Subarachnoid hemorrhage

Summary

Subarachnoid hemorrhage (MONDO:0005099) is a disease with 15 GWAS associations across 19 studies and 245 clinical trials. Top therapeutic interventions include nitrous acid, phenytoin, and bromocriptine. A subtype of hemorrhagic stroke — broader associated-gene and molecular evidence is on the parent page (see Disease family below).

At a glance

• GWAS associations: 15
• Clinical trials: 245

Clinical features

No curated clinical features (Orphanet) for this disease.

Identifiers

Disease identifiers

Field	Value
Canonical name	subarachnoid hemorrhage
Mondo ID	MONDO:0005099
EFO	EFO:0000713
MeSH	D013345
ICD-11	1363253283
SNOMED CT	21454007
UMLS	C0038525
MedGen	11625
Anatomy (UBERON)	UBERON:0000315
Is cancer (heuristic)	no

Also known as: subarachnoid haemorrhage (disease) · subarachnoid hemorrhage · subarachnoid hemorrhage (disease)

Data availability: 15 GWAS associations (19 studies) · 1 HPO phenotype · 410 cell lines.

Disease family

An umbrella term covering 1 Mondo subtype.

Classification path: disease › human disease › disease by body system or component › nervous system disorder › central nervous system disorder › brain disorder › cerebrovascular disorder › stroke disorder › hemorrhagic stroke › subarachnoid hemorrhage

Related subtypes (1): intracerebral hemorrhage

Subtypes (1): acquired aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage

Genetics & variants

GWAS landscape

15 GWAS associations across 19 studies. Top hits map to 6 distinct genes (as reported by GWAS).

Top associations by p-value

rsID	p-value	Gene	Risk allele	Odds ratio
rs193008648	1e-13	GNA14	T	3.75
rs548764589	2e-13	ARHGEF12 - GRIK4	C	2.7
rs4977575	8e-13	CDKN2B-AS1	G	0.2
rs142652393	2e-12	NDUFAF2	A	1.93
rs569628007	3e-12	NAALADL2	A	5.04
rs140525502	6e-12	UGCG - RNU6-710P	C	2.96
rs559068449	1e-11	ZNF536	C	5
rs573149190	2e-11	ABI3BP - ACTR3P3	T	2.99
rs184897488	2e-11	TMEM266	T	3.02
rs575743517	3e-11	CDH19 - RNU6-1037P	C	2.88
rs185673589	4e-11	U3 - LINC02531	G	2.33
rs553589077	5e-11	PPIAP39 - HABP2	G	4.21
rs562489324	3e-08	LINC00702 - LINC00703	?
rs10738606	5e-08	CDKN2B-AS1	T	0.24
rs7053997	1e-07	TNIP2P1 - SDCBPP3	?

Top studies (by case count)

Study	Lead author	Year	Cases	Controls	Title
GCST90473583	UK Biobank Whole-Genome Sequencing Consortium	2025	1,942	456,498	Whole-genome sequencing of 490,640 UK Biobank participants.
GCST90018923	Sakaue S	2021	1,693	471,562	A cross-population atlas of genetic associations for 220 human phenotypes.
GCST90137439	Hu Y	2021	1,361	22,991	Whole-Genome Sequencing Association Analyses of Stroke and Its Subtypes in Ancestrally Diverse Populations From Trans-Omics for Precision Medicine Project.
GCST90018703	Sakaue S	2021	1,203	152,022	A cross-population atlas of genetic associations for 220 human phenotypes.
GCST90080029	Backman JD	2021	1,067	386,623	Exome sequencing and analysis of 454,787 UK Biobank participants.
GCST90084015	Backman JD	2021	1,067	386,623	Exome sequencing and analysis of 454,787 UK Biobank participants.
GCST90651888	Liu TY	2025	987	226,273	Diversity and longitudinal records: Genetic architecture of disease associations and polygenic risk in the Taiwanese Han population.
GCST90043993	Jiang L	2021	832	455,516	A generalized linear mixed model association tool for biobank-scale data.
GCST90436135	Zhou W	2018	812	399,017	Efficiently controlling for case-control imbalance and sample relatedness in large-scale genetic association studies.
GCST90477976	Verma A	2024	737	449,997	Diversity and scale: Genetic architecture of 2068 traits in the VA Million Veteran Program.

Variant details and genetic-evidence tiers

Tier distribution (top 50 variants)

Tier	Variants
Tier 1: coding	0
Tier 2: splice/UTR	0
Tier 3: regulatory	1
Tier 4: intronic/intergenic	14

MAF distribution

Bucket	Variants
common (>=0.05)	3
low_freq (0.01-0.05)	0
rare (<0.01)	11
unknown	1

Functional consequences

Consequence	Count
intron_variant	8
intergenic_variant	5
regulatory_region_variant	1
synonymous_variant	1

Top variants

rsID	Chr	Pos	Alleles	MAF	Consequence	Gene	p-value	Tier
rs193008648	9	77629828	T>C	0	intron_variant	GNA14	1e-13	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs548764589	11	120510873	C>T	0.002	intergenic_variant	ARHGEF12 - GRIK4	2e-13	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs4977575	9	22124745	C>G,T	0.05	regulatory_region_variant	CDKN2B-AS1	8e-13	Tier 3: regulatory
rs142652393	5	61015688	A>G	0.002	intron_variant	NDUFAF2	2e-12	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs569628007	3	175400581	A>G	0	intron_variant	NAALADL2	3e-12	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs140525502	9	111976115	C>G	0	intron_variant	UGCG - RNU6-710P	6e-12	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs559068449	19	30387438	C>A	0	intron_variant	ZNF536	1e-11	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs573149190	3	101051986	T>A	0.001	intergenic_variant	ABI3BP - ACTR3P3	2e-11	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs184897488	15	76093024	T>A,C	0	intron_variant	TMEM266	2e-11	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs575743517	18	66732559	C>T	0.001	intergenic_variant	CDH19 - RNU6-1037P	3e-11	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs185673589	6	92216447	G>A	0.001	intron_variant	U3 - LINC02531	4e-11	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs553589077	10	113546809	G>A	0	intergenic_variant	PPIAP39 - HABP2	5e-11	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs562489324	10	4327924	T>C		intergenic_variant	LINC00702 - LINC00703	3e-08	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs10738606	9	22088091	A>C,G,T	0.35	intron_variant	CDKN2B-AS1	5e-08	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs7053997	X	40834823	G>A,T	0.05	synonymous_variant	TNIP2P1 - SDCBPP3	1e-07	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic

Genes & proteins

No associated-gene cohort resolved for this disease. Atlas builds the molecular and therapeutic sections — associated genes, protein families, druggability, pathways, interactions, and drug associations — by aggregating over a disease’s associated genes (resolved via GWAS / GenCC / ClinVar / CIViC), and none resolved here. This is expected for antibody-mediated, autoimmune, or otherwise non-gene-defined conditions; the curated evidence for this disease is its clinical features, GWAS susceptibility, and clinical trials (above).

Function

No pathway enrichment — requires an associated-gene cohort.

Therapeutics

Drugs indicated or in trials for this disease

No drug has an approved disease-direct ChEMBL indication for this disease.

28 drugs in clinical trials for this disease (phase 2–3, investigational): efficacy not established — a trial record, not an indication.

Drug	Highest phase
Alteplase	Phase 3
Bivalirudin	Phase 3
Clazosentan	Phase 3
Dexamethasone	Phase 3
Dexmedetomidine	Phase 3
Fospropofol	Phase 3
Heparin	Phase 3
Levetiracetam	Phase 3
Nimodipine	Phase 3
Propofol	Phase 3
Simvastatin	Phase 3
Baricitinib	Phase 2
Deferoxamine	Phase 2
Epoetin Beta	Phase 2
Epoprostenol	Phase 2
Fentanyl	Phase 2
Fludrocortisone Acetate	Phase 2
Isoflurane	Phase 2
Ketamine	Phase 2
Midazolam	Phase 2
Milrinone	Phase 2
Nicardipine	Phase 2
Sevoflurane	Phase 2
Sodium Chloride	Phase 2
Starch	Phase 2
Sulforaphane	Phase 2
Tiopronin	Phase 2
Tranexamic Acid	Phase 2

Clinical trials & evidence

Clinical trials

Clinical trials: 245.

Phase distribution (across all retrieved trials)

Phase	Trials
Not specified	176
PHASE4	15
PHASE2	14
PHASE3	11
PHASE1/PHASE2	11
PHASE1	9
PHASE2/PHASE3	6
EARLY_PHASE1	3

Top trials by phase / activity

NCT	Phase	Status	Title
NCT07246629	PHASE4	NOT_YET_RECRUITING	Lumbar Drain With Intrathecal Nicardipine in Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
NCT00197392	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Comparative Infection Rates for the Codman BACTISEAL TM External Ventricular Drainage (EVD) System
NCT00491192	PHASE4	UNKNOWN	Normothermia in Patients With Acute Cerebral Damage
NCT00505505	PHASE4	UNKNOWN	Intensive Insulin Therapy for Strict Glycemic Control in Neurosurgical Patients: Safety and Efficacy
NCT00618436	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Assess Safety and Efficacy of Levetiracetam(LEV;Keppra)for Seizure Prevention
NCT00626574	PHASE4	TERMINATED	Treating Patients With Aneurysmal SubArachnoid Hemorrhage (SAH) With Epoetin Alfa
NCT00626912	PHASE4	COMPLETED	PRET: Patients Prone to Recurrence After Endovascular Treatment
NCT00830843	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Inhalatorial Sedation in Patient With Subarachnoid Hemorrhage (SAH) Versus Conventional Intravenous Sedation
NCT00839449	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Eicosapentaenoic Acid Cerebral Vasospasm Therapy Study
NCT01042574	PHASE4	WITHDRAWN	The Efficacy and Safety of Cleviprex in Ventriculostomy Patients Requiring IV Antihypertensive Therapy
NCT01463878	PHASE4	TERMINATED	Enteral Nutrition and Glycemic Variability Neurological Intensive Care Unit Study
NCT01935908	PHASE4	WITHDRAWN	Seizure Prophylaxis With Levetiracetam in Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage - Pilot Study
NCT02064075	PHASE4	COMPLETED	The Mortality and Changes in Quality of Life of Patients Suffering From SAH With Different Hydration Strategies
NCT02549716	PHASE4	TERMINATED	Clinical, Pharmacological and Molecular Effects of IV and Oral Acetaminophen in Adults With aSAH
NCT05137678	PHASE4	UNKNOWN	Evaluate the Use of Glibenclamide on Acute aSAH
NCT06559072	PHASE3	NOT_YET_RECRUITING	Ultra-early STatin in Patients With Aneurysmal subaRachnoid Hemorrhage (Ue-STAR)
NCT00029133	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Hypothermia During Intracranial Aneurysm Surgery Trial
NCT00124150	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Intravenous Magnesium Sulfate in Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Haemorrhage (IMASH)
NCT00515736	PHASE3	TERMINATED	Impact Of Antioxidant Micronutrients On Intensive Care Unit (ICU) Outcome
NCT00731627	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Simvastatin in Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Haemorrhage (STASH) a Multicentre Randomised Controlled Clinical Trial
NCT00823485	PHASE2/PHASE3	COMPLETED	Clinical Efficacy of In-situ Thrombolysis in Case of Intraventricular Haemorraghia by Aneurysm Rupture
NCT00841633	PHASE3	TERMINATED	Induced Hypertension for Delayed Cerebral Ischaemia After Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Haemorrhage:a Feasibility Study
NCT01077206	PHASE2/PHASE3	COMPLETED	High-dose Simvastatin for Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Haemorrhage
NCT01613235	PHASE3	TERMINATED	Induced Hypertension for Treatment of Delayed Cerebral Ischaemia After Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Haemorrhage
NCT01787123	PHASE2/PHASE3	COMPLETED	Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Trial to Investigate Safety and Efficacy of Cerebrolysin™ in Patients With Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
NCT02483351	PHASE2/PHASE3	COMPLETED	Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: Red Blood Cell Transfusion and Outcome
NCT02636218	PHASE2/PHASE3	COMPLETED	Ketamine Infusion in Neurologic Deficit
NCT02684812	PHASE2/PHASE3	COMPLETED	Ultra-early Tranexamic Acid After Subarachnoid Hemorrhage.
NCT03153150	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Start or STop Anticoagulants Randomised Trial (SoSTART)
NCT03187405	PHASE3	TERMINATED	Intraventricular Fibrinolysis for Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage.
NCT03249207	PHASE3	UNKNOWN	SC IL-1Ra in SAH - Phase III Trial (SCIL)
NCT05131295	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Dapsone Use in Patients With Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage.
NCT00196131	PHASE1/PHASE2	UNKNOWN	Problems With Morphine Use in Patients With a Severe Brain Injury
NCT00199706	PHASE2	COMPLETED	HyperHAES Versus Placebo - Effect on Intracranial Pressure in SAH Patients
NCT00235963	PHASE1/PHASE2	COMPLETED	A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial of Simvastatin on Subarachnoid Hemorrhage-Induced Vasospasm
NCT00566709	PHASE2	COMPLETED	Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) as Transfusion Indicator in Neurocritical Patients
NCT00795288	PHASE1/PHASE2	COMPLETED	Statins and Cerebral Blood Flow in Subarachnoid Hemorrhage (SAH)
NCT00842049	PHASE2	COMPLETED	Lumbar Drainage in Subarachnoid Haemorrhage
NCT00871065	PHASE2	WITHDRAWN	Safety Study of Sildenafil in Treatment of Cerebral Aneurysm Vasospasm
NCT00873015	PHASE2	COMPLETED	Safety and Pharmacokinetic Evaluation of Nitrite for Prevention of Cerebral Vasospasm

Drugs tested across these trials (top 30)

Molecule	Max phase	Trials referencing
NITROUS ACID	4	4
PHENYTOIN	4	4
BROMOCRIPTINE	4	3
CLEVIDIPINE	4	2
DANTROLENE	4	2
DEFEROXAMINE	4	2
LEVETIRACETAM	4	2
NICARDIPINE	4	2
THIAMINE ION	4	2
ACENOCOUMAROL	4	1
ACYCLOVIR	4	1
AMIKACIN	4	1
APIXABAN	4	1
ASCORBIC ACID	4	1
DABIGATRAN ETEXILATE	4	1
DAPSONE	4	1
DAPTOMYCIN	4	1
DEXMEDETOMIDINE HYDROCHLORIDE	4	1
DICLOFENAC	4	1
EDOXABAN	4	1
EPOETIN ALFA	4	1
EPOPROSTENOL	4	1
ESMOLOL	4	1
GANCICLOVIR	4	1
GLYBURIDE	4	1
ICOSAPENT ETHYL	4	1
INSULIN HUMAN	4	1
ISOFLURANE	4	1
LACTIC ACID	4	1
NIMODIPINE	4	1