Renal carcinoma

Summary

Renal carcinoma (MONDO:0005206) is a cancer caused by FLCN (GenCC Strong), with 3 cohort genes (108 GWAS associations across 7 studies; 3 CIViC-evidence somatic drivers) and 680 clinical trials. Molecularly, BAP1 Loss confers sensitivity to Olaparib in Renal Carcinoma (CIViC Level D); 3 further subtype–drug associations are mapped below. Top therapeutic interventions include sunitinib, aldesleukin, and cyclophosphamide anhydrous.

At a glance

• Classification: Cancer
• Causal gene: FLCN (GenCC Strong)
• Cohort genes: 3
• GWAS associations: 108
• Clinical trials: 680
• Precision-medicine evidence (CIViC): 4 subtype–drug associations

Clinical features

No curated clinical features (Orphanet) for this disease.

Identifiers

Disease identifiers

Field	Value
Canonical name	renal carcinoma
Mondo ID	MONDO:0005206
EFO	EFO:0002890
DOID	DOID:4451
ICD-11	1075394530
NCIT	C9384
UMLS	C1378703
MedGen	235133
Anatomy (UBERON)	UBERON:0002113
Is cancer (heuristic)	yes

Also known as: carcinoma of kidney · kidney (including renal cell) cancer · kidney (renal) cancer · kidney cancer · kidney carcinoma · renal cancer · renal carcinoma

Data availability: 108 GWAS associations (7 studies) · 1 GenCC gene-disease record.

Disease family

An umbrella term covering 3 Mondo subtypes.

Classification path: disease › human disease › disease by etiologic mechanism › cancer or benign tumor › neoplastic disease or syndrome › neoplasm › cancer › malignant urinary system neoplasm › kidney cancer › renal carcinoma

Related subtypes (7): kidney sarcoma, mesoblastic nephroma, kidney Wilms tumor, Graham-Boyle-Troxell syndrome, malignant mixed epithelial stromal tumor of the kidney, childhood malignant kidney neoplasm, malignant renal pelvis neoplasm

Subtypes (3): kidney carcinoma in situ, renal cell carcinoma, renal pelvis carcinoma

Genetics & variants

GWAS landscape

108 GWAS associations across 7 studies. Top hits map to 36 distinct genes (as reported by GWAS).

Top associations by p-value

rsID	p-value	Gene	Risk allele	Odds ratio
rs7948643	6e-72	LINC02956 - LINC02953	C	0.69
rs4903064	2e-59	DPF3	C	1.22
rs6470588	2e-41	PVT1	C	1.15
rs12814794	2e-40	SSPN-AS1, SSPN	A	0.86
rs35366004	2e-33	EPAS1	T	1.14
rs11263432	8e-33	LINC02953 - LINC02952	C	0.88
rs28970524	3e-29	MAD1L1	T	1.15
rs11125068	2e-28	EPAS1	G	0.89
rs4980572	3e-27	MYEOV - LINC02956	A	0.89
rs10846749	2e-24	SCARB1	C	1.12
rs12689443	1e-21	MTND4P24 - DCAF12L1	A	0.91
rs55735727	1e-20	ACTRT3 - MYNN	T	0.88
rs10792035	9e-20	MYEOV	G	0.91
rs56200772	3e-19	GRB10	G	0.85
rs61758556	4e-19	AKT1	T	0.87
rs141379009	5e-18	ATM	G	1.35
rs3807306	8e-18	IRF5	T	0.91
rs179784	3e-17	KCNQ1	A	0.92
rs4140952	1e-16	DPF3	G	1.09
rs2034327	2e-16	EPAS1	C	0.91
rs73073561	3e-16	ENTPD3-AS1	T	0.91
rs1990443	4e-16	DPF3	T	1.1
rs762624	2e-14	CDKN1A, DINOL	C	1.09
rs72797404	3e-14	EPAS1, LINC01820	C	1.1
rs7734992	4e-14	TERT	C	1.09
rs132383	6e-14	EMID1	C	0.71
rs57109480	7e-14	DNAJC16	A	0.92
rs7629500	2e-13	VHL	A	1.86
rs7697932	2e-13	H2AZ1-DT	G	0.92
rs2277283	4e-13	INCENP	C	1.09

Top studies (by case count)

Study	Lead author	Year	Cases	Controls	Title
GCST90320054	Purdue MP	2024	25,890	743,585	Multi-ancestry genome-wide association study of kidney cancer identifies 63 susceptibility regions.
GCST90320057	Purdue MP	2024	25,890	743,585	Multi-ancestry genome-wide association study of kidney cancer identifies 63 susceptibility regions.
GCST90320063	Purdue MP	2024	1,612	2,180	Multi-ancestry genome-wide association study of kidney cancer identifies 63 susceptibility regions.
GCST90320060	Purdue MP	2024	897	3,109	Multi-ancestry genome-wide association study of kidney cancer identifies 63 susceptibility regions.
GCST90320065	Purdue MP	2024	621	86,796	Multi-ancestry genome-wide association study of kidney cancer identifies 63 susceptibility regions.
GCST90141009	Xin J	2022	0	0	SUMMER: a Mendelian randomization interactive server to systematically evaluate the causal effects of risk factors and circulating biomarkers on pan-cancer survival.
GCST90141026	Xin J	2022	0	0	SUMMER: a Mendelian randomization interactive server to systematically evaluate the causal effects of risk factors and circulating biomarkers on pan-cancer survival.

Variant details and genetic-evidence tiers

Tier distribution (top 50 variants)

Tier	Variants
Tier 1: coding	2
Tier 2: splice/UTR	3
Tier 3: regulatory	2
Tier 4: intronic/intergenic	43

MAF distribution

Bucket	Variants
common (>=0.05)	46
low_freq (0.01-0.05)	4
rare (<0.01)	0
unknown	0

Functional consequences

Consequence	Count
intron_variant	35
intergenic_variant	6
3_prime_UTR_variant	3
non_coding_transcript_exon_variant	2
regulatory_region_variant	2
missense_variant	2

Top variants

rsID	Chr	Pos	Alleles	MAF	Consequence	Gene	p-value	Tier
rs7948643	11	69419852	T>C,G	0.131	non_coding_transcript_exon_variant	LINC02956 - LINC02953	6e-72	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs4903064	14	72812712	T>C	0.245	intron_variant	DPF3	2e-59	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs6470588	8	127877125	A>C,G,T	0.456	intron_variant	PVT1	2e-41	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs12814794	12	26287765	G>A	0.291	intron_variant	SSPN-AS1, SSPN	2e-40	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs35366004	2	46330823	G>A,C,T	0.467	intron_variant	EPAS1	2e-33	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs11263432	11	69432586	T>A,C,G	0.386	regulatory_region_variant	LINC02953 - LINC02952	8e-33	Tier 3: regulatory
rs28970524	7	1887848	C>A,G,T	0.385	intron_variant	MAD1L1	3e-29	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs11125068	2	46300677	A>G,T	0.421	intron_variant	EPAS1	2e-28	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs4980572	11	69379851	G>A,C,T	0.419	intergenic_variant	MYEOV - LINC02956	3e-27	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs10846749	12	124833902	G>A,C,T	0.353	intron_variant	SCARB1	2e-24	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs12689443	X	126509439	G>A,T	0.384	intergenic_variant	MTND4P24 - DCAF12L1	1e-21	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs55735727	3	169770360	A>C,G,T	0.248	intron_variant	ACTRT3 - MYNN	1e-20	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs10792035	11	69306340	A>C,G,T	0.387	intron_variant	MYEOV	9e-20	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs56200772	7	50676250	C>G	0.116	intron_variant	GRB10	3e-19	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs61758556	14	104790238	A>T	0.152	intron_variant	AKT1	4e-19	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs141379009	11	108278480	T>G	0.025	intron_variant	ATM	5e-18	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs3807306	7	128940626	G>A,C,T	0.48	intron_variant	IRF5	8e-18	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs179784	11	2760594	G>A	0.482	intron_variant	KCNQ1	3e-17	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs4140952	14	72828118	A>G	0.416	intron_variant	DPF3	1e-16	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs2034327	2	46321901	G>C	0.478	intron_variant	EPAS1	2e-16	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs73073561	3	40315807	G>T	0.329	intergenic_variant	ENTPD3-AS1	3e-16	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs1990443	14	72806207	C>T	0.248	intron_variant	DPF3	4e-16	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs762624	6	36677811	A>C,G,T	0.292	non_coding_transcript_exon_variant	CDKN1A, DINOL	2e-14	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs72797404	2	46351259	T>C	0.277	intron_variant	EPAS1, LINC01820	3e-14	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs7734992	5	1280013	T>A,C	0.428	intron_variant	TERT	4e-14	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs132383	22	29217531	A>C,G	0.02	intron_variant	EMID1	6e-14	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs57109480	1	15585981	G>A	0.317	intergenic_variant	DNAJC16	7e-14	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs7629500	3	10150788	G>A	0.088	3_prime_UTR_variant	VHL	2e-13	Tier 2: splice/UTR
rs7697932	4	100084161	A>G,T	0.319	intron_variant	H2AZ1-DT	2e-13	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs2277283	11	62140968	T>A,C,G	0.307	missense_variant	INCENP	4e-13	Tier 1: coding

Genes & proteins

Mendelian disease overlap and somatic drivers

GenCC: 12 · Orphanet: 8 · OMIM-shared: 0 · Dual-evidence (GWAS+Mendelian): 0

Somatic driver evidence (intOGen + CIViC, cohort fanout)

Gene	intOGen role	Cancer types	CIViC
RNF2	LoF	BRCA,CCRCC,CESC,CHOL,ESCA,HCC,PANCREAS,PLMESO,PRCC,RCC,SACA,SKCM,STAD,UM	CIViC #70
VHL	LoF	CCRCC,PGNG,RCC	CIViC #58
FLCN	LoF	LUAD	CIViC #19959

GenCC gene–disease validity (cohort genes)

the Disease column is the GenCC-asserted condition — a cohort gene’s strongest validity may be for a related predisposition syndrome.

Gene	Classification	Inheritance	Disease	Records
FLCN	Strong	Autosomal dominant	renal carcinoma	12

Orphanet rare-disease linkage (cohort genes)

Gene	Orphanet ID	Rare disease
RNF2	Orphanet:528084	Non-specific syndromic intellectual disability
VHL	Orphanet:238557	Chuvash erythrocytosis
VHL	Orphanet:276621	Sporadic pheochromocytoma/secreting paraganglioma
VHL	Orphanet:29072	Hereditary pheochromocytoma-paraganglioma
VHL	Orphanet:892	Von Hippel-Lindau disease
FLCN	Orphanet:122	Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome
FLCN	Orphanet:2903	Familial spontaneous pneumothorax
FLCN	Orphanet:422526	Hereditary clear cell renal cell carcinoma

Cohort genes → proteins

3 cohort genes, 3 distinct canonical proteins.

Evidence partition

Subset	Genes
civic_only	2
multi_evidence	1

Cohort genes (full)

Symbol	HGNC	Ensembl	UniProt	Name	Evidence
RNF2	HGNC:10061	ENSG00000121481	Q99496	E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase RING2	civic_evidence
VHL	HGNC:12687	ENSG00000134086	P40337	von Hippel-Lindau disease tumor suppressor	civic_evidence
FLCN	HGNC:27310	ENSG00000154803	Q8NFG4	Folliculin	gencc

Cohort function summary

Lead sentence per gene, UniProt-curated.

Symbol	Protein name	Function (lead sentence)
RNF2	E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase RING2	E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that mediates monoubiquitination of ‘Lys-119’ of histone H2A (H2AK119Ub), thereby playing a central role in histone code and gene regulation.
VHL	von Hippel-Lindau disease tumor suppressor	Involved in the ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation via the von Hippel-Lindau ubiquitination complex.
FLCN	Folliculin	Multi-functional protein, involved in both the cellular response to amino acid availability and in the regulation of glycolysis.

Protein-family classification

Druggable: 1 · Difficult: 1 · Unknown: 1 · Druggable fraction: 0.33

Family distribution

Cohort families vs a genome-wide background (hypergeometric, BH-FDR; fold = observed/expected). Counts kept; sorted by enrichment, so the catch-all Other/Unknown bucket no longer leads.

Family	Genes	Fold	FDR
Enzyme (other)	1	4.0×	0.482
Transcription factor	1	2.8×	0.482
Other/Unknown	1	0.6×	0.914

Per-gene assignment

Symbol	Family	Druggable?	EC	InterPro (top 3)
RNF2	Transcription factor	no	2.3.2.27	Znf_RING, Znf_RING/FYVE/PHD, Znf_RING_CS
VHL	Enzyme (other)	yes	2.3.2.B13	VHL_tumour_suppress_b/a_dom, VHL_alpha_dom, VHL_beta_dom
FLCN	Other/Unknown	no		Folliculin, Folliculin_DENN, Folliculin/SMCR8_longin

Expression context

Cohort genes with no expression data: 0.

3 cohort genes are a single-cell marker in ≥1 SCXA experiment.

Breadth distribution (Bgee present_calls)

Bucket	Genes
narrow (1-5 tissues)	0
moderate (6-20)	0
broad (>20)	3
unknown	0

Top tissues across cohort

Tissue	Cohort genes
cortical plate	2
ganglionic eminence	1
primordial germ cell in gonad	1
monocyte	1
mononuclear cell	1
buccal mucosa cell	1
cerebellar hemisphere	1
right hemisphere of cerebellum	1

Per-gene tissue summary (top 30)

Symbol	Bgee breadth	FANTOM5 breadth	SCXA	Top tissues
RNF2	178	ubiquitous	marker	primordial germ cell in gonad, cortical plate, ganglionic eminence
VHL	186	ubiquitous	marker	cortical plate, monocyte, mononuclear cell
FLCN	261	ubiquitous	marker	buccal mucosa cell, right hemisphere of cerebellum, cerebellar hemisphere

Protein interactions among cohort

Intra-cohort edges: 0.

Hub genes (top 10 by interactor count)

Symbol	Interactor count
RNF2	3,814
VHL	3,522
FLCN	1,317

Structural data

PDB: 3 · AlphaFold-only: 0 · No structure: 0

Cohort genes with PDB structures (top 30)

Symbol	UniProt	PDB entries
VHL	P40337	142
RNF2	Q99496	15
FLCN	Q8NFG4	4

Function

Pathway analysis

Distinct Reactome pathways touched by cohort: 18. Enrichment computed across 3 evidence-associated genes (3 with Reactome annotation).

Pathways by enrichment

Over-representation of cohort genes vs the genome-wide background (hypergeometric test, Benjamini-Hochberg FDR; fold = observed/expected over 3 annotated cohort genes). Counts and members are kept as ground-truth; sorted by enrichment.

Pathway	Cohort genes	Fold	FDR	Sample cohort genes
Replication of the SARS-CoV-1 genome	1	951.7×	0.009	VHL
Replication of the SARS-CoV-2 genome	1	951.7×	0.009	VHL
RHOBTB3 ATPase cycle	1	380.7×	0.016	VHL
SUMOylation of DNA methylation proteins	1	223.9×	0.020	RNF2
RUNX1 interacts with co-factors whose precise effect on RUNX1 targets is not known	1	100.2×	0.024	RNF2
SUMOylation of ubiquitinylation proteins	1	97.6×	0.024	VHL
Transcriptional Regulation by E2F6	1	97.6×	0.024	RNF2
SUMOylation of transcription cofactors	1	81.0×	0.024	RNF2
SUMOylation of RNA binding proteins	1	79.3×	0.024	RNF2
Amino acids regulate mTORC1	1	66.8×	0.024	FLCN
Oxygen-dependent proline hydroxylation of Hypoxia-inducible Factor Alpha	1	65.6×	0.024	VHL
Regulation of PTEN gene transcription	1	59.5×	0.024	RNF2
SUMOylation of chromatin organization proteins	1	52.9×	0.024	RNF2
SUMOylation of DNA damage response and repair proteins	1	48.8×	0.024	RNF2
Differentiation of naive CD4+ T cells to T helper 2 cells (Th2 cells)	1	48.8×	0.024	RNF2
Oxidative Stress Induced Senescence	1	30.2×	0.037	RNF2
Neddylation	1	15.8×	0.066	VHL
Antigen processing: Ubiquitination & Proteasome degradation	1	12.4×	0.079	VHL

GO biological processes by enrichment

Over-representation of cohort genes vs the genome-wide background (hypergeometric test, Benjamini-Hochberg FDR; fold = observed/expected over 3 annotated cohort genes). Counts and members are kept as ground-truth; sorted by enrichment.

GO term	Cohort genes	Fold	FDR	Sample cohort genes
negative regulation of cell proliferation involved in kidney development	1	5617.3×	0.006	FLCN
negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II	3	17.7×	0.006	RNF2, VHL, FLCN
cell proliferation involved in kidney development	1	1872.4×	0.009	FLCN
negative regulation of post-translational protein modification	1	1404.3×	0.009	FLCN
negative regulation of lysosome organization	1	1404.3×	0.009	FLCN
regulation of pro-B cell differentiation	1	1123.5×	0.009	FLCN
regulation of cellular response to hypoxia	1	936.2×	0.009	VHL
negative regulation of brown fat cell differentiation	1	936.2×	0.009	FLCN
regulation of Ras protein signal transduction	1	624.1×	0.011	FLCN
protein ubiquitination	2	27.6×	0.011	RNF2, VHL
negative regulation of glycolytic process	1	351.1×	0.014	FLCN
gastrulation with mouth forming second	1	312.1×	0.014	RNF2
regulation of TOR signaling	1	312.1×	0.014	FLCN
negative regulation of receptor signaling pathway via JAK-STAT	1	295.6×	0.014	VHL
TOR signaling	1	255.3×	0.014	FLCN
negative regulation of transcription elongation by RNA polymerase II	1	255.3×	0.014	VHL
negative regulation of Rho protein signal transduction	1	255.3×	0.014	FLCN
anterior/posterior axis specification	1	244.2×	0.014	RNF2
obsolete negative regulation of DNA-binding transcription factor activity	1	244.2×	0.014	RNF2
amyloid fibril formation	1	200.6×	0.016	VHL
negative regulation of TOR signaling	1	187.2×	0.016	FLCN
positive regulation of transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathway	1	175.5×	0.016	FLCN
lysosome localization	1	175.5×	0.016	FLCN
positive regulation of TOR signaling	1	165.2×	0.016	FLCN
positive regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway	1	160.5×	0.016	FLCN
germ cell development	1	151.8×	0.016	RNF2
cell-cell junction assembly	1	147.8×	0.016	FLCN
epigenetic regulation of gene expression	1	127.7×	0.018	RNF2
negative regulation of signal transduction	1	124.8×	0.018	VHL
intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway	1	119.5×	0.018	FLCN

Therapeutics

Drugs indicated or in trials for this disease

8 approved drugs — disease-direct ChEMBL indications, not inferred from the associated-gene cohort below.

Drug	Status
Axitinib	Approved (phase 4)
Ipilimumab	Approved (phase 4)
Medroxyprogesterone Acetate	Approved (phase 4)
Nivolumab	Approved (phase 4)
Pembrolizumab	Approved (phase 4)
Avelumab	Approved (phase 3)
Cabozantinib	Approved (phase 3)
Lenvatinib	Approved (phase 3)

Drug target analysis

Approved (phase 4): 1 · Phase ≥3: 1 · Phased (≥1): 1 · Undrugged: 2

Druggability breadth: 2 of 3 evidence-associated genes (67%) have a ChEMBL target (buckets above are over the deeply-mined display cohort).

Genes with an approved drug

The molecule shown is one approved compound that hits the gene — not necessarily a drug of choice or one indicated for this disease.

Symbol	Example approved molecule
VHL	OSIMERTINIB

Top cohort targets by molecule count

Symbol	Molecules	Max phase
VHL	7	4
RNF2	0	0
FLCN	0	0

Drugs targeting cohort genes (top 30)

Molecule	Max phase	Targets in cohort
OSIMERTINIB	4	VHL
BRIGATINIB	4	VHL
CRIZOTINIB	4	VHL
ADAGRASIB	4	VHL
ZIMLOVISERTIB	2	VHL
FORETINIB	2	VHL
DT-2216	1	VHL

Bioactivity and enzyme data

Enzyme cohort genes (≥1 EC): 2.

Cohort genes with ChEMBL bioactivity (full, sorted by assay count)

Symbol	Assays	Type breakdown
VHL	3,575	Binding:3482, Functional:54, ADMET:39
RNF2	16	Binding:16

Cohort enzymes (BRENDA EC)

Symbol	EC numbers	Names
RNF2	2.3.2.27	RING-type E3 ubiquitin transferase
VHL	2.3.2.B13

Cohort genes with high screening signal

≥100 ChEMBL assays — a studied-ness signal; see Therapeutics for approved-drug status.

Symbol	ChEMBL assays
VHL	3,575

Pharmacogenomics

Cohort genes with a PharmGKB record: 3; with CPIC/DPWG dosing guidelines: 0.

No cohort gene has a CPIC/DPWG genotype-guided dosing guideline (PharmGKB).

Drug repurposing candidates

7 approved/phased drugs hit cohort targets but don’t yet appear in disease-level clinical trials. Target-inhibition rationale is strongest for cancer driver genes; a bioactivity hit is a screening signal, not a treatment claim.

Compound	Max phase	Cohort target (bioactivity)
OSIMERTINIB	4	VHL
BRIGATINIB	4	VHL
CRIZOTINIB	4	VHL
ADAGRASIB	4	VHL
ZIMLOVISERTIB	2	VHL
FORETINIB	2	VHL
DT-2216	1	VHL

Druggability pyramid

Cohort genes binned by druggability tier (high → low):

Tier	Definition	Genes	Symbols
A	Approved (phase 4 drug)	1	VHL
B	Phased (≥1) drug, not yet approved	0
C	Druggable family + PDB, no drug	0
D	Druggable family + AlphaFold only, no drug	0
E	Difficult family or no structure, no drug	2	RNF2, FLCN

Undrugged target profiles

2 cohort genes are undrugged. Ranked by ‘starting-point quality’ (assay depth + drugged-partner adjacency).

Symbol	ChEMBL assays	Drugged partners (top 3)
RNF2	16	—
FLCN	0	—

Clinical trials & evidence

Clinical trials

Clinical trials: 680.

Phase distribution (across all retrieved trials)

Phase	Trials
Not specified	274
PHASE2	200
PHASE1	91
PHASE1/PHASE2	50
PHASE3	39
EARLY_PHASE1	13
PHASE4	12
PHASE2/PHASE3	1

Top trials by phase / activity

NCT	Phase	Status	Title
NCT05805436	PHASE4	RECRUITING	Preop Laxatives in Robotic Urologic Surgery
NCT06903312	PHASE4	RECRUITING	Primary Tumor Ablation and Outcome in Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma Treated With Immunotherapy Combinations.
NCT06934057	PHASE4	RECRUITING	Cabozantinib and Nivolumab Among Older Patients With Renal Cell Carcinoma
NCT00006864	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Interleukin-2 in Treating Patients With Metastatic Kidney Cancer
NCT00365508	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Counseling and Nicotine Replacement Therapy in Helping Adult Smokers Quit Smoking
NCT00666978	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Health Education Counseling With or Without Bupropion in Helping African Americans Stop Smoking
NCT01486550	PHASE4	TERMINATED	Hydroxyethyl Starch and Renal Function After Laparoscopic Nephrectomy
NCT02988219	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Cardiac Arrhythmias in Patients Undergoing Kidney Cancer Surgery Depending on the Anaesthesia Method
NCT03444766	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Study of Nivolumab for Advanced Cancers in India
NCT03514550	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Effects of Anesthesia on Immunity in Cancer
NCT03824808	PHASE4	TERMINATED	Effect of Perioperative Intravenous Lidocaine Infusion in Robotic-Assisted Urologic Surgery
NCT04162834	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Effect of Papaverine on Renal Artery Blood Flow Volume
NCT03755739	PHASE2/PHASE3	RECRUITING	Trans-Artery/Intra-Tumor Infusion of Checkpoint Inhibitors Plus Chemodrug for Immunotherapy of Advanced Solid Tumors
NCT04523272	PHASE3	ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING	A Study of TQB2450 Injection Combined With Anlotinib Hydrochloride Capsule Versus Sunitinib in Subjects With Advanced Renal Cancer
NCT05796973	PHASE3	RECRUITING	Measuring Oncological Value of Exercise and Statin
NCT06349668	PHASE3	RECRUITING	Spinal Morphine or Intravenous Lidocaine in Robot-assisted Upper Urologic Surgery
NCT06364631	PHASE3	RECRUITING	CARE1 Pragmatic Clinical Trial
NCT06726421	PHASE3	RECRUITING	Systemic Therapy Alone or With Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy for Oligometastatic Kidney Cancer (STROKER Study)
NCT06959433	PHASE3	NOT_YET_RECRUITING	Lu-177 PSMA Treatment in Cell Renal Carcinoma
NCT07092566	PHASE3	RECRUITING	R.E.C.K vs Exparel in Robotic Nephrectomy
NCT07338981	PHASE3	NOT_YET_RECRUITING	The Impact of Time-of-day-Dependent Administration of Nivolumab-Ipilimumab (ICI/ICI) Combination on Overall Survival in Adults With Advanced Kidney Cancer: A Pragmatic Multicenter, Randomized Controlled Trial.
NCT00002473	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Kidney-Sparing Surgery Compared With Kidney Removal in Treating Patients With Kidney Cancer
NCT00002610	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Chemotherapy With or Without Surgery, Radiation Therapy, or Stem Cell Transplantation in Treating Young Patients With Kidney Tumors
NCT00002611	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Combination Chemotherapy Alone or With Radiation Therapy in Treating Children With Kidney Cancer
NCT00002641	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Surgery With or Without Chemotherapy in Treating Patients With Soft Tissue Sarcoma
NCT00002737	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Interferon Alfa With or Without Isotretinoin in Treating Patients With Metastatic Kidney Cancer
NCT00002764	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Surgery With or Without Combination Chemotherapy in Treating Patients With Lung Metastases From Soft Tissue Sarcoma
NCT00003126	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Interleukin-2 in Treating Patients With Stage III or Stage IV Kidney Cancer
NCT00003804	PHASE3	UNKNOWN	Chemotherapy Plus Surgery in Treating Children at Risk of or With Stage I Wilms’ Tumor
NCT00005966	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Interferon Alfa-2b With or Without Thalidomide in Treating Patients With Metastatic or Unresectable Kidney Cancer
NCT00005995	PHASE3	COMPLETED	AE-941 in Treating Patients With Metastatic Kidney Cancer
NCT00018941	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Interleukin-2 in Treating Patients With Metastatic Kidney Cancer
NCT00047138	PHASE3	UNKNOWN	Chemotherapy Before and After Surgery in Treating Children With Wilm’s Tumor
NCT00053807	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Interleukin-2, Interferon Alfa, and Fluorouracil Compared With Observation in Treating Patients Who Have Undergone Surgery for Kidney Cancer
NCT00053820	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Interferon Alfa With or Without Interleukin-2 and Fluorouracil in Treating Patients With Advanced Metastatic Kidney Cancer
NCT00072046	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Interferon Alfa-2b With or Without Bevacizumab in Treating Patients With Advanced Renal Cell Carcinoma (Kidney Cancer)
NCT00087022	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Monoclonal Antibody Therapy (Rencarex®) in Treating Patients Who Have Undergone Surgery for Non-metastatic Kidney Cancer
NCT00126178	PHASE3	TERMINATED	Clinical Trial Studying a Personalized Cancer Vaccine in Patients With Non-metastatic Kidney Cancer
NCT00369564	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Glutamic Acid in Reducing Nerve Damage Caused by Vincristine in Young Patients With Cancer
NCT00416429	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Medroxyprogesterone or Interferon and/or Aldesleukin in Treating Patients With Metastatic Kidney Cancer

Drugs tested across these trials (top 30)

Molecule	Max phase	Trials referencing
SUNITINIB	4	44
ALDESLEUKIN	4	41
CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE ANHYDROUS	4	6
AXITINIB	4	5
CABOZANTINIB	4	5
DACTINOMYCIN	4	5
DOXORUBICIN HYDROCHLORIDE	4	4
FILGRASTIM	4	4
PEGINTERFERON ALFA-2B	4	4
SARGRAMOSTIM	4	4
VINCRISTINE SULFATE	4	4
ERLOTINIB HYDROCHLORIDE	4	3
IFOSFAMIDE	4	3
IPILIMUMAB	4	3
PAZOPANIB	4	3
SORAFENIB TOSYLATE	4	3
TEMOZOLOMIDE	4	3
TEMSIROLIMUS	4	3
AMIFOSTINE	4	2
ARSENIC TRIOXIDE	4	2
BELZUTIFAN	4	2
CARBOPLATIN	4	2
CARFILZOMIB	4	2
DENILEUKIN DIFTITOX	4	2
ETOPOSIDE	4	2
FLUDEOXYGLUCOSE F 18	4	2
GEFITINIB	4	2
ISOTRETINOIN	4	2
NIVOLUMAB	4	2
PERFLUTREN	4	2

Precision-medicine subtype map (CIViC)

Drug × molecular subtype: 4 predictive associations from 4 curated evidence items; also 31 predisposing, 2 oncogenic.

Molecular subtype	Therapy	Effect	Level	CIViC
BAP1 Loss	Olaparib	Sensitivity/Response	CIViC D	EID5930
FLCN Loss	Sirolimus	Sensitivity/Response	CIViC D	EID5991
VHL Loss	Temsirolimus	Sensitivity/Response	CIViC D	EID1035
RHEB Y35N	Sirolimus	Resistance	CIViC D	EID6340