Severe acute respiratory syndrome

disease

On this page

Also known as acute respiratory coronavirus infectionSARSSARS coronavirus caused disease or disorderSARS coronavirus disease or disorderSARS coronavirus infectious disease

Summary

Severe acute respiratory syndrome (MONDO:0005091) is a disease with 603 GWAS associations across 1 studies and 108 clinical trials. Top therapeutic interventions include hydroxychloroquine, calcifediol anhydrous, and fostamatinib. A subtype of respiratory system disorder — broader associated-gene and molecular evidence is on the parent page (see Disease family below).

At a glance

Prevalence: <1 / 1 000 000 (Europe) [Orphanet-validated]
GWAS associations: 603
Phenotypes (HPO): 16
Clinical trials: 108

Clinical features

Epidemiology

Prevalence records

1 prevalence record(s), Orphanet:

Type	Class	Value	Geography	Validation
Annual incidence	<1 / 1 000 000		Europe	Validated

Signs & symptoms

Clinical features (HPO)

16 HPO clinical features (Orphanet curated; top 16 by frequency):

HPO ID	Term	Frequency
HP:0012735	Cough	Very frequent (80-99%)
HP:0001945	Fever	Frequent (30-79%)
HP:0002094	Dyspnea	Frequent (30-79%)
HP:0002098	Respiratory distress	Frequent (30-79%)
HP:0002315	Headache	Frequent (30-79%)
HP:0002721	Immunodeficiency	Frequent (30-79%)
HP:0003326	Myalgia	Frequent (30-79%)
HP:0000819	Diabetes mellitus	Occasional (5-29%)
HP:0001626	Abnormality of the cardiovascular system	Occasional (5-29%)
HP:0002664	Neoplasm	Occasional (5-29%)
HP:0004887	Respiratory failure requiring assisted ventilation	Occasional (5-29%)
HP:0006528	Chronic lung disease	Occasional (5-29%)
HP:0011949	Acute infectious pneumonia	Occasional (5-29%)
HP:0012418	Hypoxemia	Occasional (5-29%)
HP:0025439	Pharyngitis	Occasional (5-29%)
HP:0001919	Acute kidney injury	Very rare (<1-4%)

Identifiers

Disease identifiers

Field	Value
Canonical name	severe acute respiratory syndrome
Mondo ID	MONDO:0005091
EFO	EFO:0000694
MeSH	D045169
Orphanet	140896
DOID	DOID:2945
ICD-11	652944603
NCIT	C85064
SNOMED CT	398447004
UMLS	C1175175
MedGen	262817
GARD	0009237
MedDRA	10061982
Is cancer (heuristic)	no

Also known as: acute respiratory coronavirus infection · SARS · SARS coronavirus caused disease or disorder · SARS coronavirus disease or disorder · SARS coronavirus infectious disease

Data availability: 603 GWAS associations (1 study).

Disease family

This is a subtype of respiratory system disorder. Genetic, therapeutic, and trial evidence is largely curated at the broader-term level — see the parent page for the associated-gene cohort and molecular evidence.

Classification path: disease › human disease › disease by body system or component › respiratory system disorder › severe acute respiratory syndrome

Genetics & variants

GWAS landscape

603 GWAS associations across 1 studies. Top hits map to 51 distinct genes (as reported by GWAS).

Top associations by p-value

rsID	p-value	Gene	Risk allele
rs2101196	8e-40	AJAP1	?
rs62456190	2e-34	EIF2AK1	?
rs1162706	2e-33	SRGAP3	?
rs2110776	3e-32	NOL10	?
rs185808469	3e-29	MAGI1	?
rs6777179	7e-28	PRICKLE2	?
rs1861036	2e-27	RBFOX1	?
rs12471804	5e-27	ADGRF3, SELENOI	?
rs25999	8e-27	EFNA5	?
rs34404875	2e-26	MAGI1	?
rs12385411	9e-26	DACH2	?
rs2402144	2e-25	SLC24A4	?
rs10085101	8e-25	PDZD2	?
rs7448971	1e-24	SPEF2	?
rs4965634	1e-23	ADAMTS17	?
rs1487740	3e-22	PSD3	?
rs76987086	3e-22	AGAP13P	?
rs2626335	9e-22	ATP6V0D2	?
rs217477	9e-22	EFCAB7, ITGB3BP	?
rs225628	1e-21	VTA1	?
rs210798	1e-20	MYB	?
rs11574282	8e-20	WRN	?
rs10862191	9e-20	LIN7A	?
rs2859499	1e-19	WWOX	?
rs666398	1e-19	CEP57	?
rs245709	1e-19	EDIL3	?
rs9630864	3e-19	ZNF665	?
rs10018700	4e-19	PPARGC1A	?
rs12899123	1e-18	TMED3	?
rs716457	1e-18	UBE2E2	?

Top studies (by case count)

Study	Lead author	Year	Cases	Controls	Title
GCST90255357	Slomian D	2023	235	0	Better safe than sorry-Whole-genome sequencing indicates that missense variants are significant in susceptibility to COVID-19.

Variant details and genetic-evidence tiers

Tier distribution (top 50 variants)

Tier	Variants
Tier 1: coding	0
Tier 2: splice/UTR	0
Tier 3: regulatory	0
Tier 4: intronic/intergenic	50

MAF distribution

Bucket	Variants
common (>=0.05)	50
low_freq (0.01-0.05)	0
rare (<0.01)	0
unknown	0

Functional consequences

Consequence	Count
intron_variant	49
intergenic_variant	1

Top variants

rsID	Chr	Pos	Alleles	MAF	Consequence	Gene	p-value	Tier
rs2101196	1	4707693	A>C,G	0.05	intron_variant	AJAP1	8e-40	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs62456190	7	6030897	C>T	0.05	intron_variant	EIF2AK1	2e-34	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs1162706	3	9232384	C>G	0.05	intron_variant	SRGAP3	2e-33	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs2110776	2	10608684	A>G,T	0.05	intron_variant	NOL10	3e-32	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs185808469	3	65699669	T>A,C	0.05	intron_variant	MAGI1	3e-29	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs6777179	3	64403133	C>A,T	0.05	intron_variant	PRICKLE2	7e-28	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs1861036	16	6646075	A>T	0.05	intron_variant	RBFOX1	2e-27	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs12471804	2	26336849	G>C,T	0.05	intron_variant	ADGRF3, SELENOI	5e-27	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs25999	5	107469306	T>A,C,G	0.05	intron_variant	EFNA5	8e-27	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs34404875	3	65841993	C>A,T	0.05	intron_variant	MAGI1	2e-26	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs12385411	X	86290435	C>G	0.05	intron_variant	DACH2	9e-26	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs2402144	14	92433085	A>C,G,T	0.05	intron_variant	SLC24A4	2e-25	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs10085101	5	31820358	G>C	0.05	intron_variant	PDZD2	8e-25	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs7448971	5	35704482	C>T	0.05	intron_variant	SPEF2	1e-24	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs4965634	15	100301876	C>A	0.05	intron_variant	ADAMTS17	1e-23	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs1487740	8	18626988	G>A	0.05	intron_variant	PSD3	3e-22	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs76987086	10	46824335	T>A,C,G	0.05	intron_variant	AGAP13P	3e-22	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs2626335	8	86139014	C>G,T	0.05	intron_variant	ATP6V0D2	9e-22	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs217477	1	63560548	A>C,G,T	0.05	intron_variant	EFCAB7, ITGB3BP	9e-22	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs225628	6	142151799	T>A,C	0.05	intron_variant	VTA1	1e-21	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs210798	6	135193420	T>G	0.05	intron_variant	MYB	1e-20	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs11574282	8	31110876	G>A,C,T	0.05	intron_variant	WRN	8e-20	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs10862191	12	80805522	T>C	0.05	intron_variant	LIN7A	9e-20	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs2859499	16	78653229	C>T	0.05	intron_variant	WWOX	1e-19	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs666398	11	95817972	C>T	0.05	intron_variant	CEP57	1e-19	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs245709	5	84177014	T>A,C,G	0.05	intron_variant	EDIL3	1e-19	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs9630864	19	53189796	A>G,T	0.05	intron_variant	ZNF665	3e-19	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs10018700	4	23853749	A>C,T	0.05	intron_variant	PPARGC1A	4e-19	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs12899123	15	79400796	G>A	0.05	intergenic_variant	TMED3	1e-18	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs716457	3	23338828	G>A	0.05	intron_variant	UBE2E2	1e-18	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic

Genes & proteins

No associated-gene cohort resolved for this disease. Atlas builds the molecular and therapeutic sections — associated genes, protein families, druggability, pathways, interactions, and drug associations — by aggregating over a disease’s associated genes (resolved via GWAS / GenCC / ClinVar / CIViC), and none resolved here. This is expected for antibody-mediated, autoimmune, or otherwise non-gene-defined conditions; the curated evidence for this disease is its clinical features, GWAS susceptibility, and clinical trials (above).

Function

No pathway enrichment — requires an associated-gene cohort.

Therapeutics

Drugs indicated for this disease

5 approved, 208 in late-stage (phase 3) trials. Disease-direct ChEMBL indications, not inferred from the associated-gene cohort below.

Drug	Development status
Elasomeran	Approved (phase 4)
Remdesivir	Approved (phase 4)
Sotrovimab	Approved (phase 4)
Tocilizumab	Approved (phase 4)
Tozinameran	Approved (phase 4)
1018 ISS	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Abatacept	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Acalabrutinib	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Acetaminophen	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Acetylcysteine	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Adalimumab	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Alcohol	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Aldesleukin	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Almitrine	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Amantadine	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Amoxicillin	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Amubarvimab	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Anakinra	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Apixaban	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Apremilast	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Arginine	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Artesunate	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Ascorbic Acid	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Aspirin	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Asunercept	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Atorvastatin	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Aviptadil	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Azilsartan	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Azithromycin	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
BBV-152 ANTIGEN ADJUVATED WITH ALGEL-IMDG	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Baloxavir Marboxil	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Bamlanivimab	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Baricitinib	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Bcg Vaccine	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Bemiparin Sodium	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Bemnifosbuvir	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Bevacizumab	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Bicalutamide	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Brensocatib	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Bromhexine	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Bucillamine	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Budesonide	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
CD24FC	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Camostat	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Canakinumab	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Candesartan	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Captopril	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Carrimycin	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Casirivimab	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Ceftaroline	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Ceftriaxone	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Cenicriviroc	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Cetirizine	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Chloroquine	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Chlorpromazine	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Cholecalciferol	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Ciclesonide	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Cilgavimab	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Clavulanic Acid	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Clopidogrel	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Cobicistat	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Colchicine	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Cyclo(Prolylglycyl)	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Cyproheptadine	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Cysteamine	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
DAS-181	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Daclatasvir	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Dapagliflozin	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Dapsone	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Darunavir	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Deferoxamine	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Dexamethasone	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Dextrose	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Diltiazem	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Dimethyl Fumarate	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Dipyridamole	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Dornase Alfa	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Edoxaban	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Empagliflozin	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Emtricitabine	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Enalapril	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Enoxaparin Sodium	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Ensitrelvir	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Ensovibep	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Eprosartan	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Ergocalciferol	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Eritoran	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Etesevimab	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Evolocumab	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Famotidine	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Favipiravir	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Fentanyl	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Fludrocortisone Acetate	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Fluoxetine	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Fluticasone Furoate	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Fluvoxamine	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Folic Acid	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Fospropofol	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Glutamine	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Heparin	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Honey	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Human Immunoglobulin G	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Hydrocortisone	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Hydroxychloroquine	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
INTERFERON BETA-1A	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Icosapent	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Icosapent Ethyl	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Imatinib	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Imdevimab	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Indomethacin	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Infliximab	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Influenza Virus Vaccine	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Interferon Alfa	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Interferon Beta	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Irbesartan	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Isoflurane	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Isotretinoin	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Itolizumab	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Ivermectin	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Ixekizumab	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
JT-001	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Ketotifen	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Lanadelumab	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Ledipasvir	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Leflunomide	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Lenzilumab	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Leronlimab	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Levamisole	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Levilimab	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Levosimendan	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Linagliptin	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Lopinavir	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Losartan	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Losmapimod	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Lsalt Peptide	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Lufotrelvir	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
MATRIX-M1 ADJUVANT	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Metformin	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Methylprednisolone	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Molnupiravir	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Mometasone Furoate	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Montelukast	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Moxifloxacin	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Mupadolimab	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
NVX-COV2373	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Nafamostat	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Naproxen	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Nebivolol	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Niclosamide	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Nicorandil	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Nicotine	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Nintedanib	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Nirmatrelvir	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Nitazoxanide	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Nitric Oxide	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Novaferon	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
OMEGA-3 FATTY ACIDS	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Obeldesivir	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Olmesartan	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Olokizumab	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Oseltamivir	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Ozone	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
PEGINTERFERON LAMBDA-1A	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Peppermint	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Piperacillin	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Pirfenidone	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Plitidepsin	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Poliovirus Vaccine Live Oral	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Povidone-Iodine	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Prasugrel	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Prednisolone	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Prednisone	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Propofol	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Pruxelutamide	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Pyronaridine	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
RO-0622	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
ROPEGINTERFERON ALFA-2B	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Remestemcel-L	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Reparixin	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Ribavirin	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Ritonavir	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Rivaroxaban	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Romlusevimab	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Rosuvastatin	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Ruxolitinib	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Sabizabulin	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Sarilumab	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Sars-Cov	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Sevoflurane	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Siltuximab	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Simvastatin	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Sitagliptin	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Sodium Bicarbonate	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Sodium Chloride	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Sofosbuvir	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Sulfur Hexafluoride	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Tacrolimus Anhydrous	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Tazobactam	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Telmisartan	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Tenofovir Alafenamide	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Tenofovir Disoproxil	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Tetanus Toxoid	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Thymalfasin	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Ticagrelor	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Tixagevimab	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Tofacitinib	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Tradipitant	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Tranexamic Acid	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Valsartan	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Zidovudine	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Zilucoplan	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Zinc Ion	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Zorecimeran	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)

Earlier-phase candidates (phase 2, investigational — efficacy not yet established): .ALPHA.1-PROTEINASE INHIBITOR HUMAN, Abivertinib, Albendazole, Alisporivir, Alprostadil, Alteplase, Ambrisentan, Amino Acids, Amiodarone, Amodiaquine, Anise Oil, Apabetalone, Aprepitant, Arginine Hydrochloride, Artemisinin, Asapiprant, Aspartyl-Alanyl-Diketopiperazine, Astegolimab, Atazanavir, Atovaquone, Avasopasem Manganese, Azeliragon, Bardoxolone Methyl, Beclomethasone Dipropionate, Bemiparin, Caficrestat, Calcitriol, Candesartan Cilexetil, Cannabidiol, Cannabinol, Celecoxib, Chlorhexidine, Clazakizumab, Clevudine, Clindamycin, Co-Trimoxazole, Conestat Alfa, Crizanlizumab, Cyanocobalamin, Cyclosporine, Dactolisib, Dalcetrapib, Danicopan, Dasatinib Anhydrous, Decitabine, Defibrotide, Degarelix, Desidustat, Diacerein, Disulfiram, Dorgenmeltucel-L, Dupilumab, Dutasteride, Duvelisib, Ebselen, Eculizumab, Emapalumab, Emiplacel, Ensifentrine, Enzalutamide, Epoprostenol, Estradiol, Etoposide, Fingolimod, Fluticasone Propionate, Fondaparinux, Formoterol, Fostamatinib, Glycopyrronium, Goflikicept, HUMAN C1-ESTERASE INHIBITOR, Hydrogen Peroxide, INTERFERON ALFA-2B, INTERFERON ALFA-N3, INTERFERON ALFACON-1, INTERFERON BETA-1B, Ibrutinib, Icatibant, Interferon, Ketamine, Lactoferrin, Bovine, Licorice, Lidocaine, Loratadine, MAS-825, Maltodextrin, Mannitol, Maraviroc, Masitinib, Mefloquine, Melatonin, Metenkefalin, Metformin Glycinate, Microcrystalline Cellulose, Molgramostim, Monalizumab, Naltrexone, Narsoplimab, Nicotinamide Riboside, Nivolumab, Obefazimod, Omalizumab, Otilimab, Oxygen, Oxytocin, Ozanimod, Pacritinib, Palbociclib, Palmidrol, Pamrevlumab, Pembrolizumab, Petrolatum, White, Piclidenoson, Poractant Alfa, Prazosin, Primaquine, Progesterone, Propolis Wax, Quinine, Raloxifene, Ramatroban, Ramelteon, Ramipril, Resveratrol, Retinol, Risankizumab, Sargramostim, Secukinumab, Selenious Acid, Selinexor, Senicapoc, Sirolimus, Sirukumab, Sorbitol, Spironolactone, Starch, Sulodexide, Tafenoquine, Tenofovir Anhydrous, Thalidomide, Thymosin, Tirofiban, Toremifene, Trabedersen, Tretinoin, Tridecactide, Verapamil, Vidofludimus, Vilobelimab, Wax, Emulsifying, Zanubrutinib, Zavegepant, Zinc Acetate Anhydrous.

Clinical trials & evidence

Clinical trials

Clinical trials: 108.

Phase distribution (across all retrieved trials)

Phase	Trials
Not specified	52
PHASE3	20
PHASE2	19
PHASE1/PHASE2	6
PHASE1	6
PHASE4	2
PHASE2/PHASE3	2
EARLY_PHASE1	1

Top trials by phase / activity

NCT	Phase	Status	Title
NCT07199192	PHASE4	NOT_YET_RECRUITING	Steroid Treatment for Severe Acute Respiratory Infection (STAR) Trial
NCT04335786	PHASE4	TERMINATED	Valsartan for Prevention of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome in Hospitalized Patients With SARS-COV-2 (COVID-19) Infection Disease
NCT03465085	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Streptokinase Versus Unfractionated Heparin Nebulization in Severe ARDS
NCT04315896	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Hydroxychloroquine Treatment for Severe COVID-19 Pulmonary Infection (HYDRA Trial)
NCT04318015	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Hydroxychloroquine Chemoprophylaxis in Healthcare Personnel in Contact With COVID-19 Patients (PHYDRA Trial)
NCT04324463	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Anti-Coronavirus Therapies to Prevent Progression of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Trial
NCT04327505	PHASE2/PHASE3	TERMINATED	Safety and Efficacy of Hyperbaric Oxygen for ARDS in Patients With COVID-19
NCT04328961	PHASE2/PHASE3	COMPLETED	Hydroxychloroquine for COVID-19 Post-exposure Prophylaxis (PEP)
NCT04361461	PHASE3	WITHDRAWN	Use of Hydroxychloroquine Alone or Associated for Inpatients With SARS-CoV2 Virus (COVID-19)
NCT04386070	PHASE3	SUSPENDED	Preventing Pulmonary Complications in Surgical Patients at Risk of COVID-19
NCT04433949	PHASE3	UNKNOWN	Best Supportive Care With or Without Low Dose Whole Lung Radiation Therapy for the Treatment of COVID-19
NCT04444700	PHASE3	COMPLETED	A Pragmatic Randomized Controlled Trial of Therapeutic Anticoagulation Versus Standard Care as a Rapid Response to (SARS-CoV-2) COVID-19 Pandemic
NCT04540185	PHASE3	UNKNOWN	A Phase 3 Randomized Double Blind Efficacy and Safety Study of Oral Polio Vaccine and NA-831 for Covid-19
NCT04546581	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Inpatient Treatment of COVID-19 With Anti-Coronavirus Immunoglobulin (ITAC)
NCT04629703	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Multi-Center Phase 3 Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Fostamatinib in COVID-19 Subjects
NCT04636671	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Methylprednisolone vs. Dexamethasone in COVID-19 Pneumonia (MEDEAS RCT)
NCT04674189	PHASE3	COMPLETED	A Study to Evaluate the Safety and Immunogenicity of Vaccine CVnCoV in Healthy Adults in Germany for COVID-19
NCT04695704	PHASE3	TERMINATED	Efficacy of Montelukast in Mild-moderate Respiratory Symptoms in Patients With Long-COVID-19:
NCT04728802	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Proxalutamide Treatment for Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients
NCT04822818	PHASE3	COMPLETED	EFFICACY and SAFETY OF BEVACIZUMAB (ZIRABEV®) IN PATIENTS WITH SEVERE HYPOXEMIC COVID-19
NCT04838795	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Sisonke (Together): OPEN LABEL TRIAL COVID-19
NCT04838847	PHASE3	WITHDRAWN	A Study to Evaluate the Immunogenicity and Safety of the SARS-CoV-2 mRNA Vaccine CVnCoV in Elderly Adults Compared to Younger Adults for COVID-19
NCT04853927	PHASE3	WITHDRAWN	Proxalutamide Treatment for COVID-19 Patients in Intensive Care Unit
NCT04860258	PHASE3	TERMINATED	COVID-19: A Study to Evaluate Safety, Reactogenicity and Immunogenicity of the SARS-CoV-2 mRNA Vaccine CVnCoV in Adults With Co-morbidities
NCT00215826	PHASE2	COMPLETED	Study of Alferon® LDO (Low Dose Oral) in Normal Volunteers
NCT04290871	PHASE2	WITHDRAWN	Nitric Oxide Gas Inhalation for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome in COVID-19.
NCT04306393	PHASE2	COMPLETED	Nitric Oxide Gas Inhalation in Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome in COVID-19
NCT04357730	PHASE2	COMPLETED	Fibrinolytic Therapy to Treat ARDS in the Setting of COVID-19 Infection
NCT04357860	PHASE2	COMPLETED	Clinical Trial of Sarilumab in Adults With COVID-19
NCT04365985	PHASE2	TERMINATED	Study of Immunomodulation Using Naltrexone and Ketamine for COVID-19
NCT04366908	PHASE2	COMPLETED	Prevention and Treatment With Calcifediol of COVID-19 Induced Acute Respiratory Syndrome
NCT04376684	PHASE2	COMPLETED	Investigating Otilimab in Patients With Severe Pulmonary COVID-19 Related Disease
NCT04384445	PHASE1/PHASE2	COMPLETED	Zofin (Organicell Flow) for Patients With COVID-19
NCT04390412	PHASE1/PHASE2	UNKNOWN	Low Dose Radiotherapy in COVID-19 Pneumonia
NCT04402060	PHASE1/PHASE2	COMPLETED	A Study of APL-9 in Adults With Mild to Moderate ARDS Due to COVID-19
NCT04402957	PHASE2	COMPLETED	LSALT Peptide vs. Placebo to Prevent ARDS and Acute Kidney Injury in Patients Infected With SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19)
NCT04432272	PHASE2	TERMINATED	ANTIBODY-LEVEL BASED ANALYSIS OF COVID-19 CONVALESCENT SERUM (ABACCuS)
NCT04470544	PHASE2	COMPLETED	Camostat Mesilate Treating Patients With Hospitalized Patients With COVID-19
NCT04476979	PHASE2	COMPLETED	Comparison of Tocilizumab Plus Dexamethasone vs. Dexamethasone for Patients With Covid-19
NCT04492891	PHASE2	COMPLETED	Cyclosporine For The Treatment Of COVID-19(+)

Drugs tested across these trials (top 30)

Molecule	Max phase	Trials referencing
HYDROXYCHLOROQUINE	4	5
CALCIFEDIOL ANHYDROUS	4	2
FOSTAMATINIB	4	2
ASCORBIC ACID	4	1
COLCHICINE	4	1
GLYCINE	4	1
OXYGEN	4	1
REMDESIVIR	4	1
SARILUMAB	4	1
STREPTOKINASE	4	1
TOZINAMERAN	4	1
VALSARTAN	4	1
ZORECIMERAN	3	5
PRUXELUTAMIDE	3	3
ANTITHROMBIN III HUMAN	3	1
CAMOSTAT MESILATE	3	1
CYCLO(PROLYLGLYCYL)	3	1
INTERFERON BETA	3	1
LSALT PEPTIDE	3	1
OTILIMAB	3	1
QUERCETIN	3	1
SILVER	3	1
CHEMBL4082099	0	3
CHEMBL4061258	0	1
CHEMBL5094495	0	1
CHEMBL5280654	0	1
CHEMBL5407656	0	1
CHEMBL5430294	0	1
CHEMBL5434013	0	1
CHEMBL6143911	0	1

Drugs: Hydroxychloroquine, Calcifediol, Fostamatinib, Ascorbic Acid, Colchicine, Glycine, Oxygen, Remdesivir, Sarilumab, Streptokinase, Tozinameran, Valsartan, Zorecimeran, Pruxelutamide, Antithrombin Iii Human, Camostat Mesilate, Cyclo(Prolylglycyl), Interferon Beta, Lsalt Peptide, Otilimab, Quercetin, Silver