasil (V501) (Human Papillomavirus [Types 6, 11, 16, 18] Recombinant Vaccine) With Combined Diphtheria, Tetanus, Pertussis Vaccine and Meningococcal Conjugate Vaccine in Adolescents (V501-025)
NCT00427076	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Cotrimoxazole Versus Vancomycin for Invasive Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus Aureus Infections
NCT00495690	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Impact of Daily Zinc Supplementation to Infants Born With Low Birth Weight on Death and Severe Disease
NCT00539032	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Immunology and Safety of Menactra® in Children in Saudi Arabia
NCT00707785	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Effect of Vitamin A in the Treatment of Neonatal Sepsis and Necrotizing Enterocolitis
NCT00806195	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Study to Evaluate the Safety of Novartis MenACWY Conjugate Vaccine When Administered With Routine Infant Vaccinations to Healthy Infants
NCT00901940	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Understanding the Immune Response to Meningitis Vaccines
NCT01086969	PHASE3	COMPLETED	A Study of Meningococcal Vaccine, Menactra® in Healthy Subjects in India
NCT01359449	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Study of Two Doses of Menactra® or One Dose of Monovalent Meningococcal Group C Vaccine With Routine Immunizations
NCT01519713	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Study of a Single Dose of Meningococcal Polysaccharide Diphtheria Toxoid Conjugate Vaccine (SP284) in Japanese Subjects
NCT01580033	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Phase 3 Study of A Group A, C Polysaccharide Meningococcal and Type b Haemophilus Influenzal Conjugate Vaccine
NCT01619462	PHASE3	UNKNOWN	Safety and Immunogenicity of 10-valent and 13-valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccines in Papua New Guinean Children
NCT01642589	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Safety and Immunogenicity Study for Use of Menactra® Versus Adacel® in Subjects 11 to 55 Years of Age in South Korea
NCT01661751	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Clinical Trial of Group ACYW135 Meningococcal Polysaccharide Vaccine 003
NCT01890759	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Immunogenicity and Safety of Menactra® Vaccine in Subjects Aged 9 to 23 Months in India and in the Russian Federation
NCT02003313	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Immunogenicity and Safety of Group A, C, Y and W135 Meningococcal Polysaccharide Vaccine
NCT02003495	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Immunogenicity and Safety of Meningococcal (A, C, Y and W135) Conjugate Vaccine
NCT02752906	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Immunogenicity and Safety of a Booster Dose of an Investigational Quadrivalent Meningococcal Conjugate Vaccine
NCT02842853	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Immune Lot Consistency, Immunogenicity, and Safety of an Investigational Quadrivalent Meningococcal Conjugate Vaccine
NCT02842866	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Immunogenicity and Safety of an Investigational Quadrivalent Meningococcal Conjugate Vaccine in Adults 56 Years and Older
NCT02881957	PHASE2/PHASE3	COMPLETED	Hypovitaminosis D in Neurocritical Patients
NCT02943902	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Reduced PCV Dosing Schedules in South African Infants
NCT02955797	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Immunogenicity and Safety of an Investigational Quadrivalent Meningococcal Conjugate Vaccine in Toddlers
NCT03077438	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Study of an Investigational Quadrivalent Meningococcal Conjugate Vaccine Administered in Children Aged 2 to 9 Years

Drugs tested across these trials (top 30)

Molecule	Max phase	Trials referencing
CEFTAROLINE FOSAMIL	4	3
DAPTOMYCIN	4	2
AMPHOTERICIN B	4	1
CEFTRIAXONE	4	1
DORIPENEM	4	1
FLUCONAZOLE	4	1
HEPATITIS B VIRUS HBSAG SURFACE PROTEIN ANTIGEN	4	1
LINEZOLID	4	1
MEROPENEM	4	1
NEISSERIA MENINGITIDIS OLIGOSACCHARIDE CONJUGATED TO CORYNEBACTERIUM DIPHTHERIAE CRM197	4	1
RETINOL	4	1
STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE POLYSACCHARIDE CONJUGATED TO CORYNEBACTERIUM DIPHTHERIAE CRM197	4	1
VANCOMYCIN	4	1
CO-TRIMOXAZOLE	3	1
CONTEZOLID	3	1
RUBELLA VIRUS VACCINE LIVE	3	1
MGAWN1	2	1
CHEMBL1649722	0	2
CHEMBL4286784	0	2
CHEMBL4744444	0	2
CHEMBL4299436	0	1