Peptic ulcer disease
diseaseOn this page
Also known as acute peptic ulcer with haemorrhageacute peptic ulcer with haemorrhage and perforationacute peptic ulcer without haemorrhage and without perforationpeptic ulcer
Summary
Peptic ulcer disease (MONDO:0004247) is a disease (an umbrella term covering 6 Mondo subtypes) with 3 cohort genes (183 GWAS associations across 36 studies) and 85 clinical trials. Top therapeutic interventions include clarithromycin, esomeprazole, and lansoprazole.
At a glance
- Umbrella term: 6 Mondo subtypes
- Cohort genes: 3
- GWAS associations: 183
- Clinical trials: 85
Clinical features
No curated clinical features (Orphanet) for this disease.
Identifiers
Disease identifiers
| Field | Value |
|---|---|
| Canonical name | peptic ulcer disease |
| Mondo ID | MONDO:0004247 |
| MeSH | D010437 |
| DOID | DOID:750 |
| NCIT | C3318 |
| SNOMED CT | 13200003 |
| UMLS | C0030920 |
| MedGen | 45384 |
| Is cancer (heuristic) | no |
Also known as: acute peptic ulcer with haemorrhage · acute peptic ulcer with haemorrhage and perforation · acute peptic ulcer without haemorrhage and without perforation · peptic ulcer
Data availability: 183 GWAS associations (36 studies).
Disease family
An umbrella term covering 6 Mondo subtypes.
Classification path: disease › human disease › disease by body system or component › digestive system disorder › peptic ulcer disease
Related subtypes (30): benign digestive system neoplasm, autoimmune disorder of gastrointestinal tract, gastrointestinal mucositis, diarrheal disease, pancreas disorder, hepatobiliary disorder, digestive system cancer, stomach disorder, intestinal disorder, Meckel diverticulum, Cronkhite-Canada syndrome, diverticulosis, small-intestinal, diverticulosis of bowel, hernia, and retinal detachment, congenital enteropathy due to enteropeptidase deficiency, hereditary mixed polyposis syndrome, caudal duplication, Moyamoya disease with early-onset achalasia, hyperplastic polyposis syndrome, thoraco-abdominal enteric duplication, digestive duplication, juvenile polyposis syndrome, umbilical cord ulceration-intestinal atresia syndrome, growth retardation-mild developmental delay-chronic hepatitis syndrome, common mesentery, neoplasm of oropharynx, gastrointestinal polyp, digestive system neuroendocrine neoplasm, digestive system infectious disorder, upper digestive tract disorder, congenital peritoneal encapsulation
Subtypes (6): gastric ulcer, gastrojejunal ulcer, active peptic ulcer disease, peptic ulcer perforation, duodenal ulcer, peptic esophagitis
Genetics & variants
GWAS landscape
183 GWAS associations across 36 studies. Top hits map to 24 distinct genes (as reported by GWAS).
Top associations by p-value
| rsID | p-value | Gene | Risk allele | Odds ratio |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| rs2920293 | 4e-126 | PSCA - LY6K | G | 0.2 |
| rs2294008 | 1e-123 | JRK, PSCA | T | 0.22 |
| rs10500661 | 8e-27 | CNGA4 - CCKBR | C | 0.1 |
| rs3805497 | 5e-25 | TTC33 | T | 0.08 |
| rs8176719 | 6e-24 | ABO | TC | 0.07 |
| rs34074411 | 1e-22 | EIF1 - GAST | T | 0.07 |
| rs9581957 | 2e-20 | URAD | T | 0.07 |
| rs6860328 | 4e-20 | TTC33 | C | 0.08 |
| rs115478735 | 6e-18 | ABO | A | 0.13 |
| rs587611953 | 4e-17 | ABO | C | 0.15 |
| rs11665674 | 1e-15 | SEC1P - FUT2 | G | 0.09 |
| rs492602 | 1e-15 | FUT2 | A | 0.08 |
| rs681343 | 2e-15 | FUT2 | C | 0.92 |
| rs72607744 | 4e-15 | SND1 | A | 0.15 |
| rs2976388 | 2e-14 | PSCA, JRK | G | 1.09 |
| rs6123837 | 2e-14 | GNAS | A | 0.05 |
| rs749161312 | 3e-14 | PDX1 | CCCCTCCTCT | 0.08 |
| rs2920279 | 1e-13 | PSCA, JRK | A | 0.1 |
| rs200964 | 3e-13 | RNU7-26P - OR2B2 | G | 1.05 |
| chr19:49206985 | 3e-13 | G | 0.15 | |
| rs516246 | 5e-13 | FUT2 | ? | |
| rs8114689 | 6e-13 | GNAS | A | 0.07 |
| chr17:39857619 | 1e-12 | A | 0.17 | |
| rs967823 | 2e-12 | CA10 - LINC01982 | A | 0.96 |
| rs11416248 | 2e-12 | GGT1 | CT | 0.08 |
| rs1345894981 | 3e-12 | MUC1 | T | 0.14 |
| rs11692085 | 3e-12 | NHEJ1 | T | 0.05 |
| rs12999257 | 3e-12 | LINC01940 - HDAC4 | ? | |
| rs3771182 | 3e-12 | IL1RL2 | ? | 1.01 |
| rs529565 | 4e-12 | ABO | ? |
Top studies (by case count)
| Study | Lead author | Year | Cases | Controls | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| GCST90570613 | You D | 2025 | 121,940 | 1,693,792 | A genome-wide cross-trait analysis characterizes the shared genetic architecture between lung and gastrointestinal diseases. |
| GCST011500 | Wu Y | 2021 | 90,175 | 366,152 | GWAS of peptic ulcer disease implicates Helicobacter pylori infection, other gastrointestinal disorders and depression. |
| GCST90134604 | Adewuyi EO | 2022 | 71,880 | 823,039 | A large-scale genome-wide cross-trait analysis reveals shared genetic architecture between Alzheimer’s disease and gastrointestinal tract disorders. |
| GCST90134605 | Adewuyi EO | 2022 | 71,880 | 749,530 | A large-scale genome-wide cross-trait analysis reveals shared genetic architecture between Alzheimer’s disease and gastrointestinal tract disorders. |
| GCST90570625 | You D | 2025 | 58,559 | 1,377,019 | A genome-wide cross-trait analysis characterizes the shared genetic architecture between lung and gastrointestinal diseases. |
| GCST90570635 | You D | 2025 | 58,174 | 758,764 | A genome-wide cross-trait analysis characterizes the shared genetic architecture between lung and gastrointestinal diseases. |
| GCST90270926 | He Y | 2023 | 29,739 | 240,675 | East Asian-specific and cross-ancestry genome-wide meta-analyses provide mechanistic insights into peptic ulcer disease. |
| GCST90270930 | He Y | 2023 | 29,739 | 240,675 | East Asian-specific and cross-ancestry genome-wide meta-analyses provide mechanistic insights into peptic ulcer disease. |
| GCST90570629 | You D | 2025 | 29,266 | 496,111 | A genome-wide cross-trait analysis characterizes the shared genetic architecture between lung and gastrointestinal diseases. |
| GCST90454171 | Jiang M | 2023 | 24,906 | 731,917 | Genetic and observational associations of lung function with gastrointestinal tract diseases: pleiotropic and mendelian randomization analysis. |
Variant details and genetic-evidence tiers
Tier distribution (top 50 variants)
| Tier | Variants |
|---|---|
| Tier 1: coding | 3 |
| Tier 2: splice/UTR | 4 |
| Tier 3: regulatory | 1 |
| Tier 4: intronic/intergenic | 42 |
MAF distribution
| Bucket | Variants |
|---|---|
| common (>=0.05) | 48 |
| low_freq (0.01-0.05) | 2 |
| rare (<0.01) | 0 |
| unknown | 0 |
Functional consequences
| Consequence | Count |
|---|---|
| intron_variant | 24 |
| intergenic_variant | 9 |
| unknown | 5 |
| synonymous_variant | 4 |
| 5_prime_UTR_variant | 2 |
| stop_gained | 2 |
| 3_prime_UTR_variant | 2 |
| frameshift_variant | 1 |
| regulatory_region_variant | 1 |
Top variants
| rsID | Chr | Pos | Alleles | MAF | Consequence | Gene | p-value | Tier |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| rs2920293 | 8 | 142683996 | C>A,G,T | 0.392 | intergenic_variant | PSCA - LY6K | 4e-126 | Tier 4: intronic/intergenic |
| rs2294008 | 8 | 142680513 | C>T | 0.365 | 5_prime_UTR_variant | JRK, PSCA | 1e-123 | Tier 2: splice/UTR |
| rs10500661 | 11 | 6252514 | T>C | 0.162 | intergenic_variant | CNGA4 - CCKBR | 8e-27 | Tier 4: intronic/intergenic |
| rs3805497 | 5 | 40746783 | A>C,G,T | 0.467 | intron_variant | TTC33 | 5e-25 | Tier 4: intronic/intergenic |
| rs8176719 | 9 | 133257522 | T>TC | 0.415 | frameshift_variant | ABO | 6e-24 | Tier 1: coding |
| rs34074411 | 17 | 41710996 | C>T | 0.465 | regulatory_region_variant | EIF1 - GAST | 1e-22 | Tier 3: regulatory |
| rs9581957 | 13 | 27983752 | C>T | 0.264 | intron_variant | URAD | 2e-20 | Tier 4: intronic/intergenic |
| rs6860328 | 5 | 40729872 | T>C | 0.423 | intron_variant | TTC33 | 4e-20 | Tier 4: intronic/intergenic |
| rs115478735 | 9 | 133274295 | A>T | 0.159 | intron_variant | ABO | 6e-18 | Tier 4: intronic/intergenic |
| rs587611953 | 9 | 133270004 | C>A,G | 0.18 | intron_variant | ABO | 4e-17 | Tier 4: intronic/intergenic |
| rs11665674 | 19 | 48693018 | A>G,T | 0.447 | intergenic_variant | SEC1P - FUT2 | 1e-15 | Tier 4: intronic/intergenic |
| rs492602 | 19 | 48703160 | A>C,G,T | 0.478 | synonymous_variant | FUT2 | 1e-15 | Tier 4: intronic/intergenic |
| rs681343 | 19 | 48703205 | C>A,T | 0.49 | stop_gained | FUT2 | 2e-15 | Tier 1: coding |
| rs72607744 | 7 | 127920488 | G>A | 0.095 | intron_variant | SND1 | 4e-15 | Tier 4: intronic/intergenic |
| rs2976388 | 8 | 142678838 | G>A | 0.42 | intergenic_variant | PSCA, JRK | 2e-14 | Tier 4: intronic/intergenic |
| rs6123837 | 20 | 58890516 | G>A | 0.479 | synonymous_variant | GNAS | 2e-14 | Tier 4: intronic/intergenic |
| rs749161312 | 13 | 27925447 | 0.406 | 3_prime_UTR_variant | PDX1 | 3e-14 | Tier 2: splice/UTR | |
| rs2920279 | 8 | 142680717 | A>C,G,T | 0.446 | intron_variant | PSCA, JRK | 1e-13 | Tier 4: intronic/intergenic |
| rs200964 | 6 | 27899165 | G>C | 0.19 | intergenic_variant | RNU7-26P - OR2B2 | 3e-13 | Tier 4: intronic/intergenic |
| chr19:49206985 | 0.497 | 3e-13 | Tier 4: intronic/intergenic | |||||
| rs516246 | 19 | 48702915 | C>A,G,T | 0.05 | intron_variant | FUT2 | 5e-13 | Tier 4: intronic/intergenic |
| rs8114689 | 20 | 58901835 | G>A,C | 0.407 | intron_variant | GNAS | 6e-13 | Tier 4: intronic/intergenic |
| chr17:39857619 | 0.252 | 1e-12 | Tier 4: intronic/intergenic | |||||
| rs967823 | 17 | 52239916 | A>G | 0.39 | intergenic_variant | CA10 - LINC01982 | 2e-12 | Tier 4: intronic/intergenic |
| rs11416248 | 22 | 24612511 | C>CT | 0.321 | intron_variant | GGT1 | 2e-12 | Tier 4: intronic/intergenic |
| rs1345894981 | 1 | 155192003 | 0.048 | synonymous_variant | MUC1 | 3e-12 | Tier 4: intronic/intergenic | |
| rs11692085 | 2 | 219098828 | C>G,T | 0.461 | intron_variant | NHEJ1 | 3e-12 | Tier 4: intronic/intergenic |
| rs12999257 | 2 | 238947706 | G>C | 0.05 | intergenic_variant | LINC01940 - HDAC4 | 3e-12 | Tier 4: intronic/intergenic |
| rs3771182 | 2 | 102228167 | T>C | 0.05 | intron_variant | IL1RL2 | 3e-12 | Tier 4: intronic/intergenic |
| rs529565 | 9 | 133274084 | C>A,G,T | 0.05 | intron_variant | ABO | 4e-12 | Tier 4: intronic/intergenic |
Genes & proteins
Mendelian disease overlap and somatic drivers
GenCC: 0 · Orphanet: 5 · OMIM-shared: 0 · Dual-evidence (GWAS+Mendelian): 0
Orphanet rare-disease linkage (cohort genes)
| Gene | Orphanet ID | Rare disease |
|---|---|---|
| TRAF3 | Orphanet:1930 | Herpes simplex virus encephalitis |
| CNTNAP2 | Orphanet:163681 | CNTNAP2-related developmental and epileptic encephalopathy |
| DEPDC5 | Orphanet:442835 | Non-specific early-onset epileptic encephalopathy |
| DEPDC5 | Orphanet:98784 | Sleep-related hypermotor epilepsy |
| DEPDC5 | Orphanet:98820 | Familial focal epilepsy with variable foci |
Cohort genes → proteins
3 cohort genes, 3 distinct canonical proteins.
Evidence partition
| Subset | Genes |
|---|---|
| gwas_only | 3 |
Cohort genes (full)
| Symbol | HGNC | Ensembl | UniProt | Name | Evidence |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| TRAF3 | HGNC:12033 | ENSG00000131323 | Q13114 | TNF receptor-associated factor 3 | gwas |
| CNTNAP2 | HGNC:13830 | ENSG00000174469 | Q9UHC6 | Contactin-associated protein-like 2 | gwas |
| DEPDC5 | HGNC:18423 | ENSG00000100150 | O75140 | GATOR1 complex protein DEPDC5 | gwas |
Cohort function summary
Lead sentence per gene, UniProt-curated.
| Symbol | Protein name | Function (lead sentence) |
|---|---|---|
| TRAF3 | TNF receptor-associated factor 3 | Cytoplasmic E3 ubiquitin ligase that regulates various signaling pathways, such as the NF-kappa-B, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and interferon regulatory factor (IRF) pathways, and thus controls a lot of biological processes in… |
| CNTNAP2 | Contactin-associated protein-like 2 | Required for gap junction formation. |
| DEPDC5 | GATOR1 complex protein DEPDC5 | As a component of the GATOR1 complex functions as an inhibitor of the amino acid-sensing branch of the mTORC1 pathway. |
Protein-family classification
Druggable: 0 · Difficult: 1 · Unknown: 2 · Druggable fraction: 0.0
Family distribution
Cohort families vs a genome-wide background (hypergeometric, BH-FDR; fold = observed/expected). Counts kept; sorted by enrichment, so the catch-all Other/Unknown bucket no longer leads.
| Family | Genes | Fold | FDR |
|---|---|---|---|
| Transcription factor | 1 | 2.8× | 0.587 |
| Other/Unknown | 2 | 1.2× | 0.587 |
Per-gene assignment
| Symbol | Family | Druggable? | EC | InterPro (top 3) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| TRAF3 | Transcription factor | no | Znf_TRAF, Znf_RING, MATH/TRAF_dom | |
| CNTNAP2 | Other/Unknown | no | FA58C, EGF, Laminin_G | |
| DEPDC5 | Other/Unknown | no | DEP_dom, IML1, WH-like_DNA-bd_sf |
Expression context
Cohort genes with no expression data: 0.
3 cohort genes are a single-cell marker in ≥1 SCXA experiment.
Breadth distribution (Bgee present_calls)
| Bucket | Genes |
|---|---|
| narrow (1-5 tissues) | 0 |
| moderate (6-20) | 0 |
| broad (>20) | 3 |
| unknown | 0 |
Top tissues across cohort
| Tissue | Cohort genes |
|---|---|
| cartilage tissue | 1 |
| monocyte | 1 |
| mononuclear cell | 1 |
| C1 segment of cervical spinal cord | 1 |
| corpus callosum | 1 |
| superior frontal gyrus | 1 |
| frontal pole | 1 |
| middle frontal gyrus | 1 |
| paraflocculus | 1 |
Per-gene tissue summary (top 30)
| Symbol | Bgee breadth | FANTOM5 breadth | SCXA | Top tissues |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| TRAF3 | 258 | ubiquitous | marker | cartilage tissue, monocyte, mononuclear cell |
| CNTNAP2 | 127 | broad | marker | corpus callosum, superior frontal gyrus, C1 segment of cervical spinal cord |
| DEPDC5 | 236 | ubiquitous | marker | paraflocculus, frontal pole, middle frontal gyrus |
Protein interactions among cohort
Intra-cohort edges: 0.
Hub genes (top 10 by interactor count)
| Symbol | Interactor count |
|---|---|
| TRAF3 | 3,493 |
| CNTNAP2 | 2,097 |
| DEPDC5 | 1,273 |
Structural data
PDB: 3 · AlphaFold-only: 0 · No structure: 0
Cohort genes with PDB structures (top 30)
| Symbol | UniProt | PDB entries |
|---|---|---|
| DEPDC5 | O75140 | 11 |
| TRAF3 | Q13114 | 10 |
| CNTNAP2 | Q9UHC6 | 1 |
Function
Pathway analysis
Distinct Reactome pathways touched by cohort: 13. Enrichment computed across 3 evidence-associated genes (2 with Reactome annotation).
Pathways by enrichment
Over-representation of cohort genes vs the genome-wide background (hypergeometric test, Benjamini-Hochberg FDR; fold = observed/expected over 2 annotated cohort genes). Counts and members are kept as ground-truth; sorted by enrichment.
| Pathway | Cohort genes | Fold | FDR | Sample cohort genes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| TRAF3 deficiency - HSE | 1 | 1903.3× | 0.006 | TRAF3 |
| Regulation of TBK1, IKKε-mediated activation of IRF3, IRF7 upon TLR3 ligation | 1 | 475.8× | 0.006 | TRAF3 |
| TICAM1-dependent activation of IRF3/IRF7 | 1 | 407.9× | 0.006 | TRAF3 |
| TRAF3-dependent IRF activation pathway | 1 | 380.7× | 0.006 | TRAF3 |
| Regulation of TBK1, IKKε (IKBKE)-mediated activation of IRF3, IRF7 | 1 | 380.7× | 0.006 | TRAF3 |
| TNF receptor superfamily (TNFSF) members mediating non-canonical NF-kB pathway | 1 | 335.9× | 0.006 | TRAF3 |
| Activation of IRF3, IRF7 mediated by TBK1, IKKε (IKBKE) | 1 | 300.5× | 0.006 | TRAF3 |
| Negative regulators of DDX58/IFIH1 signaling | 1 | 163.1× | 0.010 | TRAF3 |
| Ovarian tumor domain proteases | 1 | 139.3× | 0.010 | TRAF3 |
| SARS-CoV-1 activates/modulates innate immune responses | 1 | 135.9× | 0.010 | TRAF3 |
| Amino acids regulate mTORC1 | 1 | 100.2× | 0.012 | DEPDC5 |
| TNFR2 non-canonical NF-kB pathway | 1 | 90.6× | 0.012 | TRAF3 |
| SARS-CoV-2 activates/modulates innate and adaptive immune responses | 1 | 44.6× | 0.022 | TRAF3 |
GO biological processes by enrichment
Over-representation of cohort genes vs the genome-wide background (hypergeometric test, Benjamini-Hochberg FDR; fold = observed/expected over 3 annotated cohort genes). Counts and members are kept as ground-truth; sorted by enrichment.
| GO term | Cohort genes | Fold | FDR | Sample cohort genes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| limbic system development | 1 | 2808.7× | 0.006 | CNTNAP2 |
| superior temporal gyrus development | 1 | 2808.7× | 0.006 | CNTNAP2 |
| clustering of voltage-gated potassium channels | 1 | 1404.3× | 0.006 | CNTNAP2 |
| protein localization to juxtaparanode region of axon | 1 | 1404.3× | 0.006 | CNTNAP2 |
| neuron recognition | 1 | 1123.5× | 0.006 | CNTNAP2 |
| regulation of interferon-beta production | 1 | 1123.5× | 0.006 | TRAF3 |
| Toll signaling pathway | 1 | 802.5× | 0.006 | TRAF3 |
| positive regulation of gap junction assembly | 1 | 802.5× | 0.006 | CNTNAP2 |
| vocal learning | 1 | 702.2× | 0.006 | CNTNAP2 |
| regulation of defense response to virus | 1 | 702.2× | 0.006 | TRAF3 |
| TRIF-dependent toll-like receptor signaling pathway | 1 | 510.7× | 0.008 | TRAF3 |
| thalamus development | 1 | 468.1× | 0.008 | CNTNAP2 |
| regulation of proteolysis | 1 | 432.1× | 0.008 | TRAF3 |
| striatum development | 1 | 374.5× | 0.008 | CNTNAP2 |
| prepulse inhibition | 1 | 374.5× | 0.008 | CNTNAP2 |
| vocalization behavior | 1 | 295.6× | 0.009 | CNTNAP2 |
| transmission of nerve impulse | 1 | 216.1× | 0.012 | CNTNAP2 |
| toll-like receptor signaling pathway | 1 | 200.6× | 0.012 | TRAF3 |
| toll-like receptor 4 signaling pathway | 1 | 175.5× | 0.013 | TRAF3 |
| regulation of canonical NF-kappaB signal transduction | 1 | 160.5× | 0.013 | TRAF3 |
| adult behavior | 1 | 156.0× | 0.013 | CNTNAP2 |
| positive regulation of type I interferon production | 1 | 140.4× | 0.014 | TRAF3 |
| obsolete negative regulation of NF-kappaB transcription factor activity | 1 | 119.5× | 0.015 | TRAF3 |
| type I interferon-mediated signaling pathway | 1 | 114.6× | 0.015 | TRAF3 |
| tumor necrosis factor-mediated signaling pathway | 1 | 110.1× | 0.015 | TRAF3 |
| negative regulation of TORC1 signaling | 1 | 108.0× | 0.015 | DEPDC5 |
| cellular response to amino acid starvation | 1 | 106.0× | 0.015 | DEPDC5 |
| learning | 1 | 93.6× | 0.016 | CNTNAP2 |
| neuron projection morphogenesis | 1 | 92.1× | 0.016 | CNTNAP2 |
| social behavior | 1 | 90.6× | 0.016 | CNTNAP2 |
Therapeutics
Drugs indicated for this disease
20 approved, 14 in late-stage (phase 3) trials. Disease-direct ChEMBL indications, not inferred from the associated-gene cohort below.
| Drug | Development status |
|---|---|
| Bismuth Subcitrate Potassium | Approved (phase 4) |
| Carbenoxolone | Approved (phase 4) |
| Celecoxib | Approved (phase 4) |
| Cimetidine | Approved (phase 4) |
| Cortisone Acetate | Approved (phase 4) |
| Dexamethasone | Approved (phase 4) |
| Dexlansoprazole | Approved (phase 4) |
| Famotidine | Approved (phase 4) |
| Lansoprazole | Approved (phase 4) |
| Misoprostol | Approved (phase 4) |
| Nizatidine | Approved (phase 4) |
| Omeprazole | Approved (phase 4) |
| Pirenzepine | Approved (phase 4) |
| Prednisolone | Approved (phase 4) |
| Prednisone | Approved (phase 4) |
| Proglumide | Approved (phase 4) |
| Rabeprazole | Approved (phase 4) |
| Ranitidine | Approved (phase 4) |
| Sucralfate | Approved (phase 4) |
| Vonoprazan | Approved (phase 4) |
| Abeprazan | Phase 3 (in late-stage trials) |
| Alginic Acid | Phase 3 (in late-stage trials) |
| Aspirin | Phase 3 (in late-stage trials) |
| Diosmin | Phase 3 (in late-stage trials) |
| Esomeprazole | Phase 3 (in late-stage trials) |
| Gefarnate | Phase 3 (in late-stage trials) |
| Ibuprofen | Phase 3 (in late-stage trials) |
| Ilaprazole | Phase 3 (in late-stage trials) |
| Lafutidine | Phase 3 (in late-stage trials) |
| Naproxen | Phase 3 (in late-stage trials) |
| Pantoprazole | Phase 3 (in late-stage trials) |
| Rebamipide | Phase 3 (in late-stage trials) |
| Tegoprazan | Phase 3 (in late-stage trials) |
| Teprenone | Phase 3 (in late-stage trials) |
Earlier-phase candidates (phase 2, investigational — efficacy not yet established): Somatostatin.
Drug target analysis
Approved (phase 4): 0 · Phase ≥3: 0 · Phased (≥1): 0 · Undrugged: 3
Druggability breadth: 0 of 3 evidence-associated genes (0%) have a ChEMBL target (buckets above are over the deeply-mined display cohort).
Top cohort targets by molecule count
| Symbol | Molecules | Max phase |
|---|---|---|
| TRAF3 | 0 | 0 |
| CNTNAP2 | 0 | 0 |
| DEPDC5 | 0 | 0 |
Bioactivity and enzyme data
Enzyme cohort genes (≥1 EC): 0.
Pharmacogenomics
Cohort genes with a PharmGKB record: 3; with CPIC/DPWG dosing guidelines: 0.
No cohort gene has a CPIC/DPWG genotype-guided dosing guideline (PharmGKB).
Chemical tractability of cohort targets
0 approved/phased compounds have measured bioactivity against a cohort gene (and aren’t yet in disease-level trials). This is a research / tractability signal, NOT a therapeutic recommendation — a bioactivity row often reflects off-target or screening binding (e.g. promiscuous kinase inhibitors against a cohort kinase), implying no disease mechanism.
Druggability pyramid
Cohort genes binned by druggability tier (high → low):
| Tier | Definition | Genes | Symbols |
|---|---|---|---|
| A | Approved (phase 4 drug) | 0 | |
| B | Phased (≥1) drug, not yet approved | 0 | |
| C | Druggable family + PDB, no drug | 0 | |
| D | Druggable family + AlphaFold only, no drug | 0 | |
| E | Difficult family or no structure, no drug | 3 | TRAF3, CNTNAP2, DEPDC5 |
Undrugged target profiles
3 cohort genes are undrugged. Ranked by ‘starting-point quality’ (assay depth + drugged-partner adjacency).
| Symbol | ChEMBL assays | Drugged partners (top 3) |
|---|---|---|
| TRAF3 | 0 | — |
| CNTNAP2 | 0 | — |
| DEPDC5 | 0 | — |
Clinical trials & evidence
Clinical trials
Clinical trials: 85.
Phase distribution (across all retrieved trials)
| Phase | Trials |
|---|---|
| Not specified | 41 |
| PHASE4 | 24 |
| PHASE3 | 11 |
| PHASE1 | 4 |
| PHASE2 | 3 |
| PHASE2/PHASE3 | 2 |
Top trials by phase / activity
| NCT | Phase | Status | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| NCT07139366 | PHASE4 | RECRUITING | Saccharomyces Boulardii Combined With Bismuth Quadruple Therapy for Helicobacter Pylori Rescue Treatment |
| NCT07537634 | PHASE4 | RECRUITING | Vonoprazan-based Versus Esomeprazole-based Triple Therapy for Helicobacter Pylori Eradication |
| NCT00137033 | PHASE4 | COMPLETED | Celebrex Low Dose ASA Study Examining the Incidence of Gastroduodenal Ulcers in a Healthy Population |
| NCT00164866 | PHASE4 | COMPLETED | Administration of High-Dose Intravenous Proton Pump Inhibitor for Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding Prior to Endoscopy |
| NCT00247130 | PHASE4 | WITHDRAWN | Comparison of Intravenous Omeprazole to Ranitidine on Recurrent Bleeding After Endoscopic Treatment of Bleeding Ulcer |
| NCT00471029 | PHASE4 | UNKNOWN | Compare Efficacy of Gastric Acid Suppression by Oral and Intravenous Administration of Esomeprazole in Patients With Peptic Ulcer |
| NCT00534443 | PHASE4 | COMPLETED | Importance of Cytokines in Peptic Ulcer Disease: Implications for Treatment |
| NCT00843063 | PHASE4 | COMPLETED | Famotidine Compared With Pantoprazole to Prevent Recurrent Aspirin-Induced Peptic Ulcer/Erosion |
| NCT00881413 | PHASE4 | WITHDRAWN | Esomeprazole Versus Pantoprazole to Prevent Peptic Ulcer Rebleeding |
| NCT01180179 | PHASE4 | COMPLETED | PPI vs H2RA in Patients With Helicobacter Pylori-Negative Idiopathic Bleeding Ulcers |
| NCT01353144 | PHASE4 | COMPLETED | A Comparison of Two Therapeutic Strategies for the Treatment of Aspirin-associated Peptic Ulcers |
| NCT01453036 | PHASE4 | COMPLETED | Clarithromycin Resistant Tailored Therapy |
| NCT01667575 | PHASE4 | COMPLETED | Efficiency Study of Clarithromycin and Bismuth-containing Quadruple Therapy to Treat H.Pylori |
| NCT01667692 | PHASE4 | COMPLETED | Aizthromycin or Clarithromycin in H-pylori Eradication Regimen |
| NCT01667718 | PHASE4 | COMPLETED | Bismuth Improves the Efficacy of Levofloxacin-containing Triple Therapy for Helicobacter Pylori Treatment |
| NCT02175901 | PHASE4 | COMPLETED | Amoxicillin/Metronidazole Based Quadruple Therapy for Helicobacter Pylori Eradication |
| NCT02296021 | PHASE4 | COMPLETED | Helicobacter Pylori Eradication With Berberine Quadruple Therapy Versus Bismuth-containing Quadruple Therapy |
| NCT02536989 | PHASE4 | COMPLETED | Different Dose of Intravenous Omeprazole to Treat Bleeding Ulcer With Adherent Clot |
| NCT02633930 | PHASE4 | COMPLETED | Helicobacter Pylori Eradication With Berberine Quadruple Therapy Versus Clarithromycin Quadruple Therapy |
| NCT02648659 | PHASE4 | COMPLETED | The Pilot Study on Tailored Eradication Therapy According to Clarithromycin Resistance in H.Pylori Patients |
| NCT04678492 | PHASE4 | COMPLETED | Helicobacter Rescue Therapy With High-dose Esomeprazole and Amoxicillin Dual Therapy Versus Bismuth-containing Quadruple Therapy |
| NCT05237115 | PHASE4 | COMPLETED | Helicobacter Pylori Eradication With Probiotics Combined With Triple Therapy Versus Bismuth-containing Quadruple Therapy |
| NCT05742568 | PHASE4 | COMPLETED | Effects of High-dose Dual Therapy and Bismuth Quadruple Therapy for Helicobacter Pylori Eradication on Intestinal Microecology |
| NCT07312721 | PHASE4 | COMPLETED | Comparative Effectiveness of Triple Versus Quadruple Therapy in the Treatment of Helicobacter Pylori Induced Gastritis |
| NCT06284876 | PHASE3 | RECRUITING | Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Ilaprazole 10 mg in Prevention NSAIDs Associated Peptic Ulcer |
| NCT06439563 | PHASE3 | RECRUITING | Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of JP-1366 in the Prevention of NSAIDs-Induced Peptic Ulcers |
| NCT00161096 | PHASE3 | UNKNOWN | On-Demand Use of Pantoprazole: Determinants for Chronic Use of Acid Suppressive Medication |
| NCT00175032 | PHASE3 | COMPLETED | A Comparison of Safety and Treatment in Subjects With Osteoarthritis Taking Low Dose Aspirin |
| NCT00261300 | PHASE3 | COMPLETED | Long-term Pantoprazole Trial in Patients With Symptoms of Chronic Acid Peptic Complaints (BY1023/VMG-708) |
| NCT00374101 | PHASE3 | COMPLETED | High Versus Standard Dose of Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPIs) in Peptic Ulcer Bleeding |
| NCT00450658 | PHASE3 | COMPLETED | Efficacy and Safety Study of HZT-501 in Reducing the Risk of Ibuprofen-associated Ulcers |
| NCT01142245 | PHASE3 | COMPLETED | Effect of IV and Oral Esomeprazole in Prevention of Recurrent Bleeding From Peptic Ulcers After Endoscopic Therapy |
| NCT01182597 | PHASE3 | UNKNOWN | Oral Versus IV Proton Pump Inhibitor in High-risk Bleeding Peptic Ulcers After Endoscopic Hemostasis |
| NCT01828645 | PHASE2/PHASE3 | COMPLETED | Residual Gastric Volume After the Ingestion of a Beverage Containing Carbohydrates Plus Whey Protein |
| NCT02084420 | PHASE3 | COMPLETED | Efficacy/Safety Study as H. Pylori Eradication of Triple Therapy for 7 Days Treatment |
| NCT04140591 | PHASE2/PHASE3 | TERMINATED | Proton Pump Inhibitor Plus Propranolol Versus Proton Pump Inhibitor Alone on Peptic Ulcer Healing in Patients With Liver Cirrhosis |
| NCT04784910 | PHASE3 | COMPLETED | Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of DWP14012 in Prevention of NSAIDs Induced Peptic Ulcer |
| NCT00152399 | PHASE2 | COMPLETED | Study to Assess the Efficacy and Safety of Somatostatin in the Treatment of Acute Severe Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding |
| NCT01138969 | PHASE2 | COMPLETED | Efficacy of Proton Pump Inhibitor in Prevention of Clopidogrel-related Peptic Ulcer |
| NCT02342470 | PHASE2 | COMPLETED | Efficacy and Safety of PMK-S005 in the Prevention of Recurrent Peptic Ulcer in Low-dose Aspirin Users |
Drugs tested across these trials (top 30)
| Molecule | Max phase | Trials referencing |
|---|---|---|
| CLARITHROMYCIN | 4 | 7 |
| ESOMEPRAZOLE | 4 | 7 |
| LANSOPRAZOLE | 4 | 7 |
| AMOXICILLIN | 4 | 6 |
| BERBERINE | 4 | 6 |
| PANTOPRAZOLE | 4 | 5 |
| OMEPRAZOLE | 4 | 4 |
| PROPRANOLOL | 4 | 3 |
| CELECOXIB | 4 | 2 |
| FURAZOLIDONE | 4 | 2 |
| METRONIDAZOLE | 4 | 2 |
| NAPROXEN | 4 | 2 |
| TETRACYCLINE | 4 | 2 |
| ASPIRIN | 4 | 1 |
| AZITHROMYCIN | 4 | 1 |
| FAMOTIDINE | 4 | 1 |
| RANITIDINE | 4 | 1 |
| ILAPRAZOLE | 3 | 3 |
| ABEPRAZAN | 3 | 1 |
| BLOOD, WHOLE | 3 | 1 |
| LAFUTIDINE | 3 | 1 |
| DEXPROPRANOLOL | 2 | 1 |
| AGN-201904 | 1 | 1 |
| IRSOGLADINE MALEATE | 1 | 1 |
| CHEMBL3137673 | 0 | 9 |
| CHEMBL1618254 | 0 | 2 |
| CHEMBL1374738 | 0 | 2 |
| CHEMBL1572167 | 0 | 2 |
| CHEMBL5282669 | 0 | 1 |
| CHEMBL4299381 | 0 | 1 |
Related Atlas pages
- Cohort genes: TRAF3, CNTNAP2, DEPDC5
- Drugs: Clarithromycin, Esomeprazole, Lansoprazole, Amoxicillin, Berberine, Pantoprazole, Omeprazole, Propranolol, Celecoxib, Furazolidone, Metronidazole, Naproxen, Tetracycline, Aspirin, Azithromycin, Famotidine, Ranitidine, Ilaprazole, Abeprazan, Blood, Whole, Lafutidine