multiple acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency

Summary

multiple acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (MONDO:0009282) is a disease (an umbrella term covering 5 Mondo subtypes) caused by variants in ETFA, ETFB, and ETFDH, with 5 cohort genes and 3 clinical trials. The dominant Reactome pathway is Respiratory electron transport (3 cohort genes).

At a glance

• Prevalence: 1-9 / 1 000 000 (Israel) [Orphanet-validated]
• Causal genes: ETFA (GenCC Definitive), ETFB (GenCC Definitive), ETFDH (GenCC Definitive)
• Umbrella term: 5 Mondo subtypes
• Cohort genes: 5
• ClinVar variants: 1,746
• Phenotypes (HPO): 58
• Clinical trials: 3

Clinical features

Epidemiology

Prevalence records

4 prevalence record(s), Orphanet:

Type	Class	Value	Geography	Validation
Prevalence at birth	1-9 / 1 000 000	0.5	Israel	Validated
Prevalence at birth	1-9 / 100 000	1	Specific population	Validated
Point prevalence	1-9 / 1 000 000		Europe	Not yet validated
Prevalence at birth	1-9 / 1 000 000	0.47	United States	Not yet validated

Signs & symptoms

Clinical features (HPO)

58 HPO clinical features (Orphanet curated; top 50 by frequency):

HPO ID	Term	Frequency
HP:0001252	Hypotonia	Frequent (30-79%)
HP:0001943	Hypoglycemia	Frequent (30-79%)
HP:0003236	Elevated circulating creatine kinase concentration	Frequent (30-79%)
HP:0003326	Myalgia	Frequent (30-79%)
HP:0003701	Proximal muscle weakness	Frequent (30-79%)
HP:0009020	Exercise-induced muscle fatigue	Frequent (30-79%)
HP:0000118	Phenotypic abnormality	Occasional (5-29%)
HP:0000260	Wide anterior fontanel	Occasional (5-29%)
HP:0000348	High forehead	Occasional (5-29%)
HP:0000377	Abnormal pinna morphology	Occasional (5-29%)
HP:0000506	Telecanthus	Occasional (5-29%)
HP:0000924	Abnormality of the skeletal system	Occasional (5-29%)
HP:0001250	Seizure	Occasional (5-29%)
HP:0001284	Areflexia	Occasional (5-29%)
HP:0001410	Decreased liver function	Occasional (5-29%)
HP:0001627	Abnormal heart morphology	Occasional (5-29%)
HP:0001635	Congestive heart failure	Occasional (5-29%)
HP:0001942	Metabolic acidosis	Occasional (5-29%)
HP:0001987	Hyperammonemia	Occasional (5-29%)
HP:0002013	Vomiting	Occasional (5-29%)
HP:0002015	Dysphagia	Occasional (5-29%)
HP:0002094	Dyspnea	Occasional (5-29%)
HP:0002240	Hepatomegaly	Occasional (5-29%)
HP:0002614	Hepatic periportal necrosis	Occasional (5-29%)
HP:0002878	Respiratory failure	Occasional (5-29%)
HP:0002910	Elevated circulating hepatic transaminase concentration	Occasional (5-29%)
HP:0003128	Lactic acidosis	Occasional (5-29%)
HP:0003150	Glutaric aciduria	Occasional (5-29%)
HP:0003202	Skeletal muscle atrophy	Occasional (5-29%)
HP:0003219	Ethylmalonic aciduria	Occasional (5-29%)
HP:0003234	Decreased circulating carnitine concentration	Occasional (5-29%)
HP:0003307	Hyperlordosis	Occasional (5-29%)
HP:0003344	3-Methylglutaric aciduria	Occasional (5-29%)
HP:0003546	Exercise intolerance	Occasional (5-29%)
HP:0003551	Difficulty climbing stairs	Occasional (5-29%)
HP:0003648	Lacticaciduria	Occasional (5-29%)
HP:0005280	Depressed nasal bridge	Occasional (5-29%)
HP:0011968	Feeding difficulties	Occasional (5-29%)
HP:0012240	Increased intramyocellular lipid droplets	Occasional (5-29%)
HP:0025435	Increased circulating lactate dehydrogenase concentration	Occasional (5-29%)
HP:0030199	Fatigable weakness of neck muscles	Occasional (5-29%)
HP:0045045	Elevated plasma acylcarnitine levels	Occasional (5-29%)
HP:0000078	Abnormality of the genital system	Very rare (<1-4%)
HP:0000113	Polycystic kidney dysplasia	Very rare (<1-4%)
HP:0000256	Macrocephaly	Very rare (<1-4%)
HP:0001298	Encephalopathy	Very rare (<1-4%)
HP:0001638	Cardiomyopathy	Very rare (<1-4%)
HP:0001735	Acute pancreatitis	Very rare (<1-4%)
HP:0002091	Restrictive ventilatory defect	Very rare (<1-4%)
HP:0002171	Gliosis	Very rare (<1-4%)

Identifiers

Disease identifiers

Field	Value
Canonical name	multiple acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency
Mondo ID	MONDO:0009282
OMIM	231680
Orphanet	26791
DOID	DOID:0060358
ICD-10-CM	E71.313
ICD-11	977130875
NCIT	C84907
UMLS	C0268596
MedGen	75696
GARD	0006523
NORD	1192
Is cancer (heuristic)	no

Also known as: electron transfer flavoprotein deficiency · EMA · Etfa deficiency · Etfb deficiency · Etfdh deficiency · glutaric acidemia 2A · glutaric acidemia 2B · glutaric acidemia 2C · glutaric acidemia IIA · glutaric acidemia IIB · glutaric acidemia IIC · glutaric acidemia type 2 · glutaric acidemia type II · glutaric aciduria type 2 · Glutaric Aciduria Type II · glutaric aciduria, type 2 · MAD deficiency · MADD · multiple acyl Coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency · multiple acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency

Data availability: 1,746 ClinVar variants · 10 GenCC gene-disease records · 3 cell lines.

Disease family

An umbrella term covering 5 Mondo subtypes.

Classification path: disease › human disease › disease by developmental or physiological process › metabolic disease › glutaric aciduria › multiple acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency

Related subtypes (2): glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency, glutaric acidemia type 3

Subtypes (5): multiple acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency, severe neonatal type, multiple acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency, mild type, glutaric acidemia IIa, glutaric acidemia IIb, glutaric acidemia IIc

Genetics & variants

GWAS landscape

No GWAS associations recorded — common-variant (GWAS) studies don’t cover this disease (typical for Mendelian / rare diseases). See the curated gene cohort and Mendelian overlap below.

Variant details and genetic-evidence tiers

ClinVar germline variants

600 retrieved; paginated sample, class counts are floors:

294 likely benign, 146 uncertain significance, 39 pathogenic/likely pathogenic, 39 pathogenic, 32 likely pathogenic, 30 conflicting classifications of pathogenicity, 13 benign, 7 benign/likely benign

ClinVar	Variant (HGVS)	Gene	Classification	Review
1069254	NM_000126.4(ETFA):c.793C>T (p.Gln265Ter)	ETFA	Pathogenic	criteria provided, single submitter
1076385	NM_000126.4(ETFA):c.478del (p.Asp160fs)	ETFA	Pathogenic	criteria provided, single submitter
1252024	NM_000126.4(ETFA):c.*27_*30del	ETFA	Pathogenic	no assertion criteria provided
1324349	NM_000126.4(ETFA):c.319_322del (p.His107fs)	ETFA	Pathogenic/Likely pathogenic	criteria provided, multiple submitters, no conflicts
1422394	NM_000126.4(ETFA):c.427dup (p.Thr143fs)	ETFA	Pathogenic	criteria provided, single submitter
1443409	NM_000126.4(ETFA):c.285del (p.Ile96fs)	ETFA	Pathogenic	criteria provided, single submitter
1451237	NM_000126.4(ETFA):c.693dup (p.Lys232Ter)	ETFA	Pathogenic/Likely pathogenic	criteria provided, multiple submitters, no conflicts
1454539	NC_000015.9:g.(?76508890)(76603739_?)del	ETFA	Pathogenic	criteria provided, single submitter
1454663	NM_000126.4(ETFA):c.321_322del (p.Ile108fs)	ETFA	Pathogenic/Likely pathogenic	criteria provided, multiple submitters, no conflicts
1456409	NM_000126.4(ETFA):c.44C>A (p.Ser15Ter)	ETFA	Pathogenic/Likely pathogenic	criteria provided, multiple submitters, no conflicts
1924837	NM_000126.4(ETFA):c.826_833dup (p.Gly279fs)	ETFA	Pathogenic/Likely pathogenic	criteria provided, multiple submitters, no conflicts
1322834	NM_001985.3(ETFB):c.284_293del (p.Glu95fs)	ETFB	Pathogenic	criteria provided, single submitter
1416429	NM_001985.3(ETFB):c.426_427insTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTNNNNNNNNNNTCTCCTGACCTCTAGATCCACCCGCCTCGGCCTCCCCAAGTGCTGGGATTACAGGCGTGAGCCACCGCGCCCGGCCGACAGCTGGATTTCTT (p.Asp143delinsPhePhePhePhePhePheXaaXaaXaaXaaSerProAspLeuTer)	ETFB	Pathogenic	criteria provided, single submitter
16716	NM_001985.3(ETFB):c.491G>A (p.Arg164Gln)	ETFB	Pathogenic/Likely pathogenic	criteria provided, multiple submitters, no conflicts
1031423	NM_004453.4(ETFDH):c.1745del (p.Asn582fs)	ETFDH	Pathogenic/Likely pathogenic	criteria provided, multiple submitters, no conflicts
1066228	NM_004453.4(ETFDH):c.488-1G>T	ETFDH	Pathogenic/Likely pathogenic	criteria provided, multiple submitters, no conflicts
1066475	NM_004453.4(ETFDH):c.1785del (p.Asp596fs)	ETFDH	Pathogenic	criteria provided, single submitter
1068253	NM_004453.4(ETFDH):c.406-2A>G	ETFDH	Pathogenic/Likely pathogenic	criteria provided, multiple submitters, no conflicts
1069043	NM_004453.4(ETFDH):c.1227A>C (p.Leu409Phe)	ETFDH	Pathogenic	criteria provided, multiple submitters, no conflicts
1069044	NM_004453.4(ETFDH):c.1522C>A (p.Pro508Thr)	ETFDH	Pathogenic	criteria provided, single submitter
1069045	NM_004453.4(ETFDH):c.1763A>G (p.His588Arg)	ETFDH	Pathogenic/Likely pathogenic	criteria provided, multiple submitters, no conflicts
1070989	NM_004453.4(ETFDH):c.1136_1140del (p.Phe379fs)	ETFDH	Pathogenic/Likely pathogenic	criteria provided, multiple submitters, no conflicts
1072316	NM_004453.4(ETFDH):c.1285+2T>G	ETFDH	Pathogenic	criteria provided, single submitter
1073007	NM_004453.4(ETFDH):c.432_438del (p.Glu144fs)	ETFDH	Pathogenic	criteria provided, multiple submitters, no conflicts
1073008	NM_004453.4(ETFDH):c.1623del (p.Asp541fs)	ETFDH	Pathogenic	criteria provided, multiple submitters, no conflicts
1075333	NM_004453.4(ETFDH):c.1134del (p.Pro380fs)	ETFDH	Pathogenic/Likely pathogenic	criteria provided, multiple submitters, no conflicts
1076856	NM_004453.4(ETFDH):c.386del (p.Pro129fs)	ETFDH	Pathogenic	criteria provided, single submitter
1192222	NM_004453.4(ETFDH):c.1255_1258del (p.Thr419fs)	ETFDH	Pathogenic/Likely pathogenic	criteria provided, multiple submitters, no conflicts
12026	NM_004453.4(ETFDH):c.2T>C (p.Met1Thr)	ETFDH	Pathogenic/Likely pathogenic	criteria provided, multiple submitters, no conflicts
12027	NM_004453.4(ETFDH):c.36del (p.Tyr13fs)	ETFDH	Pathogenic	criteria provided, single submitter

Genes & proteins

Mendelian disease overlap and somatic drivers

GenCC: 15 · Orphanet: 8 · OMIM-shared: 0 · Dual-evidence (GWAS+Mendelian): 0

GenCC gene–disease validity (cohort genes)

the Disease column is the GenCC-asserted condition — a cohort gene’s strongest validity may be for a related predisposition syndrome.

Gene	Classification	Inheritance	Disease	Records
ETFA	Definitive	Autosomal recessive	multiple acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency	8
ETFB	Definitive	Autosomal recessive	multiple acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency	3
ETFDH	Definitive	Autosomal recessive	multiple acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency	4

Orphanet rare-disease linkage (cohort genes)

Gene	Orphanet ID	Rare disease
ETFA	Orphanet:394529	Multiple acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency, severe neonatal type
ETFA	Orphanet:394532	Multiple acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency, mild type
ETFB	Orphanet:394529	Multiple acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency, severe neonatal type
ETFB	Orphanet:394532	Multiple acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency, mild type
ETFDH	Orphanet:394529	Multiple acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency, severe neonatal type
ETFDH	Orphanet:394532	Multiple acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency, mild type
FLAD1	Orphanet:394529	Multiple acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency, severe neonatal type
FLAD1	Orphanet:394532	Multiple acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency, mild type

Cohort genes → proteins

5 cohort genes, 5 distinct canonical proteins.

Evidence partition

Subset	Genes
multi_evidence	5

Cohort genes (full)

Symbol	HGNC	Ensembl	UniProt	Name	Evidence
ETFA	HGNC:3481	ENSG00000140374	P13804	Electron transfer flavoprotein subunit alpha, mitochondrial	gencc,clinvar
ETFB	HGNC:3482	ENSG00000105379	P38117	Electron transfer flavoprotein subunit beta	gencc,clinvar
ETFDH	HGNC:3483	ENSG00000171503	Q16134	Electron transfer flavoprotein-ubiquinone oxidoreductase, mitochondrial	gencc,clinvar
CD33	HGNC:1659	ENSG00000105383	P20138	Myeloid cell surface antigen CD33	clinvar
FLAD1	HGNC:24671	ENSG00000160688	Q8NFF5	Bifunctional FAD diphosphatase/FAD synthase	clinvar

Cohort function summary

Lead sentence per gene, UniProt-curated.

Symbol	Protein name	Function (lead sentence)
ETFA	Electron transfer flavoprotein subunit alpha, mitochondrial	Heterodimeric electron transfer flavoprotein that accepts electrons from several mitochondrial dehydrogenases, including acyl-CoA dehydrogenases, glutaryl-CoA and sarcosine dehydrogenase.
ETFB	Electron transfer flavoprotein subunit beta	Heterodimeric electron transfer flavoprotein that accepts electrons from several mitochondrial dehydrogenases, including acyl-CoA dehydrogenases, glutaryl-CoA and sarcosine dehydrogenase.
ETFDH	Electron transfer flavoprotein-ubiquinone oxidoreductase, mitochondrial	Accepts electrons from ETF and reduces ubiquinone.
CD33	Myeloid cell surface antigen CD33	Sialic-acid-binding immunoglobulin-like lectin (Siglec) that plays a role in mediating cell-cell interactions and in maintaining immune cells in a resting state.
FLAD1	Bifunctional FAD diphosphatase/FAD synthase	This enzyme has two activities: FAD diphosphatase activity and FAD synthase activity.

Protein-family classification

Druggable: 3 · Difficult: 0 · Unknown: 2 · Druggable fraction: 0.6

Family distribution

Cohort families vs a genome-wide background (hypergeometric, BH-FDR; fold = observed/expected). Counts kept; sorted by enrichment, so the catch-all Other/Unknown bucket no longer leads.

Family	Genes	Fold	FDR
Enzyme (other)	2	4.8×	0.176
Antibody/Immunoglobulin	1	5.8×	0.240
Other/Unknown	2	0.7×	0.877

Per-gene assignment

Symbol	Family	Druggable?	EC	InterPro (top 3)
ETFA	Other/Unknown	no		ETF_a/FixB, Rossmann-like_a/b/a_fold, ETF_a/b_N
ETFB	Other/Unknown	no		ET-Flavoprotein_bsu_CS, ETF_b, Rossmann-like_a/b/a_fold
ETFDH	Enzyme (other)	yes	1.5.5.1	ETF-QO/FixX_C, 4Fe4S_Fe-S-bd, FAD/NAD-bd_sf
CD33	Antibody/Immunoglobulin	yes		Ig_sub, Ig-like_dom, Ig_V-set
FLAD1	Enzyme (other)	yes	2.7.7.2	MoaB/Mog_dom, PAPS_reduct_dom, FLAD1

Expression context

Cohort genes with no expression data: 0.

5 cohort genes are a single-cell marker in ≥1 SCXA experiment.

Breadth distribution (Bgee present_calls)

Bucket	Genes
narrow (1-5 tissues)	0
moderate (6-20)	0
broad (>20)	5
unknown	0

Top tissues across cohort

Tissue	Cohort genes
apex of heart	3
heart left ventricle	2
jejunal mucosa	1
oocyte	1
secondary oocyte	1
right lobe of liver	1
hindlimb stylopod muscle	1
leukocyte	1
monocyte	1
mononuclear cell	1
granulocyte	1
mucosa of transverse colon	1

Per-gene tissue summary (top 30)

Symbol	Bgee breadth	FANTOM5 breadth	SCXA	Top tissues
ETFA	297	ubiquitous	marker	oocyte, secondary oocyte, jejunal mucosa
ETFB	290	ubiquitous	marker	apex of heart, right lobe of liver, heart left ventricle
ETFDH	285	ubiquitous	marker	apex of heart, heart left ventricle, hindlimb stylopod muscle
CD33	175	broad	marker	monocyte, mononuclear cell, leukocyte
FLAD1	260	ubiquitous	marker	apex of heart, granulocyte, mucosa of transverse colon

Protein interactions among cohort

Intra-cohort edges: 6.

Hub genes (top 10 by interactor count)

Symbol	Interactor count
ETFA	3,353
FLAD1	2,820
CD33	2,762
ETFB	2,599
ETFDH	2,031

Intra-cohort edges

A	B	Sources
ETFA	ETFB	biogrid_interaction, intact, string_interaction
ETFA	ETFDH	string_interaction
ETFA	FLAD1	string_interaction
ETFB	ETFDH	string_interaction
ETFB	FLAD1	string_interaction
ETFDH	FLAD1	string_interaction

Structural data

PDB: 4 · AlphaFold-only: 1 · No structure: 0

Cohort genes with PDB structures (top 30)

Symbol	UniProt	PDB entries
CD33	P20138	10
ETFA	P13804	4
ETFB	P38117	4
FLAD1	Q8NFF5	2

AlphaFold-only cohort genes (top 30 by pLDDT)

Symbol	UniProt	pLDDT
ETFDH	Q16134	93.60

Function

Pathway analysis

Distinct Reactome pathways touched by cohort: 9. Enrichment computed across 5 evidence-associated genes (5 with Reactome annotation).

Pathways by enrichment

Over-representation of cohort genes vs the genome-wide background (hypergeometric test, Benjamini-Hochberg FDR; fold = observed/expected over 5 annotated cohort genes). Counts and members are kept as ground-truth; sorted by enrichment.

Pathway	Cohort genes	Fold	FDR	Sample cohort genes
Respiratory electron transport	3	57.1×	1e-04	ETFA, ETFB, ETFDH
Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) metabolism	1	326.3×	0.014	FLAD1
Protein methylation	1	134.3×	0.022	ETFB
Dengue Virus Attachment and Entry	1	51.9×	0.043	CD33
Immunoregulatory interactions between a Lymphoid and a non-Lymphoid cell	1	17.4×	0.101	CD33
Adaptive Immune System	1	6.0×	0.224	CD33
Innate Immune System	1	5.1×	0.224	CD33
Neutrophil degranulation	1	4.6×	0.224	CD33
Immune System	1	2.6×	0.331	CD33

GO biological processes by enrichment

Over-representation of cohort genes vs the genome-wide background (hypergeometric test, Benjamini-Hochberg FDR; fold = observed/expected over 5 annotated cohort genes). Counts and members are kept as ground-truth; sorted by enrichment.

GO term	Cohort genes	Fold	FDR	Sample cohort genes
fatty acid beta-oxidation using acyl-CoA dehydrogenase	3	842.6×	5e-08	ETFA, ETFB, ETFDH
respiratory electron transport chain	3	505.6×	1e-07	ETFA, ETFB, ETFDH
amino acid catabolic process	2	1123.5×	7e-06	ETFA, ETFB
FAD biosynthetic process	1	3370.4×	0.001	FLAD1
immune response-inhibiting signal transduction	1	1685.2×	0.002	CD33
negative regulation of monocyte activation	1	1123.5×	0.003	CD33
riboflavin metabolic process	1	674.1×	0.004	FLAD1
Fc-gamma receptor signaling pathway	1	374.5×	0.006	CD33
electron transport chain	1	306.4×	0.007	ETFDH
negative regulation of interleukin-8 production	1	198.3×	0.010	CD33
negative regulation of interleukin-1 beta production	1	102.1×	0.017	CD33
positive regulation of protein secretion	1	68.8×	0.023	CD33
negative regulation of tumor necrosis factor production	1	50.3×	0.029	CD33
response to oxidative stress	1	26.1×	0.051	ETFDH
cell-cell adhesion	1	20.3×	0.061	CD33
cell-cell signaling	1	13.9×	0.083	CD33
negative regulation of cell population proliferation	1	8.4×	0.127	CD33
cell adhesion	1	7.5×	0.134	CD33
signal transduction	1	3.2×	0.275	CD33

Therapeutics

Drug target analysis

Approved (phase 4): 0 · Phase ≥3: 1 · Phased (≥1): 1 · Undrugged: 4

Druggability breadth: 4 of 5 evidence-associated genes (80%) have a ChEMBL target (buckets above are over the deeply-mined display cohort).

Top cohort targets by molecule count

Symbol	Molecules	Max phase
ETFB	1	3
ETFA	0	0
ETFDH	0	0
CD33	0	0
FLAD1	0	0

Drugs targeting cohort genes (top 30)

Molecule	Max phase	Targets in cohort
CRENOLANIB	3	ETFB

Bioactivity and enzyme data

Enzyme cohort genes (≥1 EC): 2.

Cohort genes with ChEMBL bioactivity (full, sorted by assay count)

Symbol	Assays	Type breakdown
FLAD1	3	Binding:3
ETFB	2	Binding:2
ETFA	1	Binding:1

Cohort enzymes (BRENDA EC)

Symbol	EC numbers	Names
ETFDH	1.5.5.1	electron-transferring-flavoprotein dehydrogenase
FLAD1	2.7.7.2	FAD synthase

Pharmacogenomics

Cohort genes with a PharmGKB record: 5; with CPIC/DPWG dosing guidelines: 0.

No cohort gene has a CPIC/DPWG genotype-guided dosing guideline (PharmGKB).

Chemical tractability of cohort targets

1 approved/phased compounds have measured bioactivity against a cohort gene (and aren’t yet in disease-level trials). This is a research / tractability signal, NOT a therapeutic recommendation — a bioactivity row often reflects off-target or screening binding (e.g. promiscuous kinase inhibitors against a cohort kinase), implying no disease mechanism.

Compound	Max phase	Cohort target (bioactivity)
CRENOLANIB	3	ETFB

Druggability pyramid

Cohort genes binned by druggability tier (high → low):

Tier	Definition	Genes	Symbols
A	Approved (phase 4 drug)	0
B	Phased (≥1) drug, not yet approved	1	ETFB
C	Druggable family + PDB, no drug	2	CD33, FLAD1
D	Druggable family + AlphaFold only, no drug	1	ETFDH
E	Difficult family or no structure, no drug	1	ETFA

Undrugged target profiles

4 cohort genes are undrugged. Ranked by ‘starting-point quality’ (assay depth + drugged-partner adjacency).

Symbol	ChEMBL assays	Drugged partners (top 3)
ETFA	1	ETFB
ETFDH	0	ETFB
CD33	0	—
FLAD1	3	—

Clinical trials & evidence

Clinical trials

Clinical trials: 3.

Phase distribution (across all retrieved trials)

Phase	Trials
Not specified	3

Top trials by phase / activity

NCT	Phase	Status	Title
NCT02635269	Not specified	UNKNOWN	Fat and Sugar Metabolism During Exercise in Patients With Metabolic Myopathy
NCT05892692	Not specified	COMPLETED	Nexus of Risk: Sexual Assault, Alcohol Use, and Risky Sex Among College Women
NCT05910151	Not specified	UNKNOWN	Selective Screening of Children for Hereditary Metabolic Diseases by Tandem Mass Spectrometry in Kazakhstan