Pulmonary edema

Summary

Pulmonary edema (MONDO:0006932) is a disease with 5 GWAS associations across 9 studies and 75 clinical trials. Top therapeutic interventions include dobutamine, furosemide, and isosorbide dinitrate. A subtype of acute respiratory failure — broader associated-gene and molecular evidence is on the parent page (see Disease family below).

At a glance

• GWAS associations: 5
• Clinical trials: 75

Clinical features

No curated clinical features (Orphanet) for this disease.

Identifiers

Disease identifiers

Field	Value
Canonical name	pulmonary edema
Mondo ID	MONDO:0006932
EFO	EFO:1001134
MeSH	D011654
DOID	DOID:11396
ICD-10-CM	J81
NCIT	C26868
SNOMED CT	19242006
UMLS	C0034063
MedGen	11026
MedDRA	10037375
Is cancer (heuristic)	no

Also known as: edema, pulmonary

Data availability: 5 GWAS associations (9 studies).

Disease family

This is a subtype of acute respiratory failure. Genetic, therapeutic, and trial evidence is largely curated at the broader-term level — see the parent page for the associated-gene cohort and molecular evidence.

Classification path: disease › human disease › acute disease › acute respiratory failure › pulmonary edema

Related subtypes (2): neonatal respiratory failure, acute respiratory distress syndrome

Subtypes (1): high altitude pulmonary edema

Genetics & variants

GWAS landscape

5 GWAS associations across 9 studies. Top hits map to 3 distinct genes (as reported by GWAS).

Top associations by p-value

rsID	p-value	Gene	Risk allele	Odds ratio
rs576878406	2e-11	MYRIP	T	2.11
rs186900626	2e-11	CELF2-DT - ORMDL1P1	A	2.39
rs541703272	2e-11	SIPA1L1	A	2.65
rs988023245	3e-11	LINC02527 - CCN6	A	3.05
rs74417677	2e-07	PIEZO2	?

Top studies (by case count)

Study	Lead author	Year	Cases	Controls	Title
GCST90652000	Liu TY	2025	1,538	224,406	Diversity and longitudinal records: Genetic architecture of disease associations and polygenic risk in the Taiwanese Han population.
GCST90478159	Verma A	2024	1,377	446,171	Diversity and scale: Genetic architecture of 2068 traits in the VA Million Veteran Program.
GCST90473722	UK Biobank Whole-Genome Sequencing Consortium	2025	1,264	457,176	Whole-genome sequencing of 490,640 UK Biobank participants.
GCST90080145	Backman JD	2021	688	387,127	Exome sequencing and analysis of 454,787 UK Biobank participants.
GCST90084131	Backman JD	2021	688	387,127	Exome sequencing and analysis of 454,787 UK Biobank participants.
GCST90478158	Verma A	2024	534	120,098	Diversity and scale: Genetic architecture of 2068 traits in the VA Million Veteran Program.
GCST90480261	Verma A	2024	534	120,098	Diversity and scale: Genetic architecture of 2068 traits in the VA Million Veteran Program.
GCST90726963	Kim HI	2026	132	43,894	Exome sequencing and analysis of 44,028 British South Asians enriched for high autozygosity.
GCST90436233	Zhou W	2018	61	397,411	Efficiently controlling for case-control imbalance and sample relatedness in large-scale genetic association studies.

Variant details and genetic-evidence tiers

Tier distribution (top 50 variants)

Tier	Variants
Tier 1: coding	0
Tier 2: splice/UTR	0
Tier 3: regulatory	0
Tier 4: intronic/intergenic	5

MAF distribution

Bucket	Variants
common (>=0.05)	1
low_freq (0.01-0.05)	0
rare (<0.01)	4
unknown	0

Functional consequences

Consequence	Count
intron_variant	4
intergenic_variant	1

Top variants

rsID	Chr	Pos	Alleles	MAF	Consequence	Gene	p-value	Tier
rs576878406	3	40011228	T>C	0.001	intron_variant	MYRIP	2e-11	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs186900626	10	10549038	A>G	0	intergenic_variant	CELF2-DT - ORMDL1P1	2e-11	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs541703272	14	71715889	A>C,G	0	intron_variant	SIPA1L1	2e-11	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs988023245	6	111955331	A>C	0	intron_variant	LINC02527 - CCN6	3e-11	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs74417677	18	11054079	G>A,T	0.05	intron_variant	PIEZO2	2e-07	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic

Genes & proteins

No associated-gene cohort resolved for this disease. Atlas builds the molecular and therapeutic sections — associated genes, protein families, druggability, pathways, interactions, and drug associations — by aggregating over a disease’s associated genes (resolved via GWAS / GenCC / ClinVar / CIViC), and none resolved here. This is expected for antibody-mediated, autoimmune, or otherwise non-gene-defined conditions; the curated evidence for this disease is its clinical features, GWAS susceptibility, and clinical trials (above).

Function

No pathway enrichment — requires an associated-gene cohort.

Therapeutics

Drugs indicated or in trials for this disease

2 approved drugs — disease-direct ChEMBL indications, not inferred from the associated-gene cohort below.

Drug	Status
Ethacrynic Acid	Approved (phase 4)
Furosemide	Approved (phase 4)

4 drugs in clinical trials for this disease (phase 2–3, investigational): efficacy not established — a trial record, not an indication.

Drug	Highest phase
Magnesium Sulfate Anhydrous	Phase 3
Albuterol	Phase 2
Nitroglycerin	Phase 2
Sodium Chloride	Phase 2

Clinical trials & evidence

Clinical trials

Clinical trials: 75.

Phase distribution (across all retrieved trials)

Phase	Trials
Not specified	56
PHASE4	8
PHASE2	6
PHASE3	2
PHASE2/PHASE3	1
PHASE1	1
EARLY_PHASE1	1

Top trials by phase / activity

NCT	Phase	Status	Title
NCT05276219	PHASE4	RECRUITING	Optimized Treatment of Pulmonary Edema or Congestion
NCT00331656	PHASE4	UNKNOWN	Comparative Study of Non-Invasive Mask Ventilation vs Cuirass Ventilation in Patients With Acute Respiratory Failure.
NCT00446498	PHASE4	COMPLETED	CPAP Versus NPPV in ACPE
NCT00453947	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Non-Invasive Ventilation in Pulmonary Edema
NCT00505791	PHASE4	WITHDRAWN	Double Blind Randomized Placebo Controlled Trial of Natrecor in Acute Decompensated Heart Failure With Normal EF
NCT01763853	PHASE4	UNKNOWN	Impact of Fluid Resuscitation Therapy on Pulmonary Edema as Measured by Alveolar Fluid Clearance in Patients With Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)
NCT02856698	PHASE4	TERMINATED	MIdazolam Versus MOrphine in Acute Pulmonary Edema (MIMO Trial)
NCT03207165	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Milrinone Versus Dobutamine in Critically Ill Patients
NCT00014989	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Beneficial Effects of Antenatal Magnesium Sulfate (BEAM Trial)
NCT00554580	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Continuous Positive Airway Pressure for Acute Pulmonary Edema
NCT06107465	PHASE2/PHASE3	UNKNOWN	High Versus Low Dose Nitroglycerin in Acute Pulmonary Edema
NCT04115514	PHASE2	ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING	Treatment of ARDS With Instilled T3
NCT00043836	PHASE2	COMPLETED	The DIAMOND Study: Distensibility Improvement And Remodeling in Diastolic Heart Failure
NCT00310401	PHASE2	COMPLETED	The Effect of Nebulized Albuterol on Donor Oxygenation
NCT03686813	PHASE2	COMPLETED	Sildenafil for Swimming-Induced Pulmonary Edema (SIPE) Prevention
NCT04433546	PHASE2	TERMINATED	Pemziviptadil (PB1046), a Long-acting, Sustained Release Human VIP Analogue, Intended to Provide Clinical Improvement to Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients at High Risk for Rapid Clinical Deterioration and Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS).
NCT04794088	PHASE2	TERMINATED	Intravenous Imatinib in Mechanically Ventilated COVID-19 Patients
NCT01713595	PHASE1	WITHDRAWN	Safety Study of Inhaled Saline in Acute Lung Injury
NCT05505708	EARLY_PHASE1	UNKNOWN	a Comparison Between the Effects of Crystalloids and Colloids on Lung Ultrasound
NCT04307615	Not specified	RECRUITING	O2 Versus CPAP Treatment of Patients Undergoing SIPE Therapy (OCTOPUS)
NCT05049889	Not specified	RECRUITING	Screening for Individual Susceptibility Factors to Immersion Pulmonary Edema
NCT05226247	Not specified	RECRUITING	Systolic Function and Weaning-induced Pulmonary Edema (SystoWean Study)
NCT05227222	Not specified	RECRUITING	PEP-device for Treatment of Swimming-induced Pulmonary Edema (SIPE)
NCT05391737	Not specified	RECRUITING	Cardiac Function in Swimming-Induced Pulmonary Edema (SIPE)
NCT06138041	Not specified	NOT_YET_RECRUITING	Intravenous Lidocaine Infusion Reduce Postoperative Pulmonary Complications in Patients Undergoing Minimally Invasive Esophagectomy
NCT06538376	Not specified	RECRUITING	Clinical Utility of Portable Dynamic Chest X Ray (DDR) in the ICU
NCT07434908	Not specified	RECRUITING	Heparin-binding Protein and Lungedema in ICU Patients.
NCT07549334	Not specified	NOT_YET_RECRUITING	Evaluating the Feasibility of Prehospital Lung Ultrasound
NCT00289276	Not specified	COMPLETED	FAST (Fluid Accumulation Status Trial)
NCT00604227	Not specified	COMPLETED	Pulmonary Function at High-Altitude
NCT00751322	Not specified	COMPLETED	Transfusion-Induced Alterations of Pulmonary and Immune Function in Mechanically Ventilated Patients
NCT00767195	Not specified	UNKNOWN	Power Spectral Analysis of Breath Sound in Pulmonary Edema
NCT00829855	Not specified	COMPLETED	Echocardiographic Evaluation of Hypertensive Acute Pulmonary Edema
NCT00914784	Not specified	UNKNOWN	The Incidence of TRALI in Patients Undergoing Orthopedic-Oncology Surgery
NCT00944437	Not specified	TERMINATED	Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) Ventilation Using a Novel Full-Face Mask Versus Conventional Helmet
NCT00995228	Not specified	UNKNOWN	Fluid Management in the Post-Anesthetic Care Unit (PACU) at Sourasky Medical Center
NCT01060969	Not specified	COMPLETED	Tadalafil and Acetazolamide Versus Acetazolamide in Acute Mountain Sickness Prevention
NCT01162161	Not specified	COMPLETED	Role of Sphingolipids in Pulmonary Edema
NCT01197326	Not specified	COMPLETED	The Prevention of Failure to Rescue Using Early Warning Scoring
NCT01269177	Not specified	UNKNOWN	Mortality and Risk Factors in Patients With Acute Cardiogenic Pulmonary Edema: a Multicentric, Observational, Prospective Study

Drugs tested across these trials (top 30)

Molecule	Max phase	Trials referencing
DOBUTAMINE	4	1
FUROSEMIDE	4	1
ISOSORBIDE DINITRATE	4	1
LIOTHYRONINE	4	1
MAGNESIUM SULFATE	4	1
MILRINONE	4	1
NESIRITIDE	4	1
NITROGLYCERIN	4	1
ALAGEBRIUM CHLORIDE	2	1
CHEMBL4071327	0	1
CHEMBL4589226	0	1
CHEMBL4792718	0	1
CHEMBL5439651	0	1