Summary
Staphylococcus aureus infection (MONDO:0005545) is a disease (an umbrella term covering 7 Mondo subtypes) with 7 cohort genes (7 GWAS associations across 3 studies) and 29 clinical trials. Top therapeutic interventions include clindamycin, penicillin g, and chlorhexidine gluconate.
At a glance
- Umbrella term: 7 Mondo subtypes
- Cohort genes: 7
- GWAS associations: 7
- Clinical trials: 29
Clinical features
No curated clinical features (Orphanet) for this disease.
Identifiers
Disease identifiers
| Field | Value |
|---|
| Canonical name | staphylococcus aureus infection |
| Mondo ID | MONDO:0005545 |
| EFO | EFO:0005681 |
| NCIT | C122576 |
| SNOMED CT | 406602003 |
| UMLS | C1318973 |
| MedGen | 232934 |
| Is cancer (heuristic) | no |
Data availability: 7 GWAS associations (3 studies).
Disease family
An umbrella term covering 7 Mondo subtypes.
Classification path: disease › human disease › disease by etiologic mechanism › disease of primarily extrinsic mechanism › infectious disease › bacterial infectious disease › staphylococcal infection › staphylococcus aureus infection
Related subtypes (3): staphylococcal pneumonia, staphyloenterotoxemia, staphylococcal toxemia
Subtypes (7): impetigo, hordeolum, staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome, staphylococcus aureus pneumonia, methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus infectious disease, methicillin-susceptible staphylococcus aureus infectious disease, staphylococcus discitis
Genetics & variants
GWAS landscape
7 GWAS associations across 3 studies. Top hits map to 5 distinct genes (as reported by GWAS).
Top associations by p-value
| rsID | p-value | Gene | Risk allele | Odds ratio |
|---|
| rs115231074 | 1e-10 | HLA-DRB6 - HLA-DRB1 | T | 1.22 |
| rs75918212 | 7e-09 | CTNNA2-AS1, CTNNA2 | ? | |
| rs4321864 | 9e-08 | TSBP1-AS1 - HLA-DRA | A | 1.13 |
| rs2455012 | 7e-07 | PDE4B | T | 2.17 |
| rs7152530 | 8e-07 | LINC02295 - RN7SL714P | G | 1.61 |
| rs3804047 | 3e-06 | TXNRD2 | C | 1.52 |
| rs470093 | 7e-06 | PNPLA5 | T | 1.63 |
Top studies (by case count)
| Study | Lead author | Year | Cases | Controls | Title |
|---|
| GCST003150 | DeLorenze GN | 2015 | 4,701 | 45,344 | Polymorphisms in HLA Class II Genes Are Associated With Susceptibility to Staphylococcus aureus Infection in a White Population. |
| GCST002440 | Ye Z | 2014 | 309 | 2,925 | Genome wide association study of SNP-, gene-, and pathway-based approaches to identify genes influencing susceptibility to Staphylococcus aureus infections. |
| GCST90651419 | Liu TY | 2025 | 151 | 213,110 | Diversity and longitudinal records: Genetic architecture of disease associations and polygenic risk in the Taiwanese Han population. |
Variant details and genetic-evidence tiers
Tier distribution (top 50 variants)
| Tier | Variants |
|---|
| Tier 1: coding | 0 |
| Tier 2: splice/UTR | 1 |
| Tier 3: regulatory | 0 |
| Tier 4: intronic/intergenic | 6 |
MAF distribution
| Bucket | Variants |
|---|
| common (>=0.05) | 5 |
| low_freq (0.01-0.05) | 1 |
| rare (<0.01) | 0 |
| unknown | 1 |
Functional consequences
| Consequence | Count |
|---|
| intron_variant | 5 |
| intergenic_variant | 1 |
| 3_prime_UTR_variant | 1 |
Top variants
| rsID | Chr | Pos | Alleles | MAF | Consequence | Gene | p-value | Tier |
|---|
| rs115231074 | 6 | 32575268 | C>T | 0.05 | intergenic_variant | HLA-DRB6 - HLA-DRB1 | 1e-10 | Tier 4: intronic/intergenic |
| rs75918212 | 2 | 79510699 | A>C | | intron_variant | CTNNA2-AS1, CTNNA2 | 7e-09 | Tier 4: intronic/intergenic |
| rs4321864 | 6 | 32431410 | C>A,T | 0.05 | intron_variant | TSBP1-AS1 - HLA-DRA | 9e-08 | Tier 4: intronic/intergenic |
| rs2455012 | 1 | 66055315 | A>C,G,T | 0.045 | intron_variant | PDE4B | 7e-07 | Tier 4: intronic/intergenic |
| rs7152530 | 14 | 98174878 | G>A | 0.367 | intron_variant | LINC02295 - RN7SL714P | 8e-07 | Tier 4: intronic/intergenic |
| rs3804047 | 22 | 19892114 | A>C,G,T | 0.281 | intron_variant | TXNRD2 | 3e-06 | Tier 4: intronic/intergenic |
| rs470093 | 22 | 43880291 | T>A,C,G | 0.147 | 3_prime_UTR_variant | PNPLA5 | 7e-06 | Tier 2: splice/UTR |
Genes & proteins
Mendelian disease overlap and somatic drivers
GenCC: 0 · Orphanet: 20 · OMIM-shared: 0 · Dual-evidence (GWAS+Mendelian): 0
Orphanet rare-disease linkage (cohort genes)
| Gene | Orphanet ID | Rare disease |
|---|
| VRK1 | Orphanet:2254 | Pontocerebellar hypoplasia type 1 |
| VRK1 | Orphanet:423894 | Microcephaly-complex motor and sensory axonal neuropathy syndrome |
| BCL11B | Orphanet:662829 | Intellectual disability-speech delay-dysmorphic features-T cell abnormalities syndrome |
| TXNRD2 | Orphanet:154 | Familial isolated dilated cardiomyopathy |
| TXNRD2 | Orphanet:361 | Familial glucocorticoid deficiency |
| HLA-DRA | Orphanet:505 | Graham Little-Piccardi-Lassueur syndrome |
| HLA-DRB1 | Orphanet:2073 | Narcolepsy type 1 |
| HLA-DRB1 | Orphanet:220393 | Diffuse cutaneous systemic sclerosis |
| HLA-DRB1 | Orphanet:220402 | Limited cutaneous systemic sclerosis |
| HLA-DRB1 | Orphanet:220407 | Limited systemic sclerosis |
| HLA-DRB1 | Orphanet:3437 | Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease |
| HLA-DRB1 | Orphanet:397 | Giant cell arteritis |
| HLA-DRB1 | Orphanet:477738 | Pediatric multiple sclerosis |
| HLA-DRB1 | Orphanet:536 | Systemic lupus erythematosus |
| HLA-DRB1 | Orphanet:545 | Follicular lymphoma |
| HLA-DRB1 | Orphanet:703 | Bullous pemphigoid |
| HLA-DRB1 | Orphanet:747 | Autoimmune pulmonary alveolar proteinosis |
| HLA-DRB1 | Orphanet:797 | Sarcoidosis |
| HLA-DRB1 | Orphanet:83465 | Narcolepsy type 2 |
| HLA-DRB1 | Orphanet:85414 | Systemic-onset juvenile idiopathic arthritis |
Cohort genes → proteins
7 cohort genes, 7 distinct canonical proteins.
Evidence partition
Cohort genes (full)
| Symbol | HGNC | Ensembl | UniProt | Name | Evidence |
|---|
| VRK1 | HGNC:12718 | ENSG00000100749 | Q99986 | Serine/threonine-protein kinase VRK1 | gwas |
| BCL11B | HGNC:13222 | ENSG00000127152 | Q9C0K0 | B-cell lymphoma/leukemia 11B | gwas |
| TXNRD2 | HGNC:18155 | ENSG00000184470 | Q9NNW7 | Thioredoxin reductase 2, mitochondrial | gwas |
| PNPLA5 | HGNC:24888 | ENSG00000100341 | Q7Z6Z6 | Patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein 5 | gwas |
| HLA-DRA | HGNC:4947 | ENSG00000204287 | P01903 | HLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DR alpha chain | gwas |
| HLA-DRB1 | HGNC:4948 | ENSG00000196126 | P01911 | HLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DRB1 beta chain | gwas |
| PDE4B | HGNC:8781 | ENSG00000184588 | Q07343 | 3’,5’-cyclic-AMP phosphodiesterase 4B | gwas |
Cohort function summary
Lead sentence per gene, UniProt-curated.
| Symbol | Protein name | Function (lead sentence) |
|---|
| VRK1 | Serine/threonine-protein kinase VRK1 | Serine/threonine kinase involved in the regulation of key cellular processes including the cell cycle, nuclear condensation, transcription regulation, and DNA damage response. |
| BCL11B | B-cell lymphoma/leukemia 11B | Key regulator of both differentiation and survival of T-lymphocytes during thymocyte development in mammals. |
| TXNRD2 | Thioredoxin reductase 2, mitochondrial | Involved in the control of reactive oxygen species levels and the regulation of mitochondrial redox homeostasis. |
| PNPLA5 | Patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein 5 | Has abundant triacylglycerol lipase activity. |
| HLA-DRA | HLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DR alpha chain | An alpha chain of antigen-presenting major histocompatibility complex class II (MHCII) molecule. |
| HLA-DRB1 | HLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DRB1 beta chain | A beta chain of antigen-presenting major histocompatibility complex class II (MHCII) molecule. |
| PDE4B | 3’,5’-cyclic-AMP phosphodiesterase 4B | Hydrolyzes the second messenger cAMP, which is a key regulator of many important physiological processes. |
Protein-family classification
Druggable: 4 · Difficult: 2 · Unknown: 1 · Druggable fraction: 0.57
Family distribution
Cohort families vs a genome-wide background (hypergeometric, BH-FDR; fold = observed/expected). Counts kept; sorted by enrichment, so the catch-all Other/Unknown bucket no longer leads.
| Family | Genes | Fold | FDR |
|---|
| Antibody/Immunoglobulin | 2 | 8.3× | 0.110 |
| Kinase | 1 | 4.0× | 0.378 |
| Transcription factor | 2 | 2.4× | 0.378 |
| Enzyme (other) | 1 | 1.7× | 0.571 |
| Other/Unknown | 1 | 0.3× | 0.997 |
Per-gene assignment
| Symbol | Family | Druggable? | EC | InterPro (top 3) |
|---|
| VRK1 | Kinase | yes | | Prot_kinase_dom, Ser/Thr_kinase_AS, Kinase-like_dom_sf |
| BCL11B | Transcription factor | no | | Znf_C2H2_type, Znf_C2H2_sf, Dev/Hematopoietic_TF |
| TXNRD2 | Enzyme (other) | yes | 1.8.1.9 | Pyr_nuc-diS_OxRdtase, Pyr_nucl-diS_OxRdtase_dimer, Thioredoxin/glutathione_Rdtase |
| PNPLA5 | Other/Unknown | no | | PNPLA_dom, Acyl_Trfase/lysoPLipase, PLPL |
| HLA-DRA | Antibody/Immunoglobulin | yes | | MHC_II_a_N, Ig/MHC_CS, Ig_C1-set |
| HLA-DRB1 | Antibody/Immunoglobulin | yes | | MHC_II_b_N, Ig/MHC_CS, Ig_C1-set |
| PDE4B | Transcription factor | no | 3.1.4.53 | PDEase_catalytic_dom, HD/PDEase_dom, PDEase |
Expression context
Cohort genes with no expression data: 0.
6 cohort genes are a single-cell marker in ≥1 SCXA experiment.
Breadth distribution (Bgee present_calls)
| Bucket | Genes |
|---|
| narrow (1-5 tissues) | 0 |
| moderate (6-20) | 0 |
| broad (>20) | 7 |
| unknown | 0 |
Top tissues across cohort
| Tissue | Cohort genes |
|---|
| vermiform appendix | 2 |
| bone marrow | 1 |
| oocyte | 1 |
| secondary oocyte | 1 |
| cortical plate | 1 |
| thymus | 1 |
| upper leg skin | 1 |
| apex of heart | 1 |
| right adrenal gland cortex | 1 |
| right lobe of liver | 1 |
| epithelial cell of pancreas | 1 |
| pancreatic ductal cell | 1 |
| tibialis anterior | 1 |
| leukocyte | 1 |
| monocyte | 1 |
| granulocyte | 1 |
| right lung | 1 |
| cartilage tissue | 1 |
| corpus callosum | 1 |
| subthalamic nucleus | 1 |
Per-gene tissue summary (top 30)
| Symbol | Bgee breadth | FANTOM5 breadth | SCXA | Top tissues |
|---|
| VRK1 | 286 | ubiquitous | marker | oocyte, bone marrow, secondary oocyte |
| BCL11B | 211 | broad | marker | thymus, upper leg skin, cortical plate |
| TXNRD2 | 264 | ubiquitous | marker | right lobe of liver, right adrenal gland cortex, apex of heart |
| PNPLA5 | 53 | | yes | tibialis anterior, pancreatic ductal cell, epithelial cell of pancreas |
| HLA-DRA | 132 | broad | marker | monocyte, leukocyte, vermiform appendix |
| HLA-DRB1 | 131 | tissue_specific | marker | vermiform appendix, granulocyte, right lung |
| PDE4B | 287 | ubiquitous | marker | corpus callosum, cartilage tissue, subthalamic nucleus |
Protein interactions among cohort
Intra-cohort edges: 2.
Hub genes (top 10 by interactor count)
| Symbol | Interactor count |
|---|
| TXNRD2 | 3,712 |
| HLA-DRB1 | 3,448 |
| HLA-DRA | 3,244 |
| VRK1 | 3,022 |
| BCL11B | 2,523 |
| PDE4B | 1,486 |
| PNPLA5 | 657 |
Intra-cohort edges
| A | B | Sources |
|---|
| HLA-DRA | HLA-DRB1 | biogrid_interaction, intact, string_interaction |
| PNPLA5 | VRK1 | string_interaction |
Structural data
PDB: 4 · AlphaFold-only: 3 · No structure: 0
Cohort genes with PDB structures (top 30)
| Symbol | UniProt | PDB entries |
|---|
| HLA-DRA | P01903 | 140 |
| HLA-DRB1 | P01911 | 108 |
| PDE4B | Q07343 | 43 |
| VRK1 | Q99986 | 26 |
AlphaFold-only cohort genes (top 30 by pLDDT)
| Symbol | UniProt | pLDDT |
|---|
| PNPLA5 | Q7Z6Z6 | 81.06 |
| BCL11B | Q9C0K0 | 51.76 |
| TXNRD2 | Q9NNW7 | |
Function
Pathway analysis
Distinct Reactome pathways touched by cohort: 14. Enrichment computed across 7 evidence-associated genes (7 with Reactome annotation).
Pathways by enrichment
Over-representation of cohort genes vs the genome-wide background (hypergeometric test, Benjamini-Hochberg FDR; fold = observed/expected over 7 annotated cohort genes). Counts and members are kept as ground-truth; sorted by enrichment.
| Pathway | Cohort genes | Fold | FDR | Sample cohort genes |
|---|
| Translocation of ZAP-70 to Immunological synapse | 2 | 181.3× | 3e-04 | HLA-DRA, HLA-DRB1 |
| Phosphorylation of CD3 and TCR zeta chains | 2 | 155.4× | 3e-04 | HLA-DRA, HLA-DRB1 |
| Co-inhibition by PD-1 | 2 | 148.3× | 3e-04 | HLA-DRA, HLA-DRB1 |
| Generation of second messenger molecules | 2 | 98.9× | 6e-04 | HLA-DRA, HLA-DRB1 |
| Downstream TCR signaling | 2 | 36.7× | 0.003 | HLA-DRA, HLA-DRB1 |
| Interferon gamma signaling | 2 | 35.9× | 0.003 | HLA-DRA, HLA-DRB1 |
| MHC class II antigen presentation | 2 | 25.5× | 0.005 | HLA-DRA, HLA-DRB1 |
| Initiation of Nuclear Envelope (NE) Reformation | 1 | 85.9× | 0.016 | VRK1 |
| Formation of the embryonic stem cell BAF (esBAF) complex | 1 | 85.9× | 0.016 | BCL11B |
| Triglyceride catabolism | 1 | 68.0× | 0.016 | PNPLA5 |
| DARPP-32 events | 1 | 68.0× | 0.016 | PDE4B |
| Nuclear Envelope Breakdown | 1 | 65.3× | 0.016 | VRK1 |
| Formation of neuronal progenitor and neuronal BAF (npBAF and nBAF) | 1 | 65.3× | 0.016 | BCL11B |
| Detoxification of Reactive Oxygen Species | 1 | 42.9× | 0.023 | TXNRD2 |
GO biological processes by enrichment
Over-representation of cohort genes vs the genome-wide background (hypergeometric test, Benjamini-Hochberg FDR; fold = observed/expected over 7 annotated cohort genes). Counts and members are kept as ground-truth; sorted by enrichment.
| GO term | Cohort genes | Fold | FDR | Sample cohort genes |
|---|
| antigen processing and presentation of endogenous peptide antigen via MHC class II | 2 | 2407.4× | 1e-05 | HLA-DRA, HLA-DRB1 |
| myeloid dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation | 2 | 1605.0× | 2e-05 | HLA-DRA, HLA-DRB1 |
| regulation of T-helper cell differentiation | 2 | 1203.7× | 2e-05 | HLA-DRA, HLA-DRB1 |
| positive regulation of CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell activation | 2 | 1203.7× | 2e-05 | HLA-DRA, HLA-DRB1 |
| positive regulation of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell differentiation | 2 | 963.0× | 3e-05 | HLA-DRA, HLA-DRB1 |
| positive regulation of memory T cell differentiation | 2 | 535.0× | 8e-05 | HLA-DRA, HLA-DRB1 |
| peptide antigen assembly with MHC class II protein complex | 2 | 300.9× | 2e-04 | HLA-DRA, HLA-DRB1 |
| antigen processing and presentation of exogenous peptide antigen via MHC class II | 2 | 155.3× | 7e-04 | HLA-DRA, HLA-DRB1 |
| positive regulation of T cell mediated cytotoxicity | 2 | 145.9× | 7e-04 | HLA-DRA, HLA-DRB1 |
| positive regulation of immune response | 2 | 137.6× | 7e-04 | HLA-DRA, HLA-DRB1 |
| positive regulation of T cell activation | 2 | 126.7× | 8e-04 | HLA-DRA, HLA-DRB1 |
| response to oxygen radical | 1 | 2407.4× | 0.002 | TXNRD2 |
| antigen processing and presentation of peptide or polysaccharide antigen via MHC class II | 1 | 2407.4× | 0.002 | HLA-DRA |
| regulation of interleukin-4 production | 1 | 2407.4× | 0.002 | HLA-DRB1 |
| olfactory bulb axon guidance | 1 | 2407.4× | 0.002 | BCL11B |
| regulation of interleukin-10 production | 1 | 1203.7× | 0.004 | HLA-DRB1 |
| positive T cell selection | 1 | 1203.7× | 0.004 | BCL11B |
| lymphoid lineage cell migration into thymus | 1 | 1203.7× | 0.004 | BCL11B |
| negative regulation of relaxation of cardiac muscle | 1 | 1203.7× | 0.004 | PDE4B |
| T cell receptor signaling pathway | 2 | 43.4× | 0.004 | HLA-DRB1, PDE4B |
| positive regulation of protein localization to chromatin | 1 | 802.5× | 0.005 | VRK1 |
| striatal medium spiny neuron differentiation | 1 | 601.9× | 0.005 | BCL11B |
| Cajal body organization | 1 | 601.9× | 0.005 | VRK1 |
| post-embryonic camera-type eye development | 1 | 601.9× | 0.005 | BCL11B |
| T cell receptor V(D)J recombination | 1 | 601.9× | 0.005 | BCL11B |
| hematopoietic stem cell migration | 1 | 601.9× | 0.005 | BCL11B |
| commitment of neuronal cell to specific neuron type in forebrain | 1 | 401.2× | 0.008 | BCL11B |
| Golgi disassembly | 1 | 401.2× | 0.008 | VRK1 |
| positive regulation of T cell mediated immune response to tumor cell | 1 | 343.9× | 0.008 | HLA-DRB1 |
| negative regulation of adenylate cyclase-activating adrenergic receptor signaling pathway | 1 | 343.9× | 0.008 | PDE4B |
Therapeutics
Drugs indicated or in trials for this disease
No drug has an approved disease-direct ChEMBL indication for this disease.
20 drugs in clinical trials for this disease (phase 2–3, investigational): efficacy not established — a trial record, not an indication.
Drug target analysis
Approved (phase 4): 1 · Phase ≥3: 2 · Phased (≥1): 2 · Undrugged: 5
Druggability breadth: 4 of 7 evidence-associated genes (57%) have a ChEMBL target (buckets above are over the deeply-mined display cohort).
Genes with an approved drug
The molecule shown is one approved compound that hits the gene — not necessarily a drug of choice or one indicated for this disease.
| Symbol | Example approved molecule |
|---|
| PDE4B | INAMRINONE |
Top cohort targets by molecule count
| Symbol | Molecules | Max phase |
|---|
| PDE4B | 55 | 4 |
| TXNRD2 | 3 | 3 |
| VRK1 | 0 | 0 |
| BCL11B | 0 | 0 |
| PNPLA5 | 0 | 0 |
| HLA-DRA | 0 | 0 |
| HLA-DRB1 | 0 | 0 |
Drugs targeting cohort genes (top 30)
Bioactivity and enzyme data
Enzyme cohort genes (≥1 EC): 2.
Cohort genes with ChEMBL bioactivity (full, sorted by assay count)
| Symbol | Assays | Type breakdown |
|---|
| PDE4B | 796 | Binding:755, Functional:29, ADMET:11, Toxicity:1 |
| TXNRD2 | 91 | Binding:76, Functional:15 |
| VRK1 | 74 | Binding:74 |
| HLA-DRB1 | 17 | Binding:17 |
Cohort enzymes (BRENDA EC)
| Symbol | EC numbers | Names |
|---|
| TXNRD2 | 1.8.1.9 | thioredoxin-disulfide reductase (NADPH) |
| PDE4B | 3.1.4.53 | 3’,5’-cyclic-AMP phosphodiesterase |
Cohort genes with high screening signal
≥100 ChEMBL assays — a studied-ness signal; see Therapeutics for approved-drug status.
| Symbol | ChEMBL assays |
|---|
| PDE4B | 796 |
Pharmacogenomics
Cohort genes with a PharmGKB record: 7; with CPIC/DPWG dosing guidelines: 0.
No cohort gene has a CPIC/DPWG genotype-guided dosing guideline (PharmGKB).
Chemical tractability of cohort targets
30 approved/phased compounds have measured bioactivity against a cohort gene (and aren’t yet in disease-level trials). This is a research / tractability signal, NOT a therapeutic recommendation — a bioactivity row often reflects off-target or screening binding (e.g. promiscuous kinase inhibitors against a cohort kinase), implying no disease mechanism.
| Compound | Max phase | Cohort target (bioactivity) |
|---|
| INAMRINONE | 4 | PDE4B |
| THEOPHYLLINE | 4 | PDE4B |
| VARDENAFIL | 4 | PDE4B |
| MILRINONE | 4 | PDE4B |
| LOSARTAN | 4 | PDE4B |
| SILDENAFIL | 4 | PDE4B |
| ROFLUMILAST | 4 | PDE4B |
| ENOXIMONE | 4 | PDE4B |
| ENSIFENTRINE | 4 | PDE4B |
| CRISABOROLE | 4 | PDE4B |
| APREMILAST | 4 | PDE4B |
| PENTOXIFYLLINE | 4 | PDE4B |
| TADALAFIL | 4 | PDE4B |
| DIPYRIDAMOLE | 4 | PDE4B |
| IBUDILAST | 4 | PDE4B |
| CURCUMIN | 3 | TXNRD2 |
| TETOMILAST | 3 | PDE4B |
| MUFEMILAST | 3 | PDE4B |
| CILOMILAST | 3 | PDE4B |
| PAPAVERINE | 3 | PDE4B |
| ZATOLMILAST | 3 | PDE4B |
| ELLAGIC ACID | 2 | TXNRD2 |
| STREPTONIGRIN | 2 | PDE4B |
| IMAZODAN | 2 | PDE4B |
| PELRINONE | 2 | PDE4B |
| PUMAFENTRINE | 2 | PDE4B |
| TOCLADESINE | 2 | PDE4B |
| AZD-6482 | 2 | PDE4B |
| DENBUFYLLINE | 2 | PDE4B |
| ENPROFYLLINE | 2 | PDE4B |
Druggability pyramid
Cohort genes binned by druggability tier (high → low):
| Tier | Definition | Genes | Symbols |
|---|
| A | Approved (phase 4 drug) | 1 | PDE4B |
| B | Phased (≥1) drug, not yet approved | 1 | TXNRD2 |
| C | Druggable family + PDB, no drug | 3 | VRK1, HLA-DRA, HLA-DRB1 |
| D | Druggable family + AlphaFold only, no drug | 0 | |
| E | Difficult family or no structure, no drug | 2 | BCL11B, PNPLA5 |
Undrugged target profiles
5 cohort genes are undrugged. Ranked by ‘starting-point quality’ (assay depth + drugged-partner adjacency).
| Symbol | ChEMBL assays | Drugged partners (top 3) |
|---|
| VRK1 | 74 | — |
| BCL11B | 0 | — |
| PNPLA5 | 0 | — |
| HLA-DRA | 0 | — |
| HLA-DRB1 | 17 | — |
Clinical trials & evidence
Clinical trials
Clinical trials: 29.
Phase distribution (across all retrieved trials)
| Phase | Trials |
|---|
| Not specified | 10 |
| PHASE1 | 7 |
| PHASE4 | 4 |
| PHASE1/PHASE2 | 4 |
| PHASE3 | 2 |
| PHASE2 | 1 |
| EARLY_PHASE1 | 1 |
Top trials by phase / activity
| NCT | Phase | Status | Title |
|---|
| NCT04210505 | PHASE4 | ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING | Nasal Decolonization of Dialysis Patients Noses |
| NCT05899140 | PHASE4 | RECRUITING | Adjunctive Clindamycin for the Treatment of Skin and Soft Tissue Infections, a Randomized Controlled Trial |
| NCT06726395 | PHASE4 | RECRUITING | Comparison of Cloxacillin and Benzylpenicillin in Penicillin Susceptible S. Aureus Bacteraemia |
| NCT06210594 | PHASE4 | COMPLETED | Staph Intervention for Effective Local Defense |
| NCT05117398 | PHASE3 | RECRUITING | Dalbavancin Versus Standard Antibiotic Therapy for Catheter-related Bloodstream Infections Due to Staphylococcus Aureus |
| NCT01792804 | PHASE3 | COMPLETED | Staphylococcus Aureus Bacteremia Antibiotic Treatment Options |
| NCT06456424 | PHASE1/PHASE2 | ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING | Bacteriophage Therapy for Methicillin-Sensitive Staphylococcus Aureus Prosthetic Joint Infection |
| NCT00572910 | PHASE2 | COMPLETED | A Study to Evaluate the Safety and Immunogenicity of V710 in Adults With Kidney Disease on Hemodialysis (V710-005)(COMPLETED) |
| NCT02282605 | PHASE1/PHASE2 | COMPLETED | Study of the Nasal Decolonisation of Staphylococcus Aureus (SA) and the Safety and Tolerability of XF-73 Nasal Gel in Healthy Subjects |
| NCT04803708 | PHASE1/PHASE2 | COMPLETED | Bacteriophage Therapy TP-102 in Diabetic Foot Ulcers |
| NCT06319235 | PHASE1/PHASE2 | UNKNOWN | Clinical Trial to Demonstrate the Safety and Efficacy of DUOFAG® |
| NCT06368856 | PHASE1 | ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING | Pharmacology of Mupirocin in Nasal Application in Healthy Volunteers: Monocentric Study |
| NCT07280598 | PHASE1 | NOT_YET_RECRUITING | Safety of Combined Intravenous Antibiotic and Bacteriophage Therapy in Adults With Cystic Fibrosis and Antibiotic-Resistant Lung Infections |
| NCT02804711 | PHASE1 | COMPLETED | A Clinical Trial to Evaluate a Recombinant Staphylococcus Aureus Vaccine (Escherichia Coli) in Healthy Adults |
| NCT03966040 | PHASE1 | COMPLETED | A Clinical Trial to Evaluate a Recombinant Staphylococcus Aureus Vaccine (Escherichia Coli) in Healthy Adults |
| NCT04784312 | PHASE1 | COMPLETED | A Clinical Study in Health Subjects to Evaluate 9MW1411 Injection |
| NCT06317688 | PHASE1 | UNKNOWN | Effectiveness of Highly Purified Anhydrous (HPA) Lanolin Versus Extra-Virgin Coconut Oil in Preventing Subacute Lactation Mastitis |
| NCT06719219 | PHASE1 | COMPLETED | A First in Human Trial to Assess the Safety and Immunogenicity of LTB-SA7 Vaccine Against Staphylococcus Aureus. |
| NCT02820883 | EARLY_PHASE1 | COMPLETED | A Study of a Recombinant Staphylococcus Aureus Vaccine (Escherichia Coli) in Healthy Adults |
| NCT01879761 | Not specified | ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING | Immune Resolution After Staphylococcus Aureus Bacteremia |
| NCT04897971 | Not specified | ENROLLING_BY_INVITATION | Serum Based Diagnosis of and Monitoring of Infection Recovery in Orthopedic Spine Implant Infections |
| NCT05361135 | Not specified | NOT_YET_RECRUITING | 18-fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography in S. Aureus Bacteraemia |
| NCT01375621 | Not specified | COMPLETED | Livestock Contact and MRSA in Rural Areas |
| NCT02027389 | Not specified | WITHDRAWN | Impact of Rapid Detection of MRSA |
| NCT02741869 | Not specified | WITHDRAWN | Photodisinfection for the Decolonization of Staphylococcus Aureus in Hemodialysis Patients |
| NCT04503252 | Not specified | COMPLETED | Probability of Target Attainment With Standard Intermittent Bolus Administration of Cefazolin in Patients With Complicated Infections Caused by Staphylococcus Aureus |
| NCT04712123 | Not specified | UNKNOWN | Recurrent S. Aureus Infections in Osteoarticular Infections |
| NCT04781569 | Not specified | COMPLETED | Staphylococcus Aureus Caught in Action at the Site of Infection |
| NCT06495697 | Not specified | UNKNOWN | Plasma Pharmacological Monitoring of M Penicillins in Methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus Aureus Bacteremia |
Drugs tested across these trials (top 30)
- Cohort genes: VRK1, BCL11B, TXNRD2, PNPLA5, HLA-DRA, HLA-DRB1, PDE4B
- Drugs: Clindamycin, Penicillin G, Chlorhexidine Gluconate, Cloxacillin, Mupirocin, Cefazolin, Dalbavancin, Daptomycin, Linezolid, Povidone-Iodine, Floxacillin