Pneumonia

Summary

Pneumonia (MONDO:0005249) is a disease (an umbrella term covering 11 Mondo subtypes) with 3 cohort genes (136 GWAS associations across 70 studies) and 863 clinical trials. Top therapeutic interventions include levofloxacin anhydrous, penicillin g, and ofloxacin.

At a glance

• Umbrella term: 11 Mondo subtypes
• Cohort genes: 3
• GWAS associations: 136
• Clinical trials: 863

Clinical features

No curated clinical features (Orphanet) for this disease.

Identifiers

Disease identifiers

Field	Value
Canonical name	pneumonia
Mondo ID	MONDO:0005249
EFO	EFO:0003106
MeSH	D011014
DOID	DOID:552
ICD-10-CM	J15, J18.9
ICD-11	142052508
NCIT	C3333
SNOMED CT	233604007
UMLS	C0032285
MedGen	10813
Is cancer (heuristic)	no

Also known as: acute pneumonia

Data availability: 136 GWAS associations (70 studies).

Disease family

An umbrella term covering 11 Mondo subtypes.

Classification path: disease › human disease › disease by body system or component › respiratory system disorder › respiratory tract infectious disorder › pneumonia

Related subtypes (13): lung abscess, pneumonic plague, fungal lung infectious disease, laryngeal tuberculosis, pleural tuberculosis, tracheitis, pulmonary non-tuberculous mycobacterial infection, laryngeal diphtheria, nasopharyngeal diphtheria, streptococcal sore throat, silicotuberculosis, tuberculous fibrosis of lung, viral respiratory tract infection

Subtypes (11): pleuropneumonia, idiopathic interstitial pneumonia, bacterial pneumonia, bronchopneumonia, contagious pleuropneumonia, eosinophilic pneumonia, recurrent pneumonia, viral pneumonia, pneumocystosis, acute fibrinous and organizing pneumonia, bronchiolocentric pattern of interstitial pneumonia

Genetics & variants

GWAS landscape

136 GWAS associations across 70 studies. Top hits map to 28 distinct genes (as reported by GWAS).

Top associations by p-value

rsID	p-value	Gene	Risk allele	Odds ratio
rs28380929	5e-22	LINC02571 - HLA-B	T	0.71
chr9:5073770	6e-20		T	1.11
rs334	5e-19	HBB	A	2.76
rs13078854	6e-17	SLC6A20 - LZTFL1	?	0.59
rs2226952	5e-16	HBG2, HBE1	G	2.14
rs183809241	9e-16	MICA-AS1	C	0.77
rs12914385	1e-15	CHRNA3	C	0.06
rs9275211	4e-14	HLA-DQB1 - MTCO3P1	C	1.06
rs570821042	6e-14	CHD1-DT - LINC02113	A	3.57
rs10851907	3e-13	CHRNA3 - CHRNB4	G	0.05
rs374244906	5e-13	LRRTM4	C	3.21
rs140221038	1e-12	FYCO1	?	0.54
rs12461964	2e-12	CYP2F2P - CYP2A6	A	0.05
rs567335184	6e-12	TRPM5	C	2.67
rs377366255	1e-11	TG	C	2.9
rs550609436	3e-11	NUCKS1 - RAB29	T	2.76
rs11245979	7e-11	MUC2 - MUC5AC	C	1.05
rs111793438	8e-11	XCR1	?	0.39
chr17:76736877	8e-11		T	1.51
rs1198929434	1e-10	IQCJ-SCHIP1, SCHIP1	TAAAC	0.14
chr10:94007273	4e-10		A	2.56
rs2009746	8e-10	IREB2	A	0.01
chr18:44436576	1e-09		A	1.47
chr15:78500538	2e-09		C	0.05
rs76474922	3e-09	CHRNA5	A	0.02
rs4149581	3e-09	TNFRSF1A	C	0.96
rs9283753	3e-09	RNU1-150P - TTC33	T	1.04
rs145341911	8e-09	EVI5	?	1.01
rs80069184	1e-08	ARHGAP27P1-BPTFP1-KPNA2P3	C	0.15
chr17:74641872	1e-08		G	2.54

Top studies (by case count)

Study	Lead author	Year	Cases	Controls	Title
GCST90134363	Reay WR	2022	74,323	316,721	The genetic architecture of pneumonia susceptibility implicates mucin biology and a relationship with psychiatric illness.
GCST90270869	Butler-Laporte G	2023	55,241	645,408	Increasing serum iron levels and their role in the risk of infectious diseases: a Mendelian randomization approach.
GCST90027159	Campos AI	2021	24,760	525,615	Genetic Susceptibility to Pneumonia: A GWAS Meta-Analysis Between the UK Biobank and FinnGen.
GCST90281167	Hamilton FW	2023	22,567	469,317	Therapeutic potential of IL6R blockade for the treatment of sepsis and sepsis-related death: A Mendelian randomisation study.
GCST90428861	Jiang Y	2024	21,424	406,510	A cross-trait study of lung cancer and its related respiratory diseases based on large-scale exome sequencing population.
GCST90297603	Auwerx C	2024	18,605	296,812	Rare copy-number variants as modulators of common disease susceptibility.
GCST90297657	Auwerx C	2024	18,605	296,812	Rare copy-number variants as modulators of common disease susceptibility.
GCST90297706	Auwerx C	2024	18,605	296,812	Rare copy-number variants as modulators of common disease susceptibility.
GCST90297753	Auwerx C	2024	18,605	296,812	Rare copy-number variants as modulators of common disease susceptibility.
GCST90018901	Sakaue S	2021	16,887	463,412	A cross-population atlas of genetic associations for 220 human phenotypes.

Variant details and genetic-evidence tiers

Tier distribution (top 50 variants)

Tier	Variants
Tier 1: coding	2
Tier 2: splice/UTR	1
Tier 3: regulatory	1
Tier 4: intronic/intergenic	46

MAF distribution

Bucket	Variants
common (>=0.05)	25
low_freq (0.01-0.05)	3
rare (<0.01)	6
unknown	16

Functional consequences

Consequence	Count
intron_variant	29
unknown	7
intergenic_variant	6
non_coding_transcript_exon_variant	4
missense_variant	1
5_prime_UTR_variant	1
stop_gained	1
regulatory_region_variant	1

Top variants

rsID	Chr	Pos	Alleles	MAF	Consequence	Gene	p-value	Tier
rs28380929	6	31351826	C>T	0.016	intron_variant	LINC02571 - HLA-B	5e-22	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
chr9:5073770							6e-20	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs334	11	5227002	T>A,C,G		missense_variant	HBB	5e-19	Tier 1: coding
rs13078854	3	45820440	G>A	0.05	non_coding_transcript_exon_variant	SLC6A20 - LZTFL1	6e-17	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs2226952	11	5285924	T>G	0.05	intron_variant	HBG2, HBE1	5e-16	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs183809241	6	31395105	G>A,C		intron_variant	MICA-AS1	9e-16	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs12914385	15	78606381	C>A,G,T	0.382	intron_variant	CHRNA3	1e-15	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs9275211	6	32690067	T>C	0.05	non_coding_transcript_exon_variant	HLA-DQB1 - MTCO3P1	4e-14	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs570821042	5	99292281	A>G	0	intergenic_variant	CHD1-DT - LINC02113	6e-14	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs10851907	15	78623522	G>A,C	0.4	intron_variant	CHRNA3 - CHRNB4	3e-13	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs374244906	2	77521708	C>A,T	0	5_prime_UTR_variant	LRRTM4	5e-13	Tier 2: splice/UTR
rs140221038	3	45954233	AT>A,ATT	0.05	intron_variant	FYCO1	1e-12	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs12461964	19	40835324	A>G,T	0.474	intron_variant	CYP2F2P - CYP2A6	2e-12	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs567335184	11	2406250	C>G,T	0	intron_variant	TRPM5	6e-12	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs377366255	8	132990511	C>A	0	intron_variant	TG	1e-11	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs550609436	1	205766874	T>C	0.001	intergenic_variant	NUCKS1 - RAB29	3e-11	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs11245979	11	1145203	C>G,T	0.05	intergenic_variant	MUC2 - MUC5AC	7e-11	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs111793438	3	46081695			intron_variant	XCR1	8e-11	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
chr17:76736877							8e-11	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs1198929434	3	159375757	T>C,G	0.01	intron_variant	IQCJ-SCHIP1, SCHIP1	1e-10	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
chr10:94007273							4e-10	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs2009746	15	78461760	A>G	0.05	intron_variant	IREB2	8e-10	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
chr18:44436576							1e-09	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
chr15:78500538							2e-09	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs76474922	15	78592211	A>C	0.05	intron_variant	CHRNA5	3e-09	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs4149581	12	6337819	T>A,C	0.05	intron_variant	TNFRSF1A	3e-09	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs9283753	5	40490507	C>T	0.05	intron_variant	RNU1-150P - TTC33	3e-09	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs145341911	1	92548786	C>A,G,T	0.05	intron_variant	EVI5	8e-09	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs80069184	17	64765521	C>T	0.01	intron_variant	ARHGAP27P1-BPTFP1-KPNA2P3	1e-08	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
chr17:74641872							1e-08	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic

Genes & proteins

Mendelian disease overlap and somatic drivers

GenCC: 0 · Orphanet: 0 · OMIM-shared: 0 · Dual-evidence (GWAS+Mendelian): 0

Cohort genes → proteins

3 cohort genes, 2 distinct canonical proteins.

Evidence partition

Subset	Genes
gwas_only	3

Cohort genes (full)

Symbol	HGNC	Ensembl	UniProt	Name	Evidence
FER	HGNC:3655	ENSG00000151422	P16591	Tyrosine-protein kinase Fer	gwas
IQCJ-SCHIP1	HGNC:38842	ENSG00000283154	B3KU38	IQCJ-SCHIP1 readthrough transcript protein	gwas
ARHGAP27P1-BPTFP1-KPNA2P3	HGNC:52873	ENSG00000215769		ARHGAP27P1-BPTFP1-KPNA2P3 readthrough, transcribed pseudogene	gwas

Cohort function summary

Lead sentence per gene, UniProt-curated.

Symbol	Protein name	Function (lead sentence)
FER	Tyrosine-protein kinase Fer	Tyrosine-protein kinase that acts downstream of cell surface receptors for growth factors and plays a role in the regulation of the actin cytoskeleton, microtubule assembly, lamellipodia formation, cell adhesion, cell migration and chemota…
IQCJ-SCHIP1	IQCJ-SCHIP1 readthrough transcript protein	May play a role in action potential conduction in myelinated cells through the organization of molecular complexes at nodes of Ranvier and axon initial segments.

Protein-family classification

Druggable: 1 · Difficult: 0 · Unknown: 2 · Druggable fraction: 0.33

Family distribution

Cohort families vs a genome-wide background (hypergeometric, BH-FDR; fold = observed/expected). Counts kept; sorted by enrichment, so the catch-all Other/Unknown bucket no longer leads.

Family	Genes	Fold	FDR
Kinase	1	9.2×	0.209
Other/Unknown	2	1.2×	0.587

Per-gene assignment

Symbol	Family	Druggable?	EC	InterPro (top 3)
FER	Kinase	yes	2.7.10.2	Prot_kinase_dom, SH2, FCH_dom
IQCJ-SCHIP1	Other/Unknown	no		SCHIP_1_C, IQCJ-SCHIP1_N, SCHIP_1
ARHGAP27P1-BPTFP1-KPNA2P3	Other/Unknown	no

Expression context

Cohort genes with no expression data: 0.

3 cohort genes are a single-cell marker in ≥1 SCXA experiment.

Breadth distribution (Bgee present_calls)

Bucket	Genes
narrow (1-5 tissues)	0
moderate (6-20)	0
broad (>20)	3
unknown	0

Top tissues across cohort

Tissue	Cohort genes
calcaneal tendon	1
oocyte	1
secondary oocyte	1
C1 segment of cervical spinal cord	1
superior frontal gyrus	1
ventricular zone	1
granulocyte	1
lower esophagus mucosa	1
pituitary gland	1

Per-gene tissue summary (top 30)

Symbol	Bgee breadth	FANTOM5 breadth	SCXA	Top tissues
FER	259	ubiquitous	marker	calcaneal tendon, secondary oocyte, oocyte
IQCJ-SCHIP1	133	broad	marker	ventricular zone, C1 segment of cervical spinal cord, superior frontal gyrus
ARHGAP27P1-BPTFP1-KPNA2P3	134		marker	lower esophagus mucosa, granulocyte, pituitary gland

Protein interactions among cohort

Intra-cohort edges: 0.

Hub genes (top 10 by interactor count)

Symbol	Interactor count
FER	1,125
IQCJ-SCHIP1	552
ARHGAP27P1-BPTFP1-KPNA2P3	0

Structural data

PDB: 1 · AlphaFold-only: 1 · No structure: 1

Cohort genes with PDB structures (top 30)

Symbol	UniProt	PDB entries
FER	P16591	2

AlphaFold-only cohort genes (top 30 by pLDDT)

Symbol	UniProt	pLDDT
IQCJ-SCHIP1	B3KU38	58.27

Function

Pathway analysis

Distinct Reactome pathways touched by cohort: 1. Enrichment computed across 3 evidence-associated genes (1 with Reactome annotation).

Pathways by enrichment

Over-representation of cohort genes vs the genome-wide background (hypergeometric test, Benjamini-Hochberg FDR; fold = observed/expected over 1 annotated cohort genes). Counts and members are kept as ground-truth; sorted by enrichment.

Pathway	Cohort genes	Fold	FDR	Sample cohort genes
Signaling by SCF-KIT	1	248.3×	0.004	FER

GO biological processes by enrichment

Over-representation of cohort genes vs the genome-wide background (hypergeometric test, Benjamini-Hochberg FDR; fold = observed/expected over 2 annotated cohort genes). Counts and members are kept as ground-truth; sorted by enrichment.

GO term	Cohort genes	Fold	FDR	Sample cohort genes
negative regulation of cytoskeleton organization	1	8426.0×	0.002	IQCJ-SCHIP1
adherens junction disassembly	1	8426.0×	0.002	FER
response to platelet-derived growth factor	1	4213.0×	0.003	FER
Kit signaling pathway	1	2808.7×	0.003	FER
negative regulation of mast cell activation involved in immune response	1	2106.5×	0.003	FER
extracellular matrix-cell signaling	1	1685.2×	0.003	FER
cellular response to macrophage colony-stimulating factor stimulus	1	1685.2×	0.003	FER
diapedesis	1	1685.2×	0.003	FER
tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT protein	1	1404.3×	0.003	FER
regulation of lamellipodium assembly	1	936.2×	0.004	FER
regulation of epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway	1	842.6×	0.004	FER
regulation of fibroblast migration	1	648.1×	0.004	FER
adherens junction assembly	1	648.1×	0.004	FER
regulation of protein phosphorylation	1	561.7×	0.004	FER
Sertoli cell development	1	561.7×	0.004	FER
interleukin-6-mediated signaling pathway	1	561.7×	0.004	FER
positive regulation of hippo signaling	1	526.6×	0.004	IQCJ-SCHIP1
seminiferous tubule development	1	383.0×	0.006	FER
Fc-epsilon receptor signaling pathway	1	366.4×	0.006	FER
platelet-derived growth factor receptor signaling pathway	1	280.9×	0.007	FER
germ cell development	1	227.7×	0.008	FER
peptidyl-tyrosine phosphorylation	1	210.7×	0.008	FER
cellular response to reactive oxygen species	1	205.5×	0.008	FER
cell-cell adhesion mediated by cadherin	1	205.5×	0.008	FER
substrate adhesion-dependent cell spreading	1	172.0×	0.009	FER
positive regulation of actin filament polymerization	1	165.2×	0.009	FER
insulin receptor signaling pathway	1	110.9×	0.013	FER
obsolete positive regulation of NF-kappaB transcription factor activity	1	102.8×	0.014	FER
protein autophosphorylation	1	72.6×	0.019	FER
chemotaxis	1	68.0×	0.020	FER

Therapeutics

Drugs indicated for this disease

18 approved, 69 in late-stage (phase 3) trials. Disease-direct ChEMBL indications, not inferred from the associated-gene cohort below.

Drug	Development status
Amoxicillin	Approved (phase 4)
Ascorbic Acid	Approved (phase 4)
Azithromycin	Approved (phase 4)
Aztreonam	Approved (phase 4)
Bacitracin	Approved (phase 4)
Cefdinir	Approved (phase 4)
Ceftazidime	Approved (phase 4)
Clarithromycin	Approved (phase 4)
Clindamycin Phosphate	Approved (phase 4)
Cortisone Acetate	Approved (phase 4)
Dexamethasone	Approved (phase 4)
Hydrocortisone	Approved (phase 4)
Linezolid	Approved (phase 4)
Methylprednisolone	Approved (phase 4)
Metronidazole	Approved (phase 4)
Prednisolone	Approved (phase 4)
Prednisone	Approved (phase 4)
Telithromycin	Approved (phase 4)
Anakinra	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Apremilast	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Aspirin	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Avibactam	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Baloxavir Marboxil	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Baricitinib	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Canakinumab	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Cefiderocol	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Ceftaroline	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Ceftolozane	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Ceftriaxone	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Cefuroxime	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Cephalosporin	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Cethromycin	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Chlorhexidine	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Ciprofloxacin	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Clavulanic Acid	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Clopidogrel	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Colistin	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Cysteamine	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Dalbavancin	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Doripenem	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Enalapril	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Eritoran	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Ertapenem	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Erythromycin	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Etanercept	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Faropenem	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Heparin	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Hydroxychloroquine	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
INTERFERON BETA-1A	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Imatinib	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Ivermectin	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Lefamulin	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Lenzilumab	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Lopinavir	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Meropenem	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Moxifloxacin	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Murepavadin	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Nemonoxacin	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Nirmatrelvir	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Nitric Oxide	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Omadacycline	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Oseltamivir	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Oxygen	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Penicillin V	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Piperacillin	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Pirfenidone	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Povidone-Iodine	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Prasugrel	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Remdesivir	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Reparixin	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Ritonavir	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Sarilumab	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Simvastatin	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Sodium Chloride	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Sulfamethoxazole	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Tazobactam	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Tedizolid Phosphate	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Tetanus Toxoid	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Ticagrelor	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Tifacogin	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Tobramycin	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Tocilizumab	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Trimethoprim	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Vancomycin	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Zinc Acetate Anhydrous	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Zinc Ion	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Zinc Sulfate	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)

Earlier-phase candidates (phase 2, investigational — efficacy not yet established): Albumin Human, Amikacin, Bevacizumab, Captopril, Eptifibatide, Neomycin, Nystatin, Polymyxin B, Tofacitinib, Zabofloxacin.

Drug target analysis

Approved (phase 4): 1 · Phase ≥3: 1 · Phased (≥1): 1 · Undrugged: 2

Druggability breadth: 1 of 3 evidence-associated genes (33%) have a ChEMBL target (buckets above are over the deeply-mined display cohort).

Genes with an approved drug

The molecule shown is one approved compound that hits the gene — not necessarily a drug of choice or one indicated for this disease.

Symbol	Example approved molecule
FER	FEDRATINIB

Top cohort targets by molecule count

Symbol	Molecules	Max phase
FER	56	4
IQCJ-SCHIP1	0	0
ARHGAP27P1-BPTFP1-KPNA2P3	0	0

Drugs targeting cohort genes (top 30)

Molecule	Max phase	Targets in cohort
FEDRATINIB	4	FER
ALECTINIB	4	FER
NERATINIB	4	FER
IBRUTINIB	4	FER
ENTRECTINIB	4	FER
PACRITINIB	4	FER
CERITINIB	4	FER
BOSUTINIB	4	FER
LORLATINIB	4	FER
GILTERITINIB	4	FER
BRIGATINIB	4	FER
PAZOPANIB	4	FER
NINTEDANIB	4	FER
SUNITINIB	4	FER
CRIZOTINIB	4	FER
MIDOSTAURIN	4	FER
LINIFANIB	3	FER
DEFACTINIB	3	FER
ROCILETINIB	3	FER
ALISERTIB	3	FER
CEDIRANIB	3	FER
LESTAURTINIB	3	FER
DORAMAPIMOD	2	FER
FORETINIB	2	FER
AZD-1480	2	FER
SU-014813	2	FER
REBASTINIB	2	FER
APITOLISIB	2	FER
ZOTIRACICLIB	2	FER
CENISERTIB	2	FER

Bioactivity and enzyme data

Enzyme cohort genes (≥1 EC): 1.

Cohort genes with ChEMBL bioactivity (full, sorted by assay count)

Symbol	Assays	Type breakdown
FER	348	Binding:347, Functional:1

Cohort enzymes (BRENDA EC)

Symbol	EC numbers	Names
FER	2.7.10.2	non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase

Cohort genes with high screening signal

≥100 ChEMBL assays — a studied-ness signal; see Therapeutics for approved-drug status.

Symbol	ChEMBL assays
FER	348

Pharmacogenomics

Cohort genes with a PharmGKB record: 1; with CPIC/DPWG dosing guidelines: 0.

No cohort gene has a CPIC/DPWG genotype-guided dosing guideline (PharmGKB).

Chemical tractability of cohort targets

30 approved/phased compounds have measured bioactivity against a cohort gene (and aren’t yet in disease-level trials). This is a research / tractability signal, NOT a therapeutic recommendation — a bioactivity row often reflects off-target or screening binding (e.g. promiscuous kinase inhibitors against a cohort kinase), implying no disease mechanism.

Compound	Max phase	Cohort target (bioactivity)
FEDRATINIB	4	FER
ALECTINIB	4	FER
NERATINIB	4	FER
IBRUTINIB	4	FER
ENTRECTINIB	4	FER
PACRITINIB	4	FER
CERITINIB	4	FER
BOSUTINIB	4	FER
LORLATINIB	4	FER
GILTERITINIB	4	FER
BRIGATINIB	4	FER
PAZOPANIB	4	FER
NINTEDANIB	4	FER
SUNITINIB	4	FER
CRIZOTINIB	4	FER
MIDOSTAURIN	4	FER
LINIFANIB	3	FER
DEFACTINIB	3	FER
ROCILETINIB	3	FER
ALISERTIB	3	FER
CEDIRANIB	3	FER
LESTAURTINIB	3	FER
DORAMAPIMOD	2	FER
FORETINIB	2	FER
AZD-1480	2	FER
SU-014813	2	FER
REBASTINIB	2	FER
APITOLISIB	2	FER
ZOTIRACICLIB	2	FER
CENISERTIB	2	FER

Druggability pyramid

Cohort genes binned by druggability tier (high → low):

Tier	Definition	Genes	Symbols
A	Approved (phase 4 drug)	1	FER
B	Phased (≥1) drug, not yet approved	0
C	Druggable family + PDB, no drug	0
D	Druggable family + AlphaFold only, no drug	0
E	Difficult family or no structure, no drug	2	IQCJ-SCHIP1, ARHGAP27P1-BPTFP1-KPNA2P3

Undrugged target profiles

2 cohort genes are undrugged. Ranked by ‘starting-point quality’ (assay depth + drugged-partner adjacency).

Symbol	ChEMBL assays	Drugged partners (top 3)
IQCJ-SCHIP1	0	—
ARHGAP27P1-BPTFP1-KPNA2P3	0	—

Clinical trials & evidence

Clinical trials

Clinical trials: 863.

Phase distribution (across all retrieved trials)

Phase	Trials
Not specified	608
PHASE3	75
PHASE4	63
PHASE2	47
PHASE1	28
PHASE2/PHASE3	18
PHASE1/PHASE2	15
EARLY_PHASE1	9

Top trials by phase / activity

NCT	Phase	Status	Title
NCT06990568	PHASE4	NOT_YET_RECRUITING	Impact of Probiotics on Antibiotic-associated Diarrhea in Community-acquired Pneumonia
NCT07311343	PHASE4	RECRUITING	Oral Hygiene and Prophylactic Antibiotics to Prevent Intracerebral Hemorrhage Associated Pneumonia
NCT07322146	PHASE4	ENROLLING_BY_INVITATION	Trial of Reducing Inpatient Antibiotic Durations in Children
NCT00132951	PHASE4	TERMINATED	KEYS: Study Comparing Clinical Health Outcomes of Telithromycin Versus Azithromycin in Outpatients With Community-acquired Lower Respiratory Tract Infections
NCT00137007	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Zithromax EV in Community-Acquired Pneumonia (CAP)
NCT00137657	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Impact of Cotrimoxazole Prophylaxis for HIV-Infected Adults on Antifolate Resistance
NCT00164099	PHASE4	TERMINATED	The Role of Synbiotics in Reducing Post-Operative Infections in Patients Undergoing Cardiac Surgery: A Pilot Study
NCT00228254	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Vitamin A and Zinc: Prevention of Pneumonia (VAZPOP) Study
NCT00237445	PHASE4	TERMINATED	Study Comparing the Clinical Efficacy and Health Outcomes of Outpatients With Mild to Moderate Community-Acquired Pneumonia (CAP) Treated With Either Telithromycin Once Daily for 7 Days, or Azithromycin Once Daily for 5 Days
NCT00248300	PHASE4	COMPLETED	A Peri-intubation Oral Intervention to Reduce Oral Flora and VAP
NCT00304382	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Humoral Determinants of Immunity to Pneumococcal Infection
NCT00331656	PHASE4	UNKNOWN	Comparative Study of Non-Invasive Mask Ventilation vs Cuirass Ventilation in Patients With Acute Respiratory Failure.
NCT00351676	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Capturing Outcomes of Clinical Activities Performed by a Rounding Pharmacist Practising in a Team Environment
NCT00358202	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Cefepime vs. Ceftriaxone to Treat Nursing Home-Acquired Pneumonia
NCT00371878	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Immunogenicity of 7-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine in Lung Fluid of Adults With and Without HIV Infection
NCT00374959	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Prevention of Pneumonia Comparing Ceftriaxone With Subglottic Aspiration
NCT00445094	PHASE4	COMPLETED	A De-Escalating Strategy for Antibiotic Treatment of Pneumonia in The Medical Intensive Care Unit (0787B-092)
NCT00538018	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Telithromycin, Treating Adult Outpatients With Mild to Moderate Community-acquired Pneumonia (CAP) in High Bacterial Resistance Areas
NCT00665327	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Avelox for Treatment of Elderly Patients With Community Acquired Pneumonia
NCT00673712	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Multicenter Infection Surveillance Study Following Open Heart Surgery
NCT00968370	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Trial in Childhood Pneumonia With Malnutrition
NCT00986102	PHASE4	COMPLETED	PROUD Study: A Prospective Study on the Usage Patterns of Doripenem in the Asia Pacific Region
NCT01089218	PHASE4	COMPLETED	The Impact of Antibiotic Prophylaxis on Incidence of Post-bronchoscopy Fever and Change of Serum Cytokines
NCT01248715	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Rapid Empiric Treatment With Oseltamivir Study (RETOS)
NCT01403350	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Cluster Randomised Trial of Malaria RDTs Used by CHWs in Afghanistan
NCT01429259	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Population Pharmacokinetics of Prolonged Infusion Meropenem in Cystic Fibrosis (CF) Children
NCT01492387	PHASE4	UNKNOWN	Duration of Antibiotic Therapy in Community - Acquired Pneumonia
NCT01669980	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Safety and Efficacy Study of Ceftaroline Versus a Comparator in Pediatric Subjects With Complicated Community Acquired Pneumonia (CABP)
NCT01792739	PHASE4	UNKNOWN	Lactobacillus Preparation on the Incidence of Diarrhea
NCT01805284	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Evaluation of Linezolid Administered Intravenously in MRSA-positive, Morbidly Obese Patients With Pneumonia
NCT02034279	PHASE4	TERMINATED	The INFECIR-2 Albumin Prevention Study
NCT02054182	PHASE4	UNKNOWN	Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation in Young South African Children Hospitalized With Acute Lower Respiratory Infection
NCT02079701	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Effectiveness of the Pneumococcal Polysaccharide Vaccine in Military Recruits
NCT02141009	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Community Acquired Pneumonia: Outcome, Quality of Life and Immune Status
NCT02151578	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Home Management of Malaria and Pneumonia
NCT02171338	PHASE4	UNKNOWN	Procalcitonin as a Marker of Antibiotic Therapy in Patients With Lower Respiratory Tract Infections
NCT02258763	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Trial on the Ideal Duration of Oral Antibiotics in Children With Pneumonia
NCT02332577	PHASE4	TERMINATED	Study to Compare the Efficacy of Pristinamycin (Pyostacine ®) Versus Amoxicillin in the Treatment of Acute Community Acquired Pneumonia
NCT02358642	PHASE4	TERMINATED	Drug to Prevent Pneumonia in the Tube Fed
NCT02414399	PHASE4	UNKNOWN	Azithromycin to Prevent Post-discharge Morbidity and Mortality in Kenyan Children

Drugs tested across these trials (top 30)

Molecule	Max phase	Trials referencing
LEVOFLOXACIN ANHYDROUS	4	14
PENICILLIN G	4	10
OFLOXACIN	4	7
TAZOBACTAM	4	6
AMOXICILLIN	4	5
AZITHROMYCIN	4	5
CEFTAROLINE FOSAMIL	4	5
CEFTRIAXONE	4	5
CILASTATIN	4	5
DORIPENEM	4	5
AMPICILLIN	4	4
COLISTIMETHATE SODIUM	4	4
FOSTAMATINIB	4	4
IMIPENEM ANHYDROUS	4	4
TELITHROMYCIN	4	4
AMIKACIN	4	3
CEFTAZIDIME	4	3
CHLORHEXIDINE	4	3
COLISTIN	4	3
MEROPENEM	4	3
OSELTAMIVIR	4	3
PIPERACILLIN	4	3
ZINC SULFATE	4	3
ANAKINRA	4	2
CEFTOLOZANE	4	2
CLARITHROMYCIN	4	2
CLAVULANIC ACID	4	2
LACTIC ACID	4	2
LINEZOLID	4	2
RETINOL	4	2