Rhinitis

Summary

Rhinitis (MONDO:0003014) is a disease with 74 GWAS associations across 16 studies and 108 clinical trials. Top therapeutic interventions include levocetirizine, montelukast, and pseudoephedrine. A subtype of nasal cavity disorder — broader associated-gene and molecular evidence is on the parent page (see Disease family below).

At a glance

• GWAS associations: 74
• Clinical trials: 108

Clinical features

No curated clinical features (Orphanet) for this disease.

Identifiers

Disease identifiers

Field	Value
Canonical name	rhinitis
Mondo ID	MONDO:0003014
EFO	EFO:0008521
MeSH	D012220
DOID	DOID:4483
ICD-10-CM	J30
NCIT	C34986
SNOMED CT	70076002
UMLS	C0035455
MedGen	19782
Is cancer (heuristic)	no

Also known as: inflammation of nasal cavity mucosa · nasal cavity mucosa inflammation

Data availability: 74 GWAS associations (16 studies).

Disease family

An umbrella term covering 3 Mondo subtypes.

Classification path: disease › human disease › disease by body system or component › otorhinolaryngologic disease › nasal disorder › nasal cavity disorder › rhinitis

Related subtypes (4): nasal cavity neoplasm, nasal cavity polyp, Binder syndrome, choanal atresia

Subtypes (3): chronic rhinitis, atrophic rhinitis, allergic rhinitis

Genetics & variants

GWAS landscape

74 GWAS associations across 16 studies. Top hits map to 3 distinct genes (as reported by GWAS).

Top associations by p-value

rsID	p-value	Gene	Risk allele	Odds ratio
chr4:38797027	4e-45		A	0.12
chr11:76582682	5e-36		T	0.09
chr5:111131801	7e-36		T	0.09
chr6:32647680	7e-35		C	0.11
chr2:241759225	3e-30		A	0.09
rs1438673	2e-26	WDR36 - RPS3AP21	?	1.1
chr2:102318514	4e-25		T	0.1
chr9:6209697	1e-23		G	0.08
chr4:122307977	3e-23		T	0.07
chr5:35851729	3e-23		T	0.08
chr16:11127430	6e-22		G	0.08
chrX:1243320	1e-20		A	0.09
chr15:67157967	2e-20		G	0.07
chr17:40608272	4e-20		A	0.2
rs2095044	2e-19	RANBP6 - GTF3AP1	?	0.97
chr17:4618178	8e-19		A	0.23
chr2:8302417	3e-17		A	0.06
chr2:198027075	3e-14		T	0.05
rs11406702	4e-14	CFAP144P2 - IL1RL1	?	0.9
chr15:60776978	6e-14		C	0.07
chr20:47057814	2e-13		AG	0.06
rs2381416	6e-13	RANBP6 - GTF3AP1	?	1.08
chr19:33235671	7e-13		A	0.1
chr10:9010183	1e-12		G	0.05
chrX:155858365	3e-12		A	0.07
chr8:127765473	5e-12		G	0.05
chr1:161215268	5e-12		T	0.05
rs11236795	6e-12	EMSY - LINC02757	?	0.93
chr11:118872577	9e-12		A	0.06
chrX:49264507	1e-11		CTAT	0.04

Top studies (by case count)

Study	Lead author	Year	Cases	Controls	Title
GCST90473684	UK Biobank Whole-Genome Sequencing Consortium	2025	46,689	411,751	Whole-genome sequencing of 490,640 UK Biobank participants.
GCST90667965	UK Biobank Whole-Genome Sequencing Consortium	2025	46,689	411,751	Whole-genome sequencing of 490,640 UK Biobank participants.
GCST90726638	Kim HI	2026	12,560	31,466	Exome sequencing and analysis of 44,028 British South Asians enriched for high autozygosity.
GCST90269782	Saarentaus EC	2023	8,975	199,208	Inflammatory and infectious upper respiratory diseases associate with 41 genomic loci and type 2 inflammation.
GCST90269787	Saarentaus EC	2023	8,975	199,208	Inflammatory and infectious upper respiratory diseases associate with 41 genomic loci and type 2 inflammation.
GCST90473686	UK Biobank Whole-Genome Sequencing Consortium	2025	6,563	451,877	Whole-genome sequencing of 490,640 UK Biobank participants.
GCST90080106	Backman JD	2021	3,154	376,940	Exome sequencing and analysis of 454,787 UK Biobank participants.
GCST90084092	Backman JD	2021	3,154	376,940	Exome sequencing and analysis of 454,787 UK Biobank participants.
GCST90080105	Backman JD	2021	1,949	382,383	Exome sequencing and analysis of 454,787 UK Biobank participants.
GCST90084091	Backman JD	2021	1,949	382,383	Exome sequencing and analysis of 454,787 UK Biobank participants.

Variant details and genetic-evidence tiers

Tier distribution (top 50 variants)

Tier	Variants
Tier 1: coding	0
Tier 2: splice/UTR	1
Tier 3: regulatory	0
Tier 4: intronic/intergenic	49

MAF distribution

Bucket	Variants
common (>=0.05)	9
low_freq (0.01-0.05)	0
rare (<0.01)	0
unknown	41

Functional consequences

Consequence	Count
unknown	41
intergenic_variant	5
intron_variant	3
splice_polypyrimidine_tract_variant	1

Top variants

rsID	Chr	Pos	Alleles	MAF	Consequence	Gene	p-value	Tier
chr4:38797027							4e-45	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
chr11:76582682							5e-36	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
chr5:111131801							7e-36	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
chr6:32647680							7e-35	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
chr2:241759225							3e-30	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs1438673	5	111131801	C>A,G,T	0.05	intergenic_variant	WDR36 - RPS3AP21	2e-26	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
chr2:102318514							4e-25	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
chr9:6209697							1e-23	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
chr4:122307977							3e-23	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
chr5:35851729							3e-23	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
chr16:11127430							6e-22	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
chrX:1243320							1e-20	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
chr15:67157967							2e-20	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
chr17:40608272							4e-20	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs2095044	9	6192796	T>A,C,G	0.05	intergenic_variant	RANBP6 - GTF3AP1	2e-19	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
chr17:4618178							8e-19	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
chr2:8302417							3e-17	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
chr2:198027075							3e-14	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs11406702	2	102299507	AT>A,ATT	0.05	intron_variant	CFAP144P2 - IL1RL1	4e-14	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
chr15:60776978							6e-14	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
chr20:47057814							2e-13	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs2381416	9	6193455	C>A,G,T	0.05	intergenic_variant	RANBP6 - GTF3AP1	6e-13	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
chr19:33235671							7e-13	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
chr10:9010183							1e-12	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
chrX:155858365							3e-12	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
chr8:127765473							5e-12	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
chr1:161215268							5e-12	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs11236795	11	76585239	T>A,C,G	0.05	intergenic_variant	EMSY - LINC02757	6e-12	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
chr11:118872577							9e-12	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
chrX:49264507							1e-11	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic

Genes & proteins

No associated-gene cohort resolved for this disease. Atlas builds the molecular and therapeutic sections — associated genes, protein families, druggability, pathways, interactions, and drug associations — by aggregating over a disease’s associated genes (resolved via GWAS / GenCC / ClinVar / CIViC), and none resolved here. This is expected for antibody-mediated, autoimmune, or otherwise non-gene-defined conditions; the curated evidence for this disease is its clinical features, GWAS susceptibility, and clinical trials (above).

Function

No pathway enrichment — requires an associated-gene cohort.

Therapeutics

Drugs indicated for this disease

2 approved, 7 in late-stage (phase 3) trials. Disease-direct ChEMBL indications, not inferred from the associated-gene cohort below.

Drug	Development status
Flunisolide	Approved (phase 4)
Omalizumab	Approved (phase 4)
Diphenhydramine	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Dropropizine	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Fluticasone Furoate	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Levocetirizine	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Pseudoephedrine	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Sodium Chloride	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Triamcinolone Acetonide	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)

Earlier-phase candidates (phase 2, investigational — efficacy not yet established): Cetirizine, Fluticasone Propionate, Onabotulinumtoxina.

Clinical trials & evidence

Clinical trials

Clinical trials: 108.

Phase distribution (across all retrieved trials)

Phase	Trials
Not specified	53
PHASE3	20
PHASE2	15
PHASE4	12
PHASE1	5
PHASE2/PHASE3	2
PHASE1/PHASE2	1

Top trials by phase / activity

NCT	Phase	Status	Title
NCT00406094	PHASE4	UNKNOWN	Singulair Use in Non-Allergic Rhinitis Eosinophil Syndrome (NARES)
NCT00521131	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Evaluation of Efficacy and Safety of Levocetirizine to Subjects With Perennial Allergic Rhinitis to House Dust Mites
NCT00630474	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Nasal Decongestion and Obstructive Sleep Apnea
NCT00822406	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Effectiveness of Individualized Homeopathic Treatment in Perennial Allergic Rhinitis
NCT00963573	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Efficacy & Safety of Loratadine-Betamethasone Oral Solution for Treatment of Severe Perennial Allergic Rhinitis in Children (Study P03428)
NCT01118312	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Study of Asthma and Nasal Steroids
NCT01469234	PHASE4	COMPLETED	A Study of Onset of Action of Loratadine and Fexofenadine in Participants With Seasonal Allergic Rhinitis (P08712)
NCT01862523	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Mechanisms of Capsaicin Treatment in Idiopathic Rhinitis Patients and Controls
NCT02278081	PHASE4	UNKNOWN	The Relationship Between Gastroesophageal Reflux and Pediatric Rhinitis: Significance of Pale/Blue Colored Turbinate
NCT02477293	PHASE4	COMPLETED	The Efficacy and Safety of Hyeonggaeyeongyo-tang for Chronic Rhinitis According to Pattern Identification in Korean Medicine
NCT04132570	PHASE4	COMPLETED	A Study of Intranasal Budesonide Aqueous Spray for Treatment of Rhinitis During Periods of High Airborne Pollution
NCT06448585	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Dietary Supplement (Beta-Glucans) in Allergic Patients Undergoing Subcutaneous Immunotherapy.
NCT07348302	PHASE3	RECRUITING	Efficacy and Safety of SLIT in Patients With Rhinitis/RC With/Without Mild-moderate Asthma, Due to Dpt and/or Df
NCT00279916	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Short Term Relief of Eustachian Tube Dysfunction and Serous Otitis Media Using Intranasal Steroid Sprays
NCT00344942	PHASE3	TERMINATED	Efficacy and Safety Study of Nasacort in Chronic Non Allergic and Non Infectious Rhinitis in Adults
NCT00524836	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Efficacy and Safety of Levocetirizine Versus Loratadine for the Treatment of Perennial Allergic Rhinitis
NCT00525278	PHASE3	COMPLETED	To Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Levocetirizine Versus Loratadine for Treatment of Seasonal Allergic Rhinitis
NCT00550550	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Efficacy and Safety of Grass Sublingual Tablet in Children and Adolescents (P05239 AM3)(COMPLETED)
NCT00562159	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Efficacy and Safety of Grass Sublingual Tablet in Adults (P05238 AM3)(COMPLETED)
NCT00623701	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Efficacy and Safety From a High-dosed Sublingual Grass Pollen Preparation
NCT00704496	PHASE3	COMPLETED	The Effect of Pseudoephedrine on Rhinitis and Sleep
NCT00831025	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Subcutaneous Immunotherapy Treatment for Patients With Hypersensitivity to Olea Europaea Pollen
NCT01096615	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Effect Of Probiotic Lactobacillus Paracasei Lp-33 For The Management Of Rhinitis In People Sensitized To Allergens
NCT01177852	PHASE3	WITHDRAWN	Evaluation of Efficacy and Safety in Control Cough and the Relief of Nasal Symptoms in Children 2-12 Years Old,Suffering From Cough and Acute Rhinitis
NCT01248325	PHASE3	UNKNOWN	A Study of Luffa Operculate Nasal Solution 5mg/mL Compared With Saline (NaCl 09%) for the Relief of Nasal Obstruction
NCT01393548	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Efficacy and Safety of Combination of Brompheniramine and Phenylephrine for the Symptoms Relief of Rhinitis
NCT01393561	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Efficacy and Safety of Combination of Brompheniramine and Phenylephrine for the Symptoms Relief of Rhinitis
NCT01563081	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Safety Study of Levocetirizine Oral Solution for Japanese Pediatrics
NCT01622231	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Study FFR116365, an Open-label Study of GW685698X in Paediatric Subjects With Perennial Allergic Rhinitis
NCT02272101	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Rhinitis in the Elderly: The Role of Vitamin D
NCT02596321	PHASE3	COMPLETED	A Study Investigating the Immunologic Effects and Safety of 60-day Treatment of the ALK HDM Tablets in Adult Subjects With HDM-Induced Allergic Rhinitis and/or Atopic Asthma
NCT02763241	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Cleanoze® Irrigation Device With Powder Preparation Versus Conventional Irrigation Method for Chronic Rhinitis
NCT02795273	PHASE2/PHASE3	WITHDRAWN	Efficacy and Safety of Grass-SPIRE Registration Study
NCT03394508	PHASE2/PHASE3	COMPLETED	The Safety and Efficacy of Intralymphatic Immunotherapy in Pollen Allergic Adolescents and Young Adults With Asthma
NCT00078195	PHASE2	COMPLETED	Omalizumab (Xolair) and Allergy Shots For the Treatment of Seasonal Allergies
NCT00291642	PHASE2	COMPLETED	A Study to Compare the Efficacy of Levocetirizine to Placebo in Reducing Symptoms of Seasonal Allergic Rhinitis (SAR) in Sensitive Subjects Exposed to Ragweed Pollen
NCT00857779	PHASE2	COMPLETED	Study on Pharmacodynamic Parameter and Tolerability With Subcutaneous Immunotherapy in Grass Pollen Allergic Patients
NCT00978029	PHASE2	COMPLETED	Safety Study of Ragweed Allergy Immunotherapy Tablet in Subjects 50 Years of Age and Older (Study P06081)
NCT01330017	PHASE2	COMPLETED	Effects of Phenylephrine on Nasal Congestion in Participants With Seasonal Allergic Rhinitis (P08156 AM2)(Completed)
NCT01424397	PHASE2	COMPLETED	Intranasal SB-705498 in Allergic Rhinitis (AR) Patients

Drugs tested across these trials (top 30)

Molecule	Max phase	Trials referencing
LEVOCETIRIZINE	4	16
MONTELUKAST	4	4
PSEUDOEPHEDRINE	4	4
DESLORATADINE	4	3
FEXOFENADINE	4	3
LORATADINE	4	3
PHENYLEPHRINE	4	3
ALBUTEROL	4	2
MOMETASONE FUROATE	4	2
OLOPATADINE	4	2
XYLOMETAZOLINE	4	2
BETAMETHASONE	4	1
BROMPHENIRAMINE	4	1
BUDESONIDE	4	1
CAPSAICIN	4	1
CETIRIZINE	4	1
DIPHENHYDRAMINE	4	1
FLUTICASONE FUROATE	4	1
FLUTICASONE PROPIONATE	4	1
LANSOPRAZOLE	4	1
NEOMYCIN	4	1
NIACINAMIDE	4	1
OMALIZUMAB	4	1
PYRIDOXINE	4	1
QUININE SULFATE	4	1
RETINOL	4	1
TRIAMCINOLONE ACETONIDE	4	1
COCOA	3	1
DROPROPIZINE	3	1
FLUTICASONE	3	1