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Atlas / Disease / Nicotine dependence

Nicotine dependence

disease
On this page

Also known as nicotine addictiontobacco use disorder

Summary

Nicotine dependence (MONDO:0008575) is a disease with 30 cohort genes (317 GWAS associations across 46 studies) and 738 clinical trials. The dominant Reactome pathway is Highly calcium permeable nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (7 cohort genes). Top therapeutic interventions include bupropion, varenicline, and nicotine.

At a glance

  • Cohort genes: 30
  • GWAS associations: 317
  • Clinical trials: 738

Clinical features

No curated clinical features (Orphanet) for this disease.

Identifiers

Disease identifiers

FieldValue
Canonical namenicotine dependence
Mondo IDMONDO:0008575
EFOEFO:0003768
MeSHD014029
DOIDDOID:0050742
ICD-10-CMF17, F17.2
ICD-111699574100
NCITC54203
SNOMED CT56294008
UMLSC0028043
MedGen45086
Is cancer (heuristic)no

Also known as: nicotine addiction · tobacco use disorder

Data availability: 317 GWAS associations (46 studies) · 1 GenCC gene-disease record.

Disease family

Classification path: disease › human disease › disease by developmental or physiological process › psychiatric disorder › substance-related disorder › substance dependence › drug dependence › nicotine dependence

Related subtypes (9): barbiturate dependence, hallucinogen dependence, cocaine dependence, methamphetamine dependence, alcohol and nicotine codependence, opiate dependence, cannabis dependence, phencyclidine abuse, alcohol dependence

Genetics & variants

GWAS landscape

317 GWAS associations across 46 studies. Top hits map to 16 distinct genes (as reported by GWAS).

Top associations by p-value

rsIDp-valueGeneRisk alleleOdds ratio
rs105192035e-267HYKK?
rs80341911e-70HYKKT0.06
rs110727742e-64CHRNB4?
rs116673144e-43CYP2F2P - CYP2A6?
rs732290933e-33GULOPC0.07
rs1445539303e-28EGLN2, RAB4B-EGLN2?
rs1511768469e-28CHRNA4T0.09
chr1:739667129e-25G0.05
rs127319863e-24LINC01360 - LINC02238?
rs1115964521e-23FAM163B - DBH?
chr3:493473572e-23C0.05
rs130364363e-23CHRNA4G0.06
rs97922774e-23SMIM19 - CHRNB3?
chr11:1128519611e-22G0.04
chr2:451535082e-22C0.05
chr9:1336093761e-21?0.1
chr9:1336079312e-21?0.1
rs20071532e-21DBH?
rs116376304e-21CHRNA3?
rs96461817e-21SEMA6D?
rs130091751e-20RPL6P5 - METAP2P1?
rs60117795e-20CHRNA4?
rs10517306e-20CHRNA3T0.1
rs117830938e-19GULOPC0.06
rs2156002e-18PDE1C?
chr2:1042196922e-18G0.04
rs172434703e-18MORF4L1?
rs120424443e-18LINC01360 - LINC02238C0.04
rs562194805e-18CHRNA5?
rs124400146e-18CHRNB4C0.05

Top studies (by case count)

StudyLead authorYearCasesControlsTitle
GCST90708780Toikumo S2024174,021565,874Multi-ancestry meta-analysis of tobacco use disorder identifies 461 potential risk genes and reveals associations with multiple health outcomes.
GCST90476528Verma A2024150,428254,189Diversity and scale: Genetic architecture of 2068 traits in the VA Million Veteran Program.
GCST90308686Rajagopal VM202360,960433,754Rare coding variants in CHRNB2 reduce the likelihood of smoking.
GCST90308692Rajagopal VM202360,960433,754Rare coding variants in CHRNB2 reduce the likelihood of smoking.
GCST90081377Backman JD202148,661326,806Exome sequencing and analysis of 454,787 UK Biobank participants.
GCST90085363Backman JD202148,661326,806Exome sequencing and analysis of 454,787 UK Biobank participants.
GCST90476527Verma A202447,06464,470Diversity and scale: Genetic architecture of 2068 traits in the VA Million Veteran Program.
GCST90480769Verma A202447,06464,470Diversity and scale: Genetic architecture of 2068 traits in the VA Million Veteran Program.
GCST90079798Backman JD202132,828337,667Exome sequencing and analysis of 454,787 UK Biobank participants.
GCST90083784Backman JD202132,828337,667Exome sequencing and analysis of 454,787 UK Biobank participants.

Variant details and genetic-evidence tiers

Tier distribution (top 50 variants)

TierVariants
Tier 1: coding0
Tier 2: splice/UTR0
Tier 3: regulatory0
Tier 4: intronic/intergenic50

MAF distribution

BucketVariants
common (>=0.05)48
low_freq (0.01-0.05)0
rare (<0.01)0
unknown2

Functional consequences

ConsequenceCount
intron_variant26
unknown15
intergenic_variant7
synonymous_variant1
non_coding_transcript_exon_variant1

Top variants

rsIDChrPosAllelesMAFConsequenceGenep-valueTier
rs105192031578521704G>A,C,T0.05intron_variantHYKK5e-267Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs80341911578513681T>C0.05intron_variantHYKK1e-70Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs110727741578660355C>A,G,T0.05intergenic_variantCHRNB42e-64Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs116673141940835078T>C0.05intron_variantCYP2F2P - CYP2A64e-43Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs73229093827584812C>T0.159intron_variantGULOP3e-33Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs1445539301940807356C>T0.05intron_variantEGLN2, RAB4B-EGLN23e-28Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs1511768462063366148T>C0.075intron_variantCHRNA49e-28Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
chr1:739667120.3989e-25Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs12731986173419155C>A,G,T0.05intron_variantLINC01360 - LINC022383e-24Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs1115964529133620172T>C0.05intron_variantFAM163B - DBH1e-23Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
chr3:493473570.2832e-23Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs130364362063357030G>A,C0.254intron_variantCHRNA43e-23Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs9792277842690684G>A,C0.05intergenic_variantSMIM19 - CHRNB34e-23Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
chr11:1128519610.4441e-22Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
chr2:451535080.3422e-22Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
chr9:1336093761e-21Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
chr9:1336079312e-21Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs20071539133638697T>C0.05intron_variantDBH2e-21Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs116376301578607377G>A,C,T0.05intron_variantCHRNA34e-21Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs96461811547580975C>G,T0.05intron_variantSEMA6D7e-21Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs130091752145365368C>T0.05intergenic_variantRPL6P5 - METAP2P11e-20Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs60117792063352965C>G,T0.05intron_variantCHRNA45e-20Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs10517301578601997G>A,C,T0.35synonymous_variantCHRNA36e-20Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs11783093827567832C>T0.129intron_variantGULOP8e-19Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs215600732294030G>A,C0.05intron_variantPDE1C2e-18Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
chr2:1042196920.4952e-18Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs172434701578880424T>G0.05intron_variantMORF4L13e-18Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs12042444173522466C>A,G,T0.445intergenic_variantLINC01360 - LINC022383e-18Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs562194801578571682C>G,T0.05intron_variantCHRNA55e-18Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs124400141578634384C>G,T0.255intron_variantCHRNB46e-18Tier 4: intronic/intergenic

Genes & proteins

Mendelian disease overlap and somatic drivers

GenCC: 2 · Orphanet: 18 · OMIM-shared: 0 · Dual-evidence (GWAS+Mendelian): 1

Dual-evidence genes (GWAS + Mendelian — highest-confidence targets)

GeneHGNCEvidence routes
CYP2A6CYP2A6GWAS, GenCC

GenCC gene–disease validity (cohort genes)

the Disease column is the GenCC-asserted condition — a cohort gene’s strongest validity may be for a related predisposition syndrome.

GeneClassificationInheritanceDiseaseRecords
CYP2A6No Known Disease RelationshipUnknownnicotine dependence2

Orphanet rare-disease linkage (cohort genes)

GeneOrphanet IDRare disease
ADAMTSL1Orphanet:521445Microcephaly-facial dysmorphism-ocular anomalies-multiple congenital anomalies syndrome
HAX1Orphanet:99749Kostmann syndrome
MAGI2Orphanet:656Hereditary steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome
CHRNA4Orphanet:98784Sleep-related hypermotor epilepsy
CHRNB2Orphanet:98784Sleep-related hypermotor epilepsy
CTNNA3Orphanet:293888Inherited isolated arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy, dominant-left variant
CTNNA3Orphanet:293899Inherited isolated arrhythmogenic ventricular dysplasia, biventricular variant
CTNNA3Orphanet:293910Inherited isolated arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy, dominant-right variant
DBHOrphanet:230Dopamine beta-hydroxylase deficiency
GLIS3Orphanet:79118Neonatal diabetes-congenital hypothyroidism-congenital glaucoma-hepatic fibrosis-polycystic kidneys syndrome
DNMT3BOrphanet:2268ICF syndrome
DNMT3BOrphanet:269Facioscapulohumeral dystrophy
DVL1Orphanet:3107Autosomal dominant Robinow syndrome
GABBR1Orphanet:178469Autosomal dominant non-syndromic intellectual disability
PEX2Orphanet:44Neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy
PEX2Orphanet:642965Autosomal recessive ataxia due to PEX2 deficiency
PEX2Orphanet:772Infantile Refsum disease
PEX2Orphanet:912Zellweger syndrome

Cohort genes → proteins

30 cohort genes, 30 distinct canonical proteins.

Evidence partition

SubsetGenes
gwas_only29
gwas_and_gencc1

Cohort genes (full)

SymbolHGNCEnsemblUniProtNameEvidence
CYP2A6HGNC:2610ENSG00000255974P11509Cytochrome P450 2A6gwas,gencc
ADAMTSL1HGNC:14632ENSG00000178031Q8N6G6ADAMTS-like protein 1gwas
CACNA2D3HGNC:15460ENSG00000157445Q8IZS8Voltage-dependent calcium channel subunit alpha-2/delta-3gwas
CHRNA6HGNC:15963ENSG00000147434Q15825Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-6gwas
HAX1HGNC:16915ENSG00000143575O00165HCLS1-associated protein X-1gwas
SULT1B1HGNC:17845ENSG00000173597O43704Sulfotransferase 1B1gwas
MAGI2HGNC:18957ENSG00000187391Q86UL8Membrane-associated guanylate kinase, WW and PDZ domain-containing protein 2gwas
CHRNA3HGNC:1957ENSG00000080644P32297Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-3gwas
CHRNA4HGNC:1958ENSG00000101204P43681Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-4gwas
CHRNA5HGNC:1959ENSG00000169684P30532Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-5gwas
CHRNB2HGNC:1962ENSG00000160716P17787Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2gwas
CHRNB3HGNC:1963ENSG00000147432Q05901Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-3gwas
CHRNB4HGNC:1964ENSG00000117971P30926Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-4gwas
SLC22A23HGNC:21106ENSG00000137266A1A5C7Solute carrier family 22 member 23gwas
CTNNA3HGNC:2511ENSG00000183230Q9UI47Catenin alpha-3gwas
DBHHGNC:2689ENSG00000123454P09172Dopamine beta-hydroxylasegwas
ERCC6L2-AS1HGNC:27858ENSG00000175611Q8WZB0Putative uncharacterized protein ERCC6L2-AS1gwas
GLIS3HGNC:28510ENSG00000107249Q8NEA6Zinc finger protein GLIS3gwas
ARHGAP25HGNC:28951ENSG00000163219P42331Rho GTPase-activating protein 25gwas
ZNF608HGNC:29238ENSG00000168916Q9ULD9Zinc finger protein 608gwas
TANC1HGNC:29364ENSG00000115183Q9C0D5Protein TANC1gwas
DNMT3BHGNC:2979ENSG00000088305Q9UBC3DNA (cytosine-5)-methyltransferase 3Bgwas
DLGAP3HGNC:30368ENSG00000116544O95886Disks large-associated protein 3gwas
DVL1HGNC:3084ENSG00000107404O14640Segment polarity protein dishevelled homolog DVL-1gwas
FAM163BHGNC:33277ENSG00000196990P0C2L3Protein FAM163Bgwas
HYKKHGNC:34403ENSG00000188266A2RU49Hydroxylysine kinasegwas
GABBR1HGNC:4070ENSG00000204681Q9UBS5Gamma-aminobutyric acid type B receptor subunit 1gwas
GNAI1HGNC:4384ENSG00000127955P63096Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(i) subunit alpha-1gwas
NR5A2HGNC:7984ENSG00000116833O00482Nuclear receptor subfamily 5 group A member 2gwas
PEX2HGNC:9717ENSG00000164751P28328Peroxisome biogenesis factor 2gwas

Cohort function summary

Lead sentence per gene, UniProt-curated.

SymbolProtein nameFunction (lead sentence)
CYP2A6Cytochrome P450 2A6Exhibits a high coumarin 7-hydroxylase activity.
CACNA2D3Voltage-dependent calcium channel subunit alpha-2/delta-3The alpha-2/delta subunit of voltage-dependent calcium channels regulates calcium current density and activation/inactivation kinetics of the calcium channel.
CHRNA6Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-6Component of neuronal acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) that function as pentameric, ligand-gated cation channels with high calcium permeability among other activities. nAChRs are excitatory neurotrasnmitter receptors formed by a collection…
HAX1HCLS1-associated protein X-1Recruits the Arp2/3 complex to the cell cortex and regulates reorganization of the cortical actin cytoskeleton via its interaction with KCNC3 and the Arp2/3 complex.
SULT1B1Sulfotransferase 1B1Sulfotransferase that utilizes 3’-phospho-5’-adenylyl sulfate (PAPS) as sulfonate donor to catalyze the sulfate conjugation of dopamine, small phenols such as 1-naphthol and p-nitrophenol and thyroid hormones, including 3,3’-diiodothyronin…
MAGI2Membrane-associated guanylate kinase, WW and PDZ domain-containing protein 2Seems to act as a scaffold molecule at synaptic junctions by assembling neurotransmitter receptors and cell adhesion proteins.
CHRNA3Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-3Component of neuronal acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) that function as pentameric, ligand-gated cation channels with high calcium permeability among other activities. nAChRs are excitatory neurotrasnmitter receptors formed by a collection…
CHRNA4Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-4Component of neuronal acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) that function as pentameric, ligand-gated cation channels with high calcium permeability among other activities. nAChRs are excitatory neurotrasnmitter receptors formed by a collection…
CHRNA5Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-5Component of neuronal acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) that function as pentameric, ligand-gated cation channels with high calcium permeability among other activities. nAChRs are excitatory neurotrasnmitter receptors formed by a collection…
CHRNB2Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2Component of neuronal acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) that function as pentameric, ligand-gated cation channels with high calcium permeability among other activities. nAChRs are excitatory neurotrasnmitter receptors formed by a collection…
CHRNB3Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-3Component of neuronal acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) that function as pentameric, ligand-gated cation channels with high calcium permeability among other activities. nAChRs are excitatory neurotrasnmitter receptors formed by a collection…
CHRNB4Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-4Component of neuronal acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) that function as pentameric, ligand-gated cation channels with high calcium permeability among other activities. nAChRs are excitatory neurotrasnmitter receptors formed by a collection…
CTNNA3Catenin alpha-3May be involved in formation of stretch-resistant cell-cell adhesion complexes.
DBHDopamine beta-hydroxylaseCatalyzes the hydroxylation of dopamine to noradrenaline (also known as norepinephrine), and is thus vital for regulation of these neurotransmitters.
GLIS3Zinc finger protein GLIS3Acts both as a repressor and an activator of transcription.
ARHGAP25Rho GTPase-activating protein 25GTPase activator for the Rho-type GTPases by converting them to an inactive GDP-bound state.
ZNF608Zinc finger protein 608Transcription factor, which represses ZNF609 transcription.
TANC1Protein TANC1May be a scaffold component in the postsynaptic density.
DNMT3BDNA (cytosine-5)-methyltransferase 3BRequired for genome-wide de novo methylation and is essential for the establishment of DNA methylation patterns during development.
DLGAP3Disks large-associated protein 3May play a role in the molecular organization of synapses and neuronal cell signaling.
DVL1Segment polarity protein dishevelled homolog DVL-1Participates in Wnt signaling by binding to the cytoplasmic C-terminus of frizzled family members and transducing the Wnt signal to down-stream effectors.
HYKKHydroxylysine kinaseCatalyzes the GTP-dependent phosphorylation of 5-hydroxy-L-lysine.
GABBR1Gamma-aminobutyric acid type B receptor subunit 1Component of a heterodimeric G-protein coupled receptor for GABA, formed by GABBR1 and GABBR2.
GNAI1Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(i) subunit alpha-1Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) function as transducers downstream of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) in numerous signaling cascades.
NR5A2Nuclear receptor subfamily 5 group A member 2Orphan nuclear receptor that binds DNA as a monomer to the 5’-TCAAGGCCA-3’ sequence and controls expression of target genes: regulates key biological processes, such as early embryonic development, cholesterol and bile acid synthesis pathw…
PEX2Peroxisome biogenesis factor 2E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase component of a retrotranslocation channel required for peroxisome organization by mediating export of the PEX5 receptor from peroxisomes to the cytosol, thereby promoting PEX5 recycling.

Protein-family classification

Druggable: 9 · Difficult: 7 · Unknown: 14 · Druggable fraction: 0.3

Family distribution

Cohort families vs a genome-wide background (hypergeometric, BH-FDR; fold = observed/expected). Counts kept; sorted by enrichment, so the catch-all Other/Unknown bucket no longer leads.

FamilyGenesFoldFDR
Nuclear receptor112.9×0.674
Transporter12.6×0.724
Kinase21.9×0.724
Scaffold/PPI31.7×0.724
Enzyme (other)31.2×0.751
Transcription factor41.1×0.751
Antibody/Immunoglobulin11.0×0.813
GPCR10.8×0.813
Other/Unknown140.8×0.883

Per-gene assignment

SymbolFamilyDruggable?ECInterPro (top 3)
CYP2A6Enzyme (other)yes1.14.14.1Cyt_P450, Cyt_P450_E_grp-I, Cyt_P450_E_grp-I_CYP2A-like
ADAMTSL1Antibody/ImmunoglobulinyesTSP1_rpt, Ig_sub2, Ig_sub
CACNA2D3Other/UnknownnoVWF_A, VWA_N, VDCC_a2/dsu
CHRNA6Other/UnknownnoNicotinic_acetylcholine_rcpt, Neurotrans-gated_channel_TM, Neur_channel
HAX1Other/UnknownnoHAX-1
SULT1B1Enzyme (other)yes2.8.2.1Sulfotransferase_dom, P-loop_NTPase
MAGI2KinaseyesWW_dom, PDZ, Guanylate_kin-like_dom
CHRNA3Other/UnknownnoNicotinic_acetylcholine_rcpt, Neurotrans-gated_channel_TM, Neur_channel
CHRNA4Other/UnknownnoNicotinic_acetylcholine_rcpt, Neurotrans-gated_channel_TM, Neur_channel
CHRNA5Other/UnknownnoNicotinic_acetylcholine_rcpt, Neurotrans-gated_channel_TM, Neur_channel
CHRNB2Other/UnknownnoNicotinic_acetylcholine_rcpt, Neurotrans-gated_channel_TM, Neur_channel
CHRNB3Other/UnknownnoNicotinic_acetylcholine_rcpt, Neurotrans-gated_channel_TM, Neur_channel
CHRNB4Other/UnknownnoNicotinic_acetylcholine_rcpt, Neurotrans-gated_channel_TM, Neur_channel
SLC22A23TransporteryesMFS_sugar_transport-like, Sugar_transporter_CS, MFS_dom
CTNNA3Other/UnknownnoAlpha_catenin, Vinculin/catenin, Alpha-catenin/vinculin-like_sf
DBHEnzyme (other)yes1.14.17.1Cu2_ascorb_mOase_N, DBH-like, DOMON_domain
ERCC6L2-AS1Other/Unknownno
GLIS3Transcription factornoZnf_C2H2_type, Znf_C2H2_sf, GLI-like
ARHGAP25Scaffold/PPInoRhoGAP_dom, PH_domain, Rho_GTPase_activation_prot
ZNF608Transcription factornoZnf_C2H2_type, ZN608/ZN609
TANC1Scaffold/PPInoAnkyrin_rpt, TPR-like_helical_dom_sf, TPR_rpt
DNMT3BTranscription factorno2.1.1.37PWWP_dom, C5_MeTfrase, Znf_FYVE_PHD
DLGAP3Other/UnknownnoSAPAP
DVL1Scaffold/PPInoDEP_dom, DIX, PDZ
FAM163BOther/UnknownnoFAM163, FAM163B
HYKKKinaseyes2.7.1.81Aminoglycoside_PTrfase, Kinase-like_dom_sf, Pseudomonas-type_ThrB
GABBR1GPCRyesSushi_SCR_CCP_dom, ANF_lig-bd_rcpt, GPCR3_GABA-B
GNAI1Other/UnknownnoGprotein_alpha_su, Gprotein_alpha_I, GproteinA_insert
NR5A2Nuclear receptoryesNucl_hrmn_rcpt_lig-bd, Znf_hrmn_rcpt, Nuclear_hrmn_rcpt
PEX2Transcription factornoZnf_RING, Pex_N, Znf_RING/FYVE/PHD

Expression context

Cohort genes with no expression data: 0.

23 cohort genes are a single-cell marker in ≥1 SCXA experiment.

Breadth distribution (Bgee present_calls)

BucketGenes
narrow (1-5 tissues)0
moderate (6-20)0
broad (>20)30
unknown0

Top tissues across cohort

TissueCohort genes
male germ line stem cell (sensu Vertebrata) in testis4
pancreatic ductal cell4
right lobe of liver3
corpus callosum3
primordial germ cell in gonad3
ganglionic eminence3
ileal mucosa3
right frontal lobe3
liver2
Brodmann (1909) area 232
buccal mucosa cell2
heart right ventricle2
hindlimb stylopod muscle2
calcaneal tendon2
cortical plate2
ventricular zone2
granulocyte2
cardiac muscle of right atrium2
anterior cingulate cortex2
olfactory segment of nasal mucosa2

Per-gene tissue summary (top 30)

SymbolBgee breadthFANTOM5 breadthSCXATop tissues
CYP2A6182tissue_specificyesright lobe of liver, liver, paraflocculus
ADAMTSL1182ubiquitousmarkerlower esophagus muscularis layer, lower esophagus, sural nerve
CACNA2D3205broadmarkermiddle temporal gyrus, Brodmann (1909) area 23, endothelial cell
CHRNA680tissue_specificmarkerpancreatic ductal cell, male germ line stem cell (sensu Vertebrata) in testis, buccal mucosa cell
HAX1295ubiquitousmarkerapex of heart, heart right ventricle, hindlimb stylopod muscle
SULT1B1161broadmarkerrectum, mucosa of transverse colon, jejunal mucosa
MAGI2267ubiquitousmarkercalcaneal tendon, corpus callosum, Brodmann (1909) area 23
CHRNA3179broadmarkerpigmented layer of retina, thymus, primordial germ cell in gonad
CHRNA4138tissue_specificyesright lobe of liver, cortical plate, cingulate cortex
CHRNA5172ubiquitousyesventricular zone, ganglionic eminence, primordial germ cell in gonad
CHRNB2208broadyestongue squamous epithelium, cervix squamous epithelium, type B pancreatic cell
CHRNB371tissue_specificmarkermale germ line stem cell (sensu Vertebrata) in testis, pancreatic ductal cell, ileal mucosa
CHRNB4125broadmarkerprimordial germ cell in gonad, male germ line stem cell (sensu Vertebrata) in testis, right testis
SLC22A23247ubiquitousmarkerpancreatic ductal cell, ileal mucosa, ganglionic eminence
CTNNA3211broadmarkercorpus callosum, heart right ventricle, medial globus pallidus
DBH146tissue_specificmarkerright lobe of liver, liver, right adrenal gland
ERCC6L2-AS1173ubiquitousmarkergranulocyte, male germ line stem cell (sensu Vertebrata) in testis, bone marrow cell
GLIS3213ubiquitousmarkerbuccal mucosa cell, epithelial cell of pancreas, pancreatic ductal cell
ARHGAP25233broadmarkergranulocyte, blood, spleen
ZNF608241ubiquitousmarkercardiac muscle of right atrium, embryo, ganglionic eminence
TANC1257ubiquitousmarkerupper arm skin, cardiac muscle of right atrium, left ventricle myocardium
DNMT3B184ubiquitousmarkersecondary oocyte, oocyte, hair follicle
DLGAP3150broadyesright frontal lobe, anterior cingulate cortex, nucleus accumbens
DVL1290ubiquitousmarkerhindlimb stylopod muscle, gastrocnemius, lower esophagus mucosa
FAM163B133broadyesright frontal lobe, anterior cingulate cortex, Brodmann (1909) area 9
HYKK170ubiquitousmarkerolfactory segment of nasal mucosa, calcaneal tendon, ileal mucosa
GABBR1194ubiquitousyesright hemisphere of cerebellum, cerebellar hemisphere, right frontal lobe
GNAI1281ubiquitousmarkercorpus callosum, cortical plate, inferior vagus X ganglion
NR5A2159broadmarkerbody of pancreas, pancreas, islet of Langerhans
PEX2291ubiquitousmarkerseminal vesicle, ventricular zone, olfactory segment of nasal mucosa

Protein interactions among cohort

Intra-cohort edges: 19.

Hub genes (top 10 by interactor count)

SymbolInteractor count
DNMT3B4,378
MAGI23,246
DVL12,949
CTNNA32,306
HAX12,243
CHRNA41,989
NR5A21,829
GLIS31,717
GABBR11,688
TANC11,641

Intra-cohort edges

ABSources
ARHGAP25FAM163Bstring_interaction
CHRNA3CHRNA5intact, string_interaction
CHRNA3CHRNB2biogrid_interaction, intact
CHRNA3CHRNB4string_interaction
CHRNA3FAM163Bstring_interaction
CHRNA3HYKKstring_interaction
CHRNA4CHRNA5string_interaction
CHRNA4CHRNA6string_interaction
CHRNA4CHRNB2biogrid_interaction, intact, string_interaction
CHRNA5CHRNB2intact
CHRNA5CHRNB4intact
CHRNA5FAM163Bstring_interaction
CHRNA5HYKKstring_interaction
CHRNA6CHRNB3string_interaction
CHRNB3FAM163Bstring_interaction
CHRNB4FAM163Bstring_interaction
CHRNB4HYKKstring_interaction
DLGAP3MAGI2biogrid_interaction, intact
FAM163BHYKKstring_interaction

Structural data

PDB: 16 · AlphaFold-only: 14 · No structure: 0

Cohort genes with PDB structures (top 30)

SymbolUniProtPDB entries
GNAI1P63096640
DNMT3BQ9UBC347
NR5A2O0048228
GABBR1Q9UBS524
CHRNB2P1778715
CHRNA4P4368112
CYP2A6P1150911
MAGI2Q86UL85
CHRNA3P322975
CHRNB4P309264
DVL1O146403
CHRNA6Q158252
SULT1B1O437042
CHRNB3Q059011
DBHP091721
ARHGAP25P423311

AlphaFold-only cohort genes (top 30 by pLDDT)

SymbolUniProtpLDDT
HYKKA2RU4993.89
CACNA2D3Q8IZS883.30
CHRNA5P3053282.04
CTNNA3Q9UI4781.65
PEX2P2832881.17
SLC22A23A1A5C773.39
ADAMTSL1Q8N6G671.26
TANC1Q9C0D562.14
HAX1O0016560.06
FAM163BP0C2L357.19
DLGAP3O9588650.83
GLIS3Q8NEA649.95
ERCC6L2-AS1Q8WZB046.16
ZNF608Q9ULD944.80

Function

Pathway analysis

Distinct Reactome pathways touched by cohort: 69. Enrichment computed across 30 evidence-associated genes (22 with Reactome annotation).

Pathways by enrichment

Over-representation of cohort genes vs the genome-wide background (hypergeometric test, Benjamini-Hochberg FDR; fold = observed/expected over 22 annotated cohort genes). Counts and members are kept as ground-truth; sorted by enrichment.

PathwayCohort genesFoldFDRSample cohort genes
Highly calcium permeable nicotinic acetylcholine receptors7403.7×8e-17CHRNA6, CHRNA3, CHRNA4, CHRNA5, CHRNB2, CHRNB3, CHRNB4
Highly calcium permeable postsynaptic nicotinic acetylcholine receptors7330.3×4e-16CHRNA6, CHRNA3, CHRNA4, CHRNA5, CHRNB2, CHRNB3, CHRNB4
Presynaptic nicotinic acetylcholine receptors7302.8×6e-16CHRNA6, CHRNA3, CHRNA4, CHRNA5, CHRNB2, CHRNB3, CHRNB4
Acetylcholine binding and downstream events7259.6×2e-15CHRNA6, CHRNA3, CHRNA4, CHRNA5, CHRNB2, CHRNB3, CHRNB4
Postsynaptic nicotinic acetylcholine receptors7259.6×2e-15CHRNA6, CHRNA3, CHRNA4, CHRNA5, CHRNB2, CHRNB3, CHRNB4
Transmission across Chemical Synapses827.7×2e-09CACNA2D3, CHRNA6, CHRNA3, CHRNA4, CHRNA5, CHRNB2, CHRNB3, CHRNB4
Highly sodium permeable postsynaptic acetylcholine nicotinic receptors4296.6×4e-09CHRNA3, CHRNA4, CHRNB2, CHRNB4
Neurotransmitter receptors and postsynaptic signal transmission731.9×1e-08CHRNA6, CHRNA3, CHRNA4, CHRNA5, CHRNB2, CHRNB3, CHRNB4
Neuronal System816.1×1e-07CACNA2D3, CHRNA6, CHRNA3, CHRNA4, CHRNA5, CHRNB2, CHRNB3, CHRNB4
Catecholamine biosynthesis1129.8×0.053DBH
Negative regulation of TCF-dependent signaling by DVL-interacting proteins1103.8×0.060DVL1
WNT mediated activation of DVL164.9×0.081DVL1
Regulation of gene expression in early pancreatic precursor cells164.9×0.081NR5A2
Lysine catabolism151.9×0.093HYKK
Presynaptic depolarization and calcium channel opening143.3×0.093CACNA2D3
CYP2E1 reactions143.3×0.093CYP2A6
WNT5:FZD7-mediated leishmania damping143.3×0.093DVL1
Adenylate cyclase inhibitory pathway134.6×0.109GNAI1
SUMOylation of DNA methylation proteins130.5×0.117DNMT3B
GABA B receptor activation124.7×0.125GABBR1
Cytosolic sulfonation of small molecules123.6×0.125SULT1B1
Class I peroxisomal membrane protein import123.6×0.125PEX2
Xenobiotics122.6×0.125CYP2A6
ADP signalling through P2Y purinoceptor 12122.6×0.125GNAI1
Nephrin family interactions121.6×0.125MAGI2
Activation of G protein gated Potassium channels117.9×0.134GABBR1
Adrenaline,noradrenaline inhibits insulin secretion117.9×0.134GNAI1
Inhibition of voltage gated Ca2+ channels via Gbeta/gamma subunits117.9×0.134GABBR1
Disassembly of the destruction complex and recruitment of AXIN to the membrane116.2×0.143DVL1
SUMOylation of intracellular receptors115.3×0.146NR5A2

GO biological processes by enrichment

Over-representation of cohort genes vs the genome-wide background (hypergeometric test, Benjamini-Hochberg FDR; fold = observed/expected over 28 annotated cohort genes). Counts and members are kept as ground-truth; sorted by enrichment.

GO termCohort genesFoldFDRSample cohort genes
behavioral response to nicotine6401.2×2e-13CHRNA6, CHRNA3, CHRNA4, CHRNA5, CHRNB2, CHRNB4
synaptic transmission, cholinergic7200.6×2e-13CHRNA6, CHRNA3, CHRNA4, CHRNA5, CHRNB2, CHRNB3, CHRNB4
acetylcholine receptor signaling pathway7156.0×1e-12CHRNA6, CHRNA3, CHRNA4, CHRNA5, CHRNB2, CHRNB3, CHRNB4
membrane depolarization7127.7×4e-12CHRNA6, CHRNA3, CHRNA4, CHRNA5, CHRNB2, CHRNB3, CHRNB4
response to nicotine7105.3×1e-11CHRNA6, CHRNA3, CHRNA4, CHRNA5, CHRNB2, CHRNB3, GABBR1
monoatomic ion transmembrane transport752.0×2e-09CHRNA6, CHRNA3, CHRNA4, CHRNA5, CHRNB2, CHRNB3, CHRNB4
neuromuscular synaptic transmission5107.5×3e-08CHRNA6, CHRNA3, CHRNA4, CHRNA5, CHRNB3
presynaptic modulation of chemical synaptic transmission581.3×1e-07CHRNA6, CHRNA3, CHRNA4, CHRNA5, CHRNB3
synaptic transmission involved in micturition3451.4×4e-07CHRNA3, CHRNB2, CHRNB4
monoatomic ion transport527.9×2e-05CHRNA3, CHRNA4, CHRNB2, CHRNB4, SLC22A23
regulation of dopamine secretion3129.0×3e-05CHRNA6, CHRNA4, CHRNB2
locomotory behavior425.6×3e-04CHRNA3, CHRNB2, CHRNB4, DBH
chemical synaptic transmission513.8×5e-04CHRNA6, CHRNA4, CHRNA5, CHRNB2, DBH
signal transduction95.2×5e-04CHRNA6, MAGI2, CHRNA3, CHRNA4, CHRNA5, CHRNB2, CHRNB3, CHRNB4 (+1 more)
response to acetylcholine2150.5×0.001CHRNA3, CHRNB2
visual learning332.8×0.002CHRNB2, DBH, TANC1
regulation of smooth muscle contraction286.0×0.003CHRNA3, CHRNB4
nervous system process286.0×0.003CHRNA4, CHRNB2
smooth muscle contraction257.3×0.007CHRNB2, CHRNB4
regulation of dendrite morphogenesis252.3×0.008CHRNA3, CHRNB2
receptor clustering244.6×0.010MAGI2, DVL1
leukocyte mediated immunity1601.9×0.013DBH
regulation of acetylcholine secretion, neurotransmission1601.9×0.013CHRNA3
lateral geniculate nucleus development1601.9×0.013CHRNB2
positive regulation of glucocorticoid biosynthetic process1601.9×0.013NR5A2
regulation of presynapse organization1601.9×0.013CACNA2D3
zygotic genome activation1601.9×0.013NR5A2
regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell proliferation1601.9×0.013DBH
regulation of postsynapse organization237.6×0.013TANC1, DVL1
B cell activation232.5×0.013CHRNA4, CHRNB2

Therapeutics

Drugs indicated for this disease

2 approved, 12 in late-stage (phase 3) trials. Disease-direct ChEMBL indications, not inferred from the associated-gene cohort below.

DrugDevelopment status
NicotineApproved (phase 4)
VareniclineApproved (phase 4)
BupropionPhase 3 (in late-stage trials)
CelecoxibPhase 3 (in late-stage trials)
CurcuminPhase 3 (in late-stage trials)
CytisiniclinePhase 3 (in late-stage trials)
DianiclinePhase 3 (in late-stage trials)
FluoxetinePhase 3 (in late-stage trials)
MethylphenidatePhase 3 (in late-stage trials)
NaltrexonePhase 3 (in late-stage trials)
NystatinPhase 3 (in late-stage trials)
OMEGA-3 FATTY ACIDSPhase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Rose Bengal Free AcidPhase 3 (in late-stage trials)
TopiramatePhase 3 (in late-stage trials)

Earlier-phase candidates (phase 2, investigational — efficacy not yet established): Acetylcysteine, Ademetionine, Aluminum Hydroxide, Ascorbic Acid, Aspirin, Aticaprant, Baclofen, Cannabidiol, Clavulanic Acid, Cycloserine, Donepezil, Doxazosin, Gabapentin, Galantamine, Gemfibrozil, Guanfacine, Insulin Human, Labetalol, Lactose, Anhydrous, Lorcaserin, Mecamylamine, Moclobemide, Niacin, Nortriptyline, Ondansetron, Prazosin, Progesterone, Psilocybin, Ramelteon, Rimonabant, Selegiline, Semaglutide, St. John’S Wort, Taranabant, Tolcapone, Vitamin E, Zileuton.

Drug target analysis

Approved (phase 4): 11 · Phase ≥3: 12 · Phased (≥1): 13 · Undrugged: 17

Druggability breadth: 18 of 30 evidence-associated genes (60%) have a ChEMBL target (buckets above are over the deeply-mined display cohort).

Genes with an approved drug

The molecule shown is one approved compound that hits the gene — not necessarily a drug of choice or one indicated for this disease.

SymbolExample approved molecule
CYP2A6PAZOPANIB
CACNA2D3NIMODIPINE
CHRNA6NICOTINE
CHRNA3VARENICLINE
CHRNA4VARENICLINE
CHRNA5VARENICLINE
CHRNB2VARENICLINE
CHRNB3NICOTINE
CHRNB4VARENICLINE
GABBR1BACLOFEN
GNAI1PSEUDOEPHEDRINE

Top cohort targets by molecule count

SymbolMoleculesMax phase
CHRNA4644
CHRNB2264
CHRNA3214
CHRNB4204
CYP2A6144
GNAI174
GABBR144
CACNA2D324
CHRNA524
CHRNA614

Drugs targeting cohort genes (top 30)

MoleculeMax phaseTargets in cohort
PAZOPANIB4CYP2A6
CANNABIDIOL4CYP2A6
NICOTINE4CHRNA3, CHRNA4, CHRNA5, CHRNA6, CHRNB2, CHRNB3
TRANYLCYPROMINE4CYP2A6
AMPHETAMINE4CYP2A6
METHOXSALEN4CYP2A6
DASATINIB4CYP2A6
PILOCARPINE4CYP2A6
ISONIAZID4CYP2A6
NIMODIPINE4CACNA2D3
TACRINE4CACNA2D3
VARENICLINE4CHRNA3, CHRNA4, CHRNA5, CHRNB2, CHRNB4
MECAMYLAMINE4CHRNA3, CHRNA4, CHRNB2, CHRNB4
ONDANSETRON4CHRNA3, CHRNA4, CHRNB2, CHRNB4
TROPISETRON4CHRNA3, CHRNA4, CHRNB2, CHRNB4
ACETYLCHOLINE4CHRNA3, CHRNA4, CHRNB2, CHRNB4
BUPROPION4CHRNA3, CHRNA4, CHRNB2, CHRNB4
GRANISETRON4CHRNA3, CHRNA4, CHRNB2
PONATINIB4CHRNA4
CHLOROPROCAINE4CHRNA4
ANISOTROPINE4CHRNA4
PALONOSETRON4CHRNA4
CHLORPHENTERMINE4CHRNA4
PYRVINIUM4CHRNA4
DIPHEMANIL4CHRNA4
SERTINDOLE4CHRNA4
ATRACURIUM4CHRNA4
NITAZOXANIDE4CHRNA4
ILOPERIDONE4CHRNA4
MOXISYLYTE4CHRNA4

Bioactivity and enzyme data

Enzyme cohort genes (≥1 EC): 5.

Cohort genes with ChEMBL bioactivity (full, sorted by assay count)

SymbolAssaysType breakdown
CHRNB2696Binding:567, Functional:127, Toxicity:1, ADMET:1
CHRNA4624Binding:497, Functional:125, Toxicity:1, ADMET:1
CHRNA3436Binding:343, Functional:91, ADMET:2
CYP2A6414ADMET:387, Binding:27
CHRNB4407Binding:309, Functional:96, ADMET:2
NR5A2254Binding:243, Functional:11
GABBR194Binding:71, Functional:22, ADMET:1
DNMT3B76Binding:75, Functional:1
CHRNA634Binding:33, ADMET:1
CHRNB325Binding:20, Functional:4, ADMET:1
GNAI123Functional:14, Binding:9
CHRNA521Binding:16, Functional:4, ADMET:1
CACNA2D313Binding:13
DVL111Binding:10, Functional:1
DBH7Binding:6, Functional:1
HAX13Binding:3
SULT1B13ADMET:3
PEX21Binding:1

Cohort enzymes (BRENDA EC)

SymbolEC numbersNames
CYP2A61.14.14.1unspecific monooxygenase
SULT1B12.8.2.1, 2.8.2.2aryl sulfotransferase, alcohol sulfotransferase
DBH1.14.17.1dopamine beta-monooxygenase
DNMT3B2.1.1.37DNA (cytosine-5-)-methyltransferase
HYKK2.7.1.81hydroxylysine kinase

Cohort genes with high screening signal

≥100 ChEMBL assays — a studied-ness signal; see Therapeutics for approved-drug status.

SymbolChEMBL assays
CYP2A6414
CHRNA3436
CHRNA4624
CHRNB2696
CHRNB4407
NR5A2254

Pharmacogenomics

Cohort genes with a PharmGKB record: 29; with CPIC/DPWG dosing guidelines: 0.

No cohort gene has a CPIC/DPWG genotype-guided dosing guideline (PharmGKB).

Chemical tractability of cohort targets

26 approved/phased compounds have measured bioactivity against a cohort gene (and aren’t yet in disease-level trials). This is a research / tractability signal, NOT a therapeutic recommendation — a bioactivity row often reflects off-target or screening binding (e.g. promiscuous kinase inhibitors against a cohort kinase), implying no disease mechanism.

CompoundMax phaseCohort target (bioactivity)
PAZOPANIB4CYP2A6
CANNABIDIOL4CYP2A6
TRANYLCYPROMINE4CYP2A6
METHOXSALEN4CYP2A6
DASATINIB4CYP2A6
PILOCARPINE4CYP2A6
ISONIAZID4CYP2A6
NIMODIPINE4CACNA2D3
TACRINE4CACNA2D3
MECAMYLAMINE4CHRNA3, CHRNA4, CHRNB2, CHRNB4
ONDANSETRON4CHRNA3, CHRNA4, CHRNB2, CHRNB4
TROPISETRON4CHRNA3, CHRNA4, CHRNB2, CHRNB4
ACETYLCHOLINE4CHRNA3, CHRNA4, CHRNB2, CHRNB4
GRANISETRON4CHRNA3, CHRNA4, CHRNB2
PONATINIB4CHRNA4
CHLOROPROCAINE4CHRNA4
ANISOTROPINE4CHRNA4
PALONOSETRON4CHRNA4
CHLORPHENTERMINE4CHRNA4
PYRVINIUM4CHRNA4
DIPHEMANIL4CHRNA4
SERTINDOLE4CHRNA4
ATRACURIUM4CHRNA4
NITAZOXANIDE4CHRNA4
ILOPERIDONE4CHRNA4
MOXISYLYTE4CHRNA4

Druggability pyramid

Cohort genes binned by druggability tier (high → low):

TierDefinitionGenesSymbols
AApproved (phase 4 drug)11CYP2A6, CACNA2D3, CHRNA6, CHRNA3, CHRNA4, CHRNA5, CHRNB2, CHRNB3, CHRNB4, GABBR1 (+1 more)
BPhased (≥1) drug, not yet approved2DBH, DNMT3B
CDruggable family + PDB, no drug3SULT1B1, MAGI2, NR5A2
DDruggable family + AlphaFold only, no drug3ADAMTSL1, SLC22A23, HYKK
EDifficult family or no structure, no drug11HAX1, CTNNA3, ERCC6L2-AS1, GLIS3, ARHGAP25, ZNF608, TANC1, DLGAP3, DVL1, FAM163B (+1 more)

Undrugged target profiles

17 cohort genes are undrugged. Ranked by ‘starting-point quality’ (assay depth + drugged-partner adjacency).

SymbolChEMBL assaysDrugged partners (top 3)
FAM163B0CHRNB3
HYKK0CHRNA3, CHRNA5, CHRNB4
NR5A2254—
ADAMTSL10—
HAX13—
SULT1B13—
MAGI20—
SLC22A230—
CTNNA30—
ERCC6L2-AS10—
GLIS30—
ARHGAP250—
ZNF6080—
TANC10—
DLGAP30—
DVL111—
PEX21—

Clinical trials & evidence

Clinical trials

Clinical trials: 738.

Phase distribution (across all retrieved trials)

PhaseTrials
Not specified391
PHASE2128
PHASE472
PHASE154
PHASE334
PHASE1/PHASE222
EARLY_PHASE122
PHASE2/PHASE315

Top trials by phase / activity

NCTPhaseStatusTitle
NCT05206435PHASE4ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITINGMethadone-Maintained Smokers Switching to E-Cigarettes
NCT05515354PHASE4RECRUITINGSmoking Cessation and Menstrual Cycle Phase
NCT05587361PHASE4RECRUITINGBeta-Adrenergic Modulation of Drug Cue Reactivity
NCT06254001PHASE4RECRUITINGEffectiveness of Combined Tobacco Treatment in Hospitalized Subjects
NCT06534047PHASE4RECRUITINGTranscranial Magnetic Stimulation for Nicotine Dependence: An Effectiveness-Implementation Trial
NCT06688539PHASE4RECRUITINGE-cigarette Cessation in Adults Who Co-use Cannabis
NCT06798324PHASE4RECRUITINGtDCS Plus Varenicline for Smoking Cessation
NCT06966362PHASE4NOT_YET_RECRUITINGVarenicline for Smoking Reduction in Veterans Not Ready To Quit
NCT07145866PHASE4NOT_YET_RECRUITINGVarenicline and Accelerated Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) for Quitting Nicotine Use (Pilot Study)
NCT00006170PHASE4COMPLETEDBupropion and Weight Control for Smoking Cessation - 1
NCT00046813PHASE4TERMINATEDNicotine Patch for Nicotine Dependence in Individuals With Schizophrenia or Schizoaffective Disorder - 1
NCT00061061PHASE4COMPLETEDTobacco Cessation in Postmenopausal Women (Part I) - 1
NCT00119210PHASE4TERMINATEDPilot Study of Bupropion for Smoking Cessation in Postpartum Non-breastfeeding Women
NCT00142831PHASE4COMPLETEDBupropion as an Adjunct to the Nicotine Patch Plus CBT
NCT00176449PHASE4COMPLETEDA Comparison of Bupropion SR and Placebo for Smoking Cessation
NCT00178685PHASE4COMPLETEDSmokers’ Health Project: Self-Determination and Maintaining Tobacco Abstinence
NCT00186446PHASE4COMPLETEDTreatment of Nicotine Dependence and Acute Depression
NCT00307203PHASE4COMPLETEDSafety and Effectiveness of Sustained Release Bupropion in Treating Individuals With Schizophrenia Who Smoke
NCT00332644PHASE4COMPLETEDSmoking Cessation Medications: Efficacy, Mechanisms and Algorithms
NCT00365508PHASE4COMPLETEDCounseling and Nicotine Replacement Therapy in Helping Adult Smokers Quit Smoking
NCT00484692PHASE4COMPLETEDRandomized Trial of Ultrashort Psychotherapy vs Sustained-Release Bupropion for Smoking Cessation
NCT00511134PHASE4TERMINATEDStudy of Lunesta Versus Placebo for Sleep Problems Related to Smoking Cessation and Zyban
NCT00548470PHASE4COMPLETEDVarenicline Effects In Schizophrenic Smokers
NCT00666978PHASE4COMPLETEDHealth Education Counseling With or Without Bupropion in Helping African Americans Stop Smoking
NCT00727103PHASE4COMPLETEDVarenicline Treatment in Alcohol and Nicotine Dependent Patients With Schizophrenia
NCT00781755PHASE4WITHDRAWNTreating Schizophrenic Smokers: Effects on Craving, Cues and Withdrawal
NCT00936299PHASE4COMPLETEDBupropion for ADHD in Adolescents With Substance Use Disorder
NCT00948155PHASE4COMPLETEDMeasuring Smoking Behaviors While Using Varenicline
NCT00948649PHASE4COMPLETEDEffects of Chantix on Relapse Prevention for Smoking Cessation
NCT01015170PHASE4COMPLETEDSTOP Study: Effectiveness of Zyban in a Clinical Population
NCT01023659PHASE4COMPLETEDDistribution of Bupropion and Varenicline to Increase Smoking Cessation Attempts
NCT01047527PHASE4COMPLETEDAn Effectiveness Trial of Maintenance Therapy for Nicotine Dependence
NCT01048944PHASE4COMPLETEDNicotine Replacement Therapy (NRT) and Bupropion Mechanisms of Effectiveness in Smokers
NCT01116986PHASE4COMPLETEDIdentifying Optimal Smoking Cessation Intervention Components (Cessation)
NCT01120704PHASE4COMPLETEDEvaluation of Treatments to Improve Smoking Cessation Medication Adherence
NCT01122238PHASE4COMPLETEDIdentifying Treatments to Motivate Smokers to Quit
NCT01342523PHASE4COMPLETEDEvaluation of National Cancer Institute (NCI) Smoking Intervention Resources
NCT01390246PHASE4COMPLETEDBupropion for Smoking Cessation During Pregnancy
NCT01553084PHASE4COMPLETEDA Comparative Effectiveness & Long Term Health Study in Wisconsin Smokers
NCT01554436PHASE4COMPLETEDNeuropsychological Prognosis Factors of Smoking Cessation

Drugs tested across these trials (top 30)

MoleculeMax phaseTrials referencing
BUPROPION475
VARENICLINE448
NICOTINE433
MEMANTINE47
NALTREXONE46
BACLOFEN43
FLUOXETINE43
LORCASERIN43
MENTHOL43
PRAZOSIN43
PROPRANOLOL43
SELEGILINE43
TOLCAPONE43
ACETYLCYSTEINE42
AMPHETAMINE42
ATOMOXETINE42
CYCLOSERINE42
GALANTAMINE42
SUVOREXANT42
ZILEUTON42
CLAVULANIC ACID41
DEXTROSE41
ESZOPICLONE41
GEMFIBROZIL41
HALOPERIDOL41
ISRADIPINE41
KETAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE41
LABETALOL41
LEVOMILNACIPRAN41
METYRAPONE41

About this page

Generated deterministically by Sugi Atlas from primary biomedical databases via BioBTree. Every record on this page traces to a primary source.

Generated
Atlas version
v1.1.2
BioBTree
v2.0.2

Sources 73

This page pulls from 73 datasets indexed by BioBTree:

alphafoldantibodybgeebgee_evidencebindingdbbiogrid_interactionbrendabrenda_kineticscellosauruschembl_activitychembl_assaychembl_documentchembl_moleculechembl_targetcivic_evidenceclingen_dosageclinical_trialsclinvarctd_gene_interactiondbsnpdepmapdiamond_similaritydoidefoensemblentrezesm2_similarityfantom5_genefantom5_promotergenccgenerifgogtopdbgtopdb_interactiongwasgwas_studyhgncicd10cmicd11intactinterpromedgenmeshmimmondomondochildmondoparentncitorphanetpatentpatent_compoundpdbpfampharmgkb_clinicalpharmgkb_genepharmgkb_guidelinepharmgkb_variantpubchempubchem_activitypubchem_assayreactomerefseqrhearnacentralsctidscxa_expressionscxa_gene_experimentsignorstring_interactiontranscriptufeatureumlsuniprot