Patent foramen ovale

Summary

Patent foramen ovale (MONDO:0020439) is a disease with 8 cohort genes and 82 clinical trials. Top therapeutic interventions include flecainide, metoprolol, and aspirin.

At a glance

• Cohort genes: 8
• ClinVar variants: 10
• Clinical trials: 82

Clinical features

No curated clinical features (Orphanet) for this disease.

Identifiers

Disease identifiers

Field	Value
Canonical name	patent foramen ovale
Mondo ID	MONDO:0020439
MeSH	D054092
Orphanet	99108
DOID	DOID:13620
ICD-11	1618980674
NCIT	C34619
UMLS	C0016522
MedGen	8891
MedDRA	10016982
Is cancer (heuristic)	no

Also known as: ostium secundum type atrial septal defect · patent foramen ovale · patent foramen ovale (disease)

Data availability: 10 ClinVar variants · 1 HPO phenotype.

Disease family

Classification path: disease › human disease › disease by body system or component › cardiovascular disorder › heart disorder › congenital heart disease › heart septal defect › atrial septal defect › patent foramen ovale

Related subtypes (14): Lutembacher syndrome, atrial septal defect 1, atrial septal defect 7, atrial septal defect 2, atrial septal defect 4, atrial septal defect 5, atrial septal defect 6, atrial septal defect 3, atrial septal defect 8, atrial septal defect 9, atrial septal defect, ostium secundum type, atrial septal defect, coronary sinus type, atrial septal defect, sinus venosus type, atrial septal defect, ostium primum type

Genetics & variants

GWAS landscape

No GWAS associations recorded — common-variant (GWAS) studies don’t cover this disease (typical for Mendelian / rare diseases). See the curated gene cohort and Mendelian overlap below.

Variant details and genetic-evidence tiers

ClinVar germline variants

10 retrieved; paginated sample, class counts are floors:

4 uncertain significance, 4 pathogenic, 2 likely pathogenic

ClinVar	Variant (HGVS)	Gene	Classification	Review
1341468	NM_001110556.2(FLNA):c.7671del (p.Ser2558fs)	FLNA	Pathogenic	criteria provided, single submitter
599235	NM_001458.5(FLNC):c.7562-15_7637delinsGAGG	FLNC	Pathogenic	criteria provided, single submitter
3238952	GRCh38/hg38 3q27.1-27.2(chr3:183020090-185760128)x1	LOC129938037	Pathogenic	criteria provided, single submitter
1804031	NM_002804.5(PSMC3):c.910C>T (p.Arg304Trp)	PSMC3	Pathogenic	criteria provided, single submitter
267968	46;XX;inv(7)(q21.2q34)		Likely pathogenic	criteria provided, single submitter
242897	NM_001271874.2(AAR2):c.520G>A (p.Val174Met)	AAR2	Likely pathogenic	no assertion criteria provided
1330213	GRCh37/hg19 10q25.3-26.12(chr10:118891670-122349064)x1	CACUL1	Uncertain significance	criteria provided, single submitter
638675	GRCh37/hg19 15q12(chr15:27462869-27544157)	GABRG3	Uncertain significance	no assertion criteria provided
523426	NM_001256071.3(RNF213):c.11659A>G (p.Lys3887Glu)	RNF213	Uncertain significance	criteria provided, single submitter
638674	GRCh37/hg19 7q34(chr7:139478979-139550968)	TBXAS1	Uncertain significance	no assertion criteria provided

Genes & proteins

Mendelian disease overlap and somatic drivers

GenCC: 0 · Orphanet: 16 · OMIM-shared: 0 · Dual-evidence (GWAS+Mendelian): 0

Orphanet rare-disease linkage (cohort genes)

Gene	Orphanet ID	Rare disease
TBXAS1	Orphanet:1802	Ghosal hematodiaphyseal dysplasia
RNF213	Orphanet:2573	Moyamoya disease
FLNA	Orphanet:1826	Frontometaphyseal dysplasia
FLNA	Orphanet:2301	Congenital short bowel syndrome
FLNA	Orphanet:2484	Melnick-Needles syndrome
FLNA	Orphanet:482606	X-linked keloid scarring-reduced joint mobility-increased optic cup-to-disc ratio syndrome
FLNA	Orphanet:555877	FLNA-related X-linked myxomatous valvular dysplasia
FLNA	Orphanet:75497	X-linked Ehlers-Danlos syndrome
FLNA	Orphanet:88630	Terminal osseous dysplasia-pigmentary defects syndrome
FLNA	Orphanet:90650	Otopalatodigital syndrome type 1
FLNA	Orphanet:90652	Otopalatodigital syndrome type 2
FLNA	Orphanet:98892	Periventricular nodular heterotopia
FLNA	Orphanet:99811	Neuronal intestinal pseudoobstruction
FLNC	Orphanet:171445	Muscle filaminopathy
FLNC	Orphanet:63273	FLNC-related handgrip and calf weakness-distal myopathy
FLNC	Orphanet:75249	Familial isolated restrictive cardiomyopathy

Cohort genes → proteins

8 cohort genes, 8 distinct canonical proteins.

Evidence partition

Subset	Genes
multi_evidence	8

Cohort genes (full)

Symbol	HGNC	Ensembl	UniProt	Name	Evidence
TBXAS1	HGNC:11609	ENSG00000059377	P24557	Thromboxane-A synthase	clinvar
RNF213	HGNC:14539	ENSG00000173821	Q63HN8	E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase RNF213	clinvar
AAR2	HGNC:15886	ENSG00000131043	Q9Y312	Protein AAR2 homolog	clinvar
CACUL1	HGNC:23727	ENSG00000151893	Q86Y37	CDK2-associated and cullin domain-containing protein 1	clinvar
FLNA	HGNC:3754	ENSG00000196924	P21333	Filamin-A	clinvar
FLNC	HGNC:3756	ENSG00000128591	Q14315	Filamin-C	clinvar
GABRG3	HGNC:4088	ENSG00000182256	Q99928	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-3	clinvar
PSMC3	HGNC:9549	ENSG00000165916	P17980	26S proteasome regulatory subunit 6A	clinvar

Cohort function summary

Lead sentence per gene, UniProt-curated.

Symbol	Protein name	Function (lead sentence)
TBXAS1	Thromboxane-A synthase	Catalyzes the conversion of prostaglandin H2 (PGH2) to thromboxane A2 (TXA2), a potent inducer of blood vessel constriction and platelet aggregation.
RNF213	E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase RNF213	Atypical E3 ubiquitin ligase that can catalyze ubiquitination of both proteins and lipids, and which is involved in various processes, such as lipid metabolism, angiogenesis and cell-autonomous immunity.
AAR2	Protein AAR2 homolog	Component of the U5 snRNP complex that is required for spliceosome assembly and for pre-mRNA splicing.
CACUL1	CDK2-associated and cullin domain-containing protein 1	Cell cycle associated protein capable of promoting cell proliferation through the activation of CDK2 at the G1/S phase transition.
FLNA	Filamin-A	Promotes orthogonal branching of actin filaments and links actin filaments to membrane glycoproteins.
FLNC	Filamin-C	Muscle-specific filamin, which plays a central role in sarcomere assembly and organization.
GABRG3	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-3	Gamma subunit of the heteropentameric ligand-gated chloride channel gated by gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), a major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain.
PSMC3	26S proteasome regulatory subunit 6A	Component of the 26S proteasome, a multiprotein complex involved in the ATP-dependent degradation of ubiquitinated proteins.

Protein-family classification

Druggable: 2 · Difficult: 1 · Unknown: 5 · Druggable fraction: 0.25

Family distribution

Cohort families vs a genome-wide background (hypergeometric, BH-FDR; fold = observed/expected). Counts kept; sorted by enrichment, so the catch-all Other/Unknown bucket no longer leads.

Family	Genes	Fold	FDR
Antibody/Immunoglobulin	2	7.3×	0.086
Other/Unknown	5	1.1×	0.644
Transcription factor	1	1.0×	0.644

Per-gene assignment

Symbol	Family	Druggable?	EC	InterPro (top 3)
TBXAS1	Other/Unknown	no		Cyt_P450, Cyt_P450_E_grp-I, Cyt_P450_CS
RNF213	Transcription factor	no		Znf_RING, AAA+_ATPase, Znf_RING/FYVE/PHD
AAR2	Other/Unknown	no		AAR2, Aar2_N, AAR2_C
CACUL1	Other/Unknown	no		Cullin_N, Cullin_repeat-like_dom_sf, CACUL1
FLNA	Antibody/Immunoglobulin	yes		Filamin/ABP280_rpt, Actinin_actin-bd_CS, CH_dom
FLNC	Antibody/Immunoglobulin	yes		Filamin/ABP280_rpt, Actinin_actin-bd_CS, CH_dom
GABRG3	Other/Unknown	no		GABRG-1/4, GABBAg3_rcpt, GABAA/Glycine_rcpt
PSMC3	Other/Unknown	no		AAA+_ATPase, ATPase_AAA_core, ATPase_AAA_CS

Expression context

Cohort genes with no expression data: 0.

8 cohort genes are a single-cell marker in ≥1 SCXA experiment.

Breadth distribution (Bgee present_calls)

Bucket	Genes
narrow (1-5 tissues)	0
moderate (6-20)	0
broad (>20)	8
unknown	0

Top tissues across cohort

Tissue	Cohort genes
gastrocnemius	2
leukocyte	1
monocyte	1
mononuclear cell	1
granulocyte	1
metanephros cortex	1
pancreatic ductal cell	1
lower esophagus	1
lower esophagus muscularis layer	1
smooth muscle tissue	1
epithelium of nasopharynx	1
kidney epithelium	1
upper arm skin	1
popliteal artery	1
right coronary artery	1
tibial artery	1
hindlimb stylopod muscle	1
tibialis anterior	1
cortical plate	1
male germ line stem cell (sensu Vertebrata) in testis	1

Per-gene tissue summary (top 30)

Symbol	Bgee breadth	FANTOM5 breadth	SCXA	Top tissues
TBXAS1	180	ubiquitous	marker	monocyte, mononuclear cell, leukocyte
RNF213	252	ubiquitous	marker	granulocyte, metanephros cortex, pancreatic ductal cell
AAR2	262	ubiquitous	marker	lower esophagus muscularis layer, lower esophagus, smooth muscle tissue
CACUL1	254	ubiquitous	marker	upper arm skin, epithelium of nasopharynx, kidney epithelium
FLNA	285	ubiquitous	marker	right coronary artery, popliteal artery, tibial artery
FLNC	255	ubiquitous	marker	gastrocnemius, hindlimb stylopod muscle, tibialis anterior
GABRG3	115	broad	marker	male germ line stem cell (sensu Vertebrata) in testis, cortical plate, right testis
PSMC3	289	ubiquitous	marker	apex of heart, gastrocnemius, muscle of leg

Protein interactions among cohort

Intra-cohort edges: 0.

Hub genes (top 10 by interactor count)

Symbol	Interactor count
FLNA	5,321
PSMC3	4,843
FLNC	3,174
AAR2	3,006
RNF213	2,368
TBXAS1	2,072
CACUL1	1,846
GABRG3	1,126

Structural data

PDB: 5 · AlphaFold-only: 3 · No structure: 0

Cohort genes with PDB structures (top 30)

Symbol	UniProt	PDB entries
PSMC3	P17980	130
FLNA	P21333	26
FLNC	Q14315	14
RNF213	Q63HN8	4
AAR2	Q9Y312	1

AlphaFold-only cohort genes (top 30 by pLDDT)

Symbol	UniProt	pLDDT
TBXAS1	P24557	91.50
GABRG3	Q99928	75.44
CACUL1	Q86Y37	74.25

Function

Pathway analysis

Distinct Reactome pathways touched by cohort: 99. Enrichment computed across 8 evidence-associated genes (6 with Reactome annotation).

Pathways by enrichment

Over-representation of cohort genes vs the genome-wide background (hypergeometric test, Benjamini-Hochberg FDR; fold = observed/expected over 6 annotated cohort genes). Counts and members are kept as ground-truth; sorted by enrichment.

Pathway	Cohort genes	Fold	FDR	Sample cohort genes
Cell-extracellular matrix interactions	2	223.9×	0.003	FLNA, FLNC
Defective TBXAS1 causes GHDD	1	1903.3×	0.026	TBXAS1
Suppression of apoptosis	1	271.9×	0.053	RNF213
Response of Mtb to phagocytosis	1	237.9×	0.053	RNF213
OAS antiviral response	1	211.5×	0.053	FLNA
Infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis	1	190.3×	0.053	RNF213
Eicosanoids	1	158.6×	0.053	TBXAS1
GP1b-IX-V activation signalling	1	158.6×	0.053	FLNA
Metabolic disorders of biological oxidation enzymes	1	146.4×	0.053	TBXAS1
Synthesis of Prostaglandins (PG) and Thromboxanes (TX)	1	126.9×	0.053	TBXAS1
Cytochrome P450 - arranged by substrate type	1	119.0×	0.053	TBXAS1
Arachidonate metabolism	1	95.2×	0.053	TBXAS1
RHO GTPases activate PAKs	1	90.6×	0.053	FLNA
Bacterial Infection Pathways	1	56.0×	0.053	RNF213
GABA receptor activation	1	52.9×	0.053	GABRG3
Regulation of activated PAK-2p34 by proteasome mediated degradation	1	46.4×	0.053	PSMC3
Signaling by ERBB4	1	45.3×	0.053	GABRG3
Regulation of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC)	1	45.3×	0.053	PSMC3
Signaling by ALK in cancer	1	45.3×	0.053	RNF213
Vpu mediated degradation of CD4	1	44.3×	0.053	PSMC3
Autodegradation of the E3 ubiquitin ligase COP1	1	44.3×	0.053	PSMC3
Ubiquitin-dependent degradation of Cyclin D	1	44.3×	0.053	PSMC3
Cross-presentation of soluble exogenous antigens (endosomes)	1	42.3×	0.053	PSMC3
Vif-mediated degradation of APOBEC3G	1	42.3×	0.053	PSMC3
AUF1 (hnRNP D0) binds and destabilizes mRNA	1	41.4×	0.053	PSMC3
Degradation of AXIN	1	41.4×	0.053	PSMC3
FBXL7 down-regulates AURKA during mitotic entry and in early mitosis	1	41.4×	0.053	PSMC3
GSK3B and BTRC:CUL1-mediated-degradation of NFE2L2	1	41.4×	0.053	PSMC3
Hh mutants are degraded by ERAD	1	40.5×	0.053	PSMC3
SCF-beta-TrCP mediated degradation of Emi1	1	39.6×	0.053	PSMC3

GO biological processes by enrichment

Over-representation of cohort genes vs the genome-wide background (hypergeometric test, Benjamini-Hochberg FDR; fold = observed/expected over 8 annotated cohort genes). Counts and members are kept as ground-truth; sorted by enrichment.

GO term	Cohort genes	Fold	FDR	Sample cohort genes
host-mediated perturbation of viral transcription	1	2106.5×	0.009	PSMC3
lipid ubiquitination	1	2106.5×	0.009	RNF213
regulation of membrane repolarization during atrial cardiac muscle cell action potential	1	2106.5×	0.009	FLNA
regulation of membrane repolarization during cardiac muscle cell action potential	1	2106.5×	0.009	FLNA
tubulin deacetylation	1	702.2×	0.019	FLNA
formation of radial glial scaffolds	1	526.6×	0.019	FLNA
adenylate cyclase-inhibiting dopamine receptor signaling pathway	1	421.3×	0.019	FLNA
establishment of Sertoli cell barrier	1	421.3×	0.019	FLNA
negative regulation of non-canonical Wnt signaling pathway	1	421.3×	0.019	RNF213
protein localization to bicellular tight junction	1	351.1×	0.019	FLNA
negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase I	1	300.9×	0.019	FLNA
prostanoid biosynthetic process	1	300.9×	0.019	TBXAS1
xenophagy	1	300.9×	0.019	RNF213
blood coagulation, intrinsic pathway	1	263.3×	0.020	FLNA
icosanoid metabolic process	1	234.1×	0.021	TBXAS1
intracellular chloride ion homeostasis	1	210.7×	0.021	TBXAS1
positive regulation of platelet activation	1	162.0×	0.021	FLNA
positive regulation of integrin-mediated signaling pathway	1	162.0×	0.021	FLNA
positive regulation of actin filament bundle assembly	1	150.5×	0.021	FLNA
actin crosslink formation	1	150.5×	0.021	FLNA
spliceosomal tri-snRNP complex assembly	1	140.4×	0.021	AAR2
prostaglandin biosynthetic process	1	140.4×	0.021	TBXAS1
wound healing, spreading of cells	1	140.4×	0.021	FLNA
response to fatty acid	1	131.7×	0.021	TBXAS1
lipid droplet formation	1	123.9×	0.021	RNF213
positive regulation of potassium ion transmembrane transport	1	123.9×	0.021	FLNA
positive regulation of proteasomal protein catabolic process	1	123.9×	0.021	PSMC3
positive regulation of neuron migration	1	123.9×	0.021	FLNA
ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process	2	18.6×	0.021	RNF213, CACUL1
positive regulation of neural precursor cell proliferation	1	95.8×	0.026	FLNA

Therapeutics

Drugs indicated for this disease

No approved or late-stage (phase ≥3) drug is indicated for this disease; the following are in earlier-phase trials only.

Earlier-phase candidates (phase 2, investigational — efficacy not yet established): Apixaban.

Drug target analysis

Approved (phase 4): 3 · Phase ≥3: 3 · Phased (≥1): 4 · Undrugged: 4

Druggability breadth: 5 of 8 evidence-associated genes (62%) have a ChEMBL target (buckets above are over the deeply-mined display cohort).

Genes with an approved drug

The molecule shown is one approved compound that hits the gene — not necessarily a drug of choice or one indicated for this disease.

Symbol	Example approved molecule
TBXAS1	CLOTRIMAZOLE
GABRG3	ENZALUTAMIDE
PSMC3	BORTEZOMIB

Top cohort targets by molecule count

Symbol	Molecules	Max phase
TBXAS1	46	4
GABRG3	15	4
PSMC3	2	4
FLNA	1	2
RNF213	0	0
AAR2	0	0
CACUL1	0	0
FLNC	0	0

Drugs targeting cohort genes (top 30)

Molecule	Max phase	Targets in cohort
CLOTRIMAZOLE	4	TBXAS1
CISPLATIN	4	TBXAS1
SAQUINAVIR	4	TBXAS1
AMPRENAVIR	4	TBXAS1
OZAGREL	4	TBXAS1
GRAMICIDIN	4	TBXAS1
ROSIGLITAZONE	4	TBXAS1
SULCONAZOLE	4	TBXAS1
OXICONAZOLE	4	TBXAS1
KETOCONAZOLE	4	TBXAS1
VINBLASTINE	4	TBXAS1
RITONAVIR	4	TBXAS1
NIFEDIPINE	4	TBXAS1
BITHIONOL	4	TBXAS1
3,3’,4’,5-TETRACHLOROSALICYLANILIDE	4	TBXAS1
TROGLITAZONE	4	TBXAS1
DIETHYLSTILBESTROL	4	TBXAS1
SULFASALAZINE	4	TBXAS1
TROVAFLOXACIN	4	TBXAS1
ERGOTAMINE	4	TBXAS1
AMINOGLUTETHIMIDE	4	TBXAS1
HEXACHLOROPHENE	4	TBXAS1
TANNIC ACID	4	TBXAS1
NELFINAVIR	4	TBXAS1
INDOMETHACIN	4	TBXAS1
ZAFIRLUKAST	4	TBXAS1
MONTELUKAST	4	TBXAS1
ECONAZOLE	4	TBXAS1
TAMOXIFEN	4	TBXAS1
MICONAZOLE	4	TBXAS1

Bioactivity and enzyme data

Enzyme cohort genes (≥1 EC): 0.

Cohort genes with ChEMBL bioactivity (full, sorted by assay count)

Symbol	Assays	Type breakdown
TBXAS1	210	Binding:138, Functional:72
GABRG3	191	Binding:172, Functional:15, Toxicity:3, ADMET:1
PSMC3	27	Binding:27
FLNA	7	Binding:7
RNF213	1	Binding:1

Cohort genes with high screening signal

≥100 ChEMBL assays — a studied-ness signal; see Therapeutics for approved-drug status.

Symbol	ChEMBL assays
TBXAS1	210
GABRG3	191

Pharmacogenomics

Cohort genes with a PharmGKB record: 8; with CPIC/DPWG dosing guidelines: 0.

No cohort gene has a CPIC/DPWG genotype-guided dosing guideline (PharmGKB).

Chemical tractability of cohort targets

30 approved/phased compounds have measured bioactivity against a cohort gene (and aren’t yet in disease-level trials). This is a research / tractability signal, NOT a therapeutic recommendation — a bioactivity row often reflects off-target or screening binding (e.g. promiscuous kinase inhibitors against a cohort kinase), implying no disease mechanism.

Compound	Max phase	Cohort target (bioactivity)
CLOTRIMAZOLE	4	TBXAS1
CISPLATIN	4	TBXAS1
SAQUINAVIR	4	TBXAS1
AMPRENAVIR	4	TBXAS1
OZAGREL	4	TBXAS1
GRAMICIDIN	4	TBXAS1
ROSIGLITAZONE	4	TBXAS1
SULCONAZOLE	4	TBXAS1
OXICONAZOLE	4	TBXAS1
KETOCONAZOLE	4	TBXAS1
VINBLASTINE	4	TBXAS1
RITONAVIR	4	TBXAS1
NIFEDIPINE	4	TBXAS1
BITHIONOL	4	TBXAS1
3,3’,4’,5-TETRACHLOROSALICYLANILIDE	4	TBXAS1
TROGLITAZONE	4	TBXAS1
DIETHYLSTILBESTROL	4	TBXAS1
SULFASALAZINE	4	TBXAS1
TROVAFLOXACIN	4	TBXAS1
ERGOTAMINE	4	TBXAS1
AMINOGLUTETHIMIDE	4	TBXAS1
HEXACHLOROPHENE	4	TBXAS1
TANNIC ACID	4	TBXAS1
NELFINAVIR	4	TBXAS1
INDOMETHACIN	4	TBXAS1
ZAFIRLUKAST	4	TBXAS1
MONTELUKAST	4	TBXAS1
ECONAZOLE	4	TBXAS1
TAMOXIFEN	4	TBXAS1
MICONAZOLE	4	TBXAS1

Druggability pyramid

Cohort genes binned by druggability tier (high → low):

Tier	Definition	Genes	Symbols
A	Approved (phase 4 drug)	3	TBXAS1, GABRG3, PSMC3
B	Phased (≥1) drug, not yet approved	1	FLNA
C	Druggable family + PDB, no drug	1	FLNC
D	Druggable family + AlphaFold only, no drug	0
E	Difficult family or no structure, no drug	3	RNF213, AAR2, CACUL1

Undrugged target profiles

4 cohort genes are undrugged. Ranked by ‘starting-point quality’ (assay depth + drugged-partner adjacency).

Symbol	ChEMBL assays	Drugged partners (top 3)
RNF213	1	—
AAR2	0	—
CACUL1	0	—
FLNC	0	—

Clinical trials & evidence

Clinical trials

Clinical trials: 82.

Phase distribution (across all retrieved trials)

Phase	Trials
Not specified	67
PHASE3	5
PHASE2	4
PHASE4	3
PHASE2/PHASE3	2
EARLY_PHASE1	1

Top trials by phase / activity

NCT	Phase	Status	Title
NCT00697151	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Patent Foramen Ovale in Cryptogenic Stroke Study
NCT01550588	PHASE4	UNKNOWN	Device Closure Versus Medical Therapy for Cryptogenic Stroke Patients With High-Risk Patent Foramen Ovale (DEFENSE-PFO)
NCT05561660	PHASE4	UNKNOWN	COMParison of the EffecT of dEvice Closure in Alleviating Migraine With PFO (COMPETE-2)
NCT05213104	PHASE3	ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING	Assessment of Flecainide to Lower the Patent Foramen Ovale Closure Risk of Atrial Arrhythmia or Tachycardia
NCT05387954	PHASE3	RECRUITING	PFO Closure, Oral Anticoagulants or Antiplatelet Therapy After PFO-associated Stroke in Patients Aged 60 to 80 Years
NCT00201461	PHASE2/PHASE3	UNKNOWN	Evaluation of the STARFlex® Septal Closure System in Patients With a Stroke or TIA Due to the Possible Passage of a Clot of Unknown Origin Through a Patent Foramen Ovale (PFO)
NCT00283738	PHASE2/PHASE3	UNKNOWN	MIST II PFO-Migraine Trial With BioSTAR® Bioabsorbable Septal Repair Implant
NCT00562289	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Patent Foramen Ovale Closure or Anticoagulants Versus Antiplatelet Therapy to Prevent Stroke Recurrence
NCT01333761	PHASE3	TERMINATED	Cardiox Shunt Detection Technology Study
NCT01773252	PHASE3	TERMINATED	Right to Left Cardiac Shunt Detection
NCT00505570	PHASE2	TERMINATED	PRIMA PFO Migraine Trial
NCT02378623	PHASE2	WITHDRAWN	Patients With Patent Foramen Ovale and Endocardial Device Leads on Apixaban for Prevention of Paradoxical Emboli
NCT02777359	PHASE2	UNKNOWN	Precutaneous High Risk Patent Foramen Ovale to Treat Migraine Headaches
NCT05546320	PHASE2	COMPLETED	Comparison of the Effect of Medication Therapy in Alleviating Migraine With Patent Foramen Ovale
NCT03945643	EARLY_PHASE1	COMPLETED	Is Blood Flow Through IPAVA and PFO Related to Breath-hold and SCUBA Diving-induced Pulmonary Hypertension?
NCT03309332	Not specified	ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING	AMPLATZER PFO Occluder Post Approval Study
NCT03828825	Not specified	ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING	Evaluation of the Efficacy and Safety of a Simplified Procedure for the Percutaneous Closure of the Patent Foramen Ovale
NCT04288596	Not specified	NOT_YET_RECRUITING	Canadian Adult Congenital Heart Disease Intervention Registry
NCT04475510	Not specified	RECRUITING	Discontinuation of Antithrombotic Treatment Following Patent Foramen Ovale Closure in Young Patients With Cryptogenic Stroke
NCT04686253	Not specified	RECRUITING	Internal Microstructure of Patent Foramen Ovale Related to Stroke
NCT05069558	Not specified	ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING	Comparing PFO Outcomes of the Occlutech Flex II PFO Occluder to Standard of Care PFO Occlusion
NCT05360771	Not specified	NOT_YET_RECRUITING	Study on the Safety and Effectiveness of the SnowyTM PFO Closure System
NCT05537753	Not specified	RECRUITING	Encore PFO Closure Device - The PerFOrm Trial
NCT05774288	Not specified	RECRUITING	Safety and Efficacy of Cera™ Patent Foramen Ovale Occluders.
NCT05907694	Not specified	RECRUITING	Medical Treatment With or Without Transcatheter Patent Foramen Ovale Closure
NCT06120270	Not specified	RECRUITING	CeraFlex PFO Closure System PMCF Study
NCT06156670	Not specified	RECRUITING	Russian Registry of Endovascular Closure of PFO
NCT06236776	Not specified	NOT_YET_RECRUITING	AWARE Registry: Wearable ECG in Structural Heart Interventions
NCT06344494	Not specified	NOT_YET_RECRUITING	Cardiac Interventional ICE Imaging Trial
NCT06347276	Not specified	RECRUITING	Cerebral Microembolization Associated With PFO Closure
NCT06413147	Not specified	NOT_YET_RECRUITING	Long-term Procedural and Device Related Complications of PFO Closure
NCT06953622	Not specified	RECRUITING	Establishment of a Clinical and Prognostic Follow-up Cohort of Migraine Patients With Patent Foramen Ovale
NCT06983795	Not specified	NOT_YET_RECRUITING	Pioneering Advancements in Cardiocerebrovascular Interactions in the Asia pacFIC - Patent Foramen Ovale Study
NCT07170176	Not specified	RECRUITING	Effects of PFO Closure on Glymphatic Function and Clinical Symptoms in Patients With Migraine
NCT07172464	Not specified	RECRUITING	Early Feasibility Study (EFS) Evaluating Percutaneous Repair of the Atrial Septum With a Novel PFO Occluder: The PROTEA-PFO Study
NCT07380490	Not specified	NOT_YET_RECRUITING	Comparing Two PFO Closure Devices in Adults With Previous Stroke or TIA
NCT07420400	Not specified	RECRUITING	Non-Invasive Detection of Right-to-Left Cardiac Shunts
NCT07479147	Not specified	RECRUITING	SENIOR: Stroke Prevention in the Elderly by Patent Foramen Ovale closuRe vs Anticoagulation
NCT07519876	Not specified	RECRUITING	Pulmonary Embolism and Right-to-Left Shunts
NCT07552272	Not specified	NOT_YET_RECRUITING	Hummingbird ICE Study

Drugs tested across these trials (top 30)

Molecule	Max phase	Trials referencing
FLECAINIDE	4	3
METOPROLOL	4	2
ASPIRIN	4	1
WARFARIN	4	1
CHEMBL5282669	0	1