Tubulinopathy-associated dysgyria

Summary

Tubulinopathy-associated dysgyria (MONDO:0018763) is a disease with 3 cohort genes. The dominant Reactome pathway is Microtubule-dependent trafficking of connexons from Golgi to the plasma membrane (3 cohort genes).

At a glance

• Prevalence: <1 / 1 000 000 (Worldwide) [Orphanet-validated]
• Cohort genes: 3
• ClinVar variants: 9
• Phenotypes (HPO): 24

Clinical features

Epidemiology

Prevalence records

2 prevalence record(s), Orphanet:

Type	Class	Value	Geography	Validation
Cases/families		7	Worldwide	Validated
Point prevalence	<1 / 1 000 000		Worldwide	Validated

Signs & symptoms

Clinical features (HPO)

24 HPO clinical features (Orphanet curated; top 24 by frequency):

HPO ID	Term	Frequency
HP:0000252	Microcephaly	Very frequent (80-99%)
HP:0001263	Global developmental delay	Very frequent (80-99%)
HP:0001273	Abnormal corpus callosum morphology	Very frequent (80-99%)
HP:0001320	Cerebellar vermis hypoplasia	Very frequent (80-99%)
HP:0002363	Abnormal brainstem morphology	Very frequent (80-99%)
HP:0010663	Abnormality of thalamus morphology	Very frequent (80-99%)
HP:0012110	Hypoplasia of the pons	Very frequent (80-99%)
HP:0012502	Abnormality of the internal capsule	Very frequent (80-99%)
HP:0032398	Dysgyria	Very frequent (80-99%)
HP:0000486	Strabismus	Frequent (30-79%)
HP:0000657	Oculomotor apraxia	Frequent (30-79%)
HP:0001302	Pachygyria	Frequent (30-79%)
HP:0002119	Ventriculomegaly	Frequent (30-79%)
HP:0007018	Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder	Frequent (30-79%)
HP:0012547	Abnormal involuntary eye movements	Frequent (30-79%)
HP:0031882	Agyria	Frequent (30-79%)
HP:0040327	Abnormal morphology of the olfactory bulb	Frequent (30-79%)
HP:0000256	Macrocephaly	Occasional (5-29%)
HP:0001251	Ataxia	Occasional (5-29%)
HP:0001252	Hypotonia	Occasional (5-29%)
HP:0001488	Bilateral ptosis	Occasional (5-29%)
HP:0002121	Generalized non-motor (absence) seizure	Occasional (5-29%)
HP:0012469	Infantile spasms	Occasional (5-29%)
HP:0020214	Startle-induced seizure	Occasional (5-29%)

Identifiers

Disease identifiers

Field	Value
Canonical name	tubulinopathy-associated dysgyria
Mondo ID	MONDO:0018763
Orphanet	467166
UMLS	C5568850
MedGen	1800273
GARD	0021944
Is cancer (heuristic)	no

Also known as: brain stem asymmetry-superior cerebellar and basal ganglia dysplasia syndrome

Data availability: 9 ClinVar variants · 3 GenCC gene-disease records.

Disease family

Classification path: disease › human disease › disease by body system or component › nervous system disorder › central nervous system malformation › tubulinopathy-associated dysgyria

Related subtypes (53): craniosynostosis-Dandy-Walker malformation-hydrocephalus syndrome, Aase-Smith syndrome, arachnoid cyst, facial dysmorphism-macrocephaly-myopia-Dandy-Walker malformation syndrome, Dandy-Walker malformation-postaxial polydactyly syndrome, cervical hypertrichosis-peripheral neuropathy syndrome, Joubert syndrome with oculorenal defect, NPHP3-related Meckel-like syndrome, orofaciodigital syndrome type 6, X-linked intellectual disability-cerebellar hypoplasia syndrome, syndromic X-linked intellectual disability Najm type, X-linked cerebral-cerebellar-coloboma syndrome syndrome, syndromic X-linked intellectual disability 5, holoprosencephaly-hypokinesia-congenital contractures syndrome, aprosencephaly cerebellar dysgenesis, Gomez-Lopez-Hernandez syndrome, PHACE syndrome, B4GALT1-congenital disorder of glycosylation, permanent neonatal diabetes mellitus-pancreatic and cerebellar agenesis syndrome, hypomyelinating leukodystrophy 8 with or without oligodontia and-or hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, pontine tegmental cap dysplasia, ataxia - intellectual disability - oculomotor apraxia - cerebellar cysts syndrome, cerebellar-facial-dental syndrome, lethal fetal cerebrorenogenitourinary agenesis/hypoplasia syndrome, autosomal recessive spinocerebellar ataxia 20, SLC39A8-CDG, severe intellectual disability-corpus callosum agenesis-facial dysmorphism-cerebellar ataxia syndrome, TELO2-related intellectual disability-neurodevelopmental disorder, isolated cerebellar vermis hypoplasia, cerebral gigantism-jaw cysts syndrome, holoprosencephaly-caudal dysgenesis syndrome, Joubert syndrome with ocular defect, macrocephaly-short stature-paraplegia syndrome, glioependymal/ependymal cyst, isolated cerebellar vermis agenesis, isolated unilateral hemispheric cerebellar hypoplasia, isolated bilateral hemispheric cerebellar hypoplasia, Hoyeraal-Hreidarsson syndrome, neural tube defect, partial corpus callosum agenesis-cerebellar vermis hypoplasia with posterior fossa cysts syndrome, X-linked intellectual disability-cerebellar hypoplasia-spondylo-epiphyseal dysplasia syndrome, global developmental delay-visual anomalies-progressive cerebellar atrophy-truncal hypotonia syndrome, rhombencephalosynapsis, Lhermitte-Duclos disease, Ritscher-Schinzel syndrome, spinal muscular atrophy-Dandy-Walker malformation-cataracts syndrome, cystic malformation of the posterior fossa, pontocerebellar hypoplasia, congenital labioscrotal agenesis-cerebellar malformation-corneal dystrophy-facial dysmorphism syndrome, childhood-onset motor and cognitive regression syndrome with extrapyramidal movement disorder, overgrowth syndrome and/or cerebral malformations due to abnormalities in MTOR pathway genes, hereditary cerebral malformation, isolated arhinencephaly

Genetics & variants

GWAS landscape

No GWAS associations recorded — common-variant (GWAS) studies don’t cover this disease (typical for Mendelian / rare diseases). See the curated gene cohort and Mendelian overlap below.

Variant details and genetic-evidence tiers

ClinVar germline variants

9 retrieved; paginated sample, class counts are floors:

3 pathogenic/likely pathogenic, 3 pathogenic, 3 conflicting classifications of pathogenicity

ClinVar	Variant (HGVS)	Gene	Classification	Review
1206718	NM_006009.4(TUBA1A):c.967G>A (p.Val323Met)	TUBA1A	Pathogenic/Likely pathogenic	criteria provided, multiple submitters, no conflicts
1330376	NM_006009.4(TUBA1A):c.656T>C (p.Ile219Thr)	TUBA1A	Pathogenic	criteria provided, single submitter
1330377	NM_006009.4(TUBA1A):c.1264C>A (p.Arg422Ser)	TUBA1A	Pathogenic	criteria provided, single submitter
160161	NM_006009.4(TUBA1A):c.5G>A (p.Arg2His)	TUBA1A	Pathogenic/Likely pathogenic	criteria provided, multiple submitters, no conflicts
7071	NM_006009.4(TUBA1A):c.1205G>A (p.Arg402His)	TUBA1A	Pathogenic	criteria provided, multiple submitters, no conflicts
873446	NM_006009.4(TUBA1A):c.1049G>T (p.Gly350Val)	TUBA1A	Pathogenic/Likely pathogenic	criteria provided, multiple submitters, no conflicts
160159	NM_006009.4(TUBA1A):c.521C>T (p.Ala174Val)	TUBA1A	Conflicting classifications of pathogenicity	criteria provided, conflicting classifications
372561	NM_006009.4(TUBA1A):c.652G>A (p.Asp218Asn)	TUBA1A	Conflicting classifications of pathogenicity	criteria provided, conflicting classifications
625511	NM_006009.4(TUBA1A):c.518C>T (p.Pro173Leu)	TUBA1A	Conflicting classifications of pathogenicity	criteria provided, conflicting classifications

Genes & proteins

Mendelian disease overlap and somatic drivers

GenCC: 27 · Orphanet: 11 · OMIM-shared: 0 · Dual-evidence (GWAS+Mendelian): 0

GenCC gene–disease validity (cohort genes)

the Disease column is the GenCC-asserted condition — a cohort gene’s strongest validity may be for a related predisposition syndrome.

Gene	Classification	Inheritance	Disease	Records
TUBA1A	Supportive	Autosomal dominant	tubulinopathy-associated dysgyria	7
TUBB2B	Supportive	Autosomal dominant	tubulinopathy-associated dysgyria	9
TUBB3	Supportive	Autosomal dominant	tubulinopathy-associated dysgyria	11

Orphanet rare-disease linkage (cohort genes)

Gene	Orphanet ID	Rare disease
TUBA1A	Orphanet:171680	Lissencephaly due to TUBA1A mutation
TUBA1A	Orphanet:45358	Congenital fibrosis of extraocular muscles
TUBA1A	Orphanet:467166	Tubulinopathy-associated dysgyria
TUBA1A	Orphanet:994	Fetal akinesia deformation sequence
TUBB3	Orphanet:300570	Cortical dysgenesis with pontocerebellar hypoplasia due to TUBB3 mutation
TUBB3	Orphanet:45358	Congenital fibrosis of extraocular muscles
TUBB3	Orphanet:467166	Tubulinopathy-associated dysgyria
TUBB2B	Orphanet:1766	Dysequilibrium syndrome
TUBB2B	Orphanet:300573	Polymicrogyria due to TUBB2B mutation
TUBB2B	Orphanet:45358	Congenital fibrosis of extraocular muscles
TUBB2B	Orphanet:467166	Tubulinopathy-associated dysgyria

Cohort genes → proteins

3 cohort genes, 3 distinct canonical proteins.

Evidence partition

Subset	Genes
multi_evidence	3

Cohort genes (full)

Symbol	HGNC	Ensembl	UniProt	Name	Evidence
TUBA1A	HGNC:20766	ENSG00000167552	Q71U36	Tubulin alpha-1A chain	gencc,clinvar
TUBB3	HGNC:20772	ENSG00000258947	Q13509	Tubulin beta-3 chain	gencc
TUBB2B	HGNC:30829	ENSG00000137285	Q9BVA1	Tubulin beta-2B chain	gencc

Cohort function summary

Lead sentence per gene, UniProt-curated.

Symbol	Protein name	Function (lead sentence)
TUBA1A	Tubulin alpha-1A chain	Tubulin is the major constituent of microtubules, a cylinder consisting of laterally associated linear protofilaments composed of alpha- and beta-tubulin heterodimers.
TUBB3	Tubulin beta-3 chain	Tubulin is the major constituent of microtubules, protein filaments consisting of alpha- and beta-tubulin heterodimers.
TUBB2B	Tubulin beta-2B chain	Tubulin is the major constituent of microtubules, a cylinder consisting of laterally associated linear protofilaments composed of alpha- and beta-tubulin heterodimers.

Protein-family classification

Druggable: 0 · Difficult: 0 · Unknown: 3 · Druggable fraction: 0.0

Family distribution

Cohort families vs a genome-wide background (hypergeometric, BH-FDR; fold = observed/expected). Counts kept; sorted by enrichment, so the catch-all Other/Unknown bucket no longer leads.

Family	Genes	Fold	FDR
Other/Unknown	3	1.8×	0.174

Per-gene assignment

Symbol	Family	Druggable?	EC	InterPro (top 3)
TUBA1A	Other/Unknown	no		Tubulin, Alpha_tubulin, Tubulin_FtsZ_GTPase
TUBB3	Other/Unknown	no		Tubulin, Beta_tubulin, Tubulin_FtsZ_GTPase
TUBB2B	Other/Unknown	no		Tubulin, Beta_tubulin, Tubulin_FtsZ_GTPase

Expression context

Cohort genes with no expression data: 0.

3 cohort genes are a single-cell marker in ≥1 SCXA experiment.

Breadth distribution (Bgee present_calls)

Bucket	Genes
narrow (1-5 tissues)	0
moderate (6-20)	0
broad (>20)	3
unknown	0

Top tissues across cohort

Tissue	Cohort genes
cortical plate	3
ganglionic eminence	3
endothelial cell	1
embryo	1
ventricular zone	1

Per-gene tissue summary (top 30)

Symbol	Bgee breadth	FANTOM5 breadth	SCXA	Top tissues
TUBA1A	288	ubiquitous	marker	endothelial cell, cortical plate, ganglionic eminence
TUBB3	144	ubiquitous	marker	cortical plate, ganglionic eminence, embryo
TUBB2B	265	ubiquitous	marker	cortical plate, ganglionic eminence, ventricular zone

Protein interactions among cohort

Intra-cohort edges: 3.

Hub genes (top 10 by interactor count)

Symbol	Interactor count
TUBB3	6,797
TUBB2B	4,736
TUBA1A	1,436

Intra-cohort edges

A	B	Sources
TUBA1A	TUBB2B	intact
TUBA1A	TUBB3	intact
TUBB2B	TUBB3	biogrid_interaction

Structural data

PDB: 3 · AlphaFold-only: 0 · No structure: 0

Cohort genes with PDB structures (top 30)

Symbol	UniProt	PDB entries
TUBB3	Q13509	28
TUBA1A	Q71U36	15
TUBB2B	Q9BVA1	3

Function

Pathway analysis

Distinct Reactome pathways touched by cohort: 93. Enrichment computed across 3 evidence-associated genes (3 with Reactome annotation).

Pathways by enrichment

Over-representation of cohort genes vs the genome-wide background (hypergeometric test, Benjamini-Hochberg FDR; fold = observed/expected over 3 annotated cohort genes). Counts and members are kept as ground-truth; sorted by enrichment.

Pathway	Cohort genes	Fold	FDR	Sample cohort genes
Microtubule-dependent trafficking of connexons from Golgi to the plasma membrane	3	543.8×	2e-07	TUBA1A, TUBB3, TUBB2B
Transport of connexons to the plasma membrane	3	543.8×	2e-07	TUBA1A, TUBB3, TUBB2B
Gap junction trafficking and regulation	3	475.8×	2e-07	TUBA1A, TUBB3, TUBB2B
Gap junction trafficking	3	475.8×	2e-07	TUBA1A, TUBB3, TUBB2B
Post-chaperonin tubulin folding pathway	3	475.8×	2e-07	TUBA1A, TUBB3, TUBB2B
Formation of tubulin folding intermediates by CCT/TriC	3	423.0×	2e-07	TUBA1A, TUBB3, TUBB2B
Cooperation of Prefoldin and TriC/CCT in actin and tubulin folding	3	407.9×	2e-07	TUBA1A, TUBB3, TUBB2B
Prefoldin mediated transfer of substrate to CCT/TriC	3	393.8×	2e-07	TUBA1A, TUBB3, TUBB2B
Activation of AMPK downstream of NMDARs	3	380.7×	2e-07	TUBA1A, TUBB3, TUBB2B
RHO GTPases activate IQGAPs	3	346.1×	2e-07	TUBA1A, TUBB3, TUBB2B
Sealing of the nuclear envelope (NE) by ESCRT-III	3	346.1×	2e-07	TUBA1A, TUBB3, TUBB2B
HCMV Infection	3	326.3×	2e-07	TUBA1A, TUBB3, TUBB2B
Chaperonin-mediated protein folding	3	300.5×	2e-07	TUBA1A, TUBB3, TUBB2B
Gap junction assembly	3	292.8×	2e-07	TUBA1A, TUBB3, TUBB2B
Nuclear Envelope (NE) Reassembly	3	292.8×	2e-07	TUBA1A, TUBB3, TUBB2B
Selective autophagy	3	278.5×	2e-07	TUBA1A, TUBB3, TUBB2B
Protein folding	3	259.6×	3e-07	TUBA1A, TUBB3, TUBB2B
Assembly and cell surface presentation of NMDA receptors	3	253.8×	3e-07	TUBA1A, TUBB3, TUBB2B
Cargo trafficking to the periciliary membrane	3	248.3×	3e-07	TUBA1A, TUBB3, TUBB2B
Aggrephagy	3	248.3×	3e-07	TUBA1A, TUBB3, TUBB2B
Carboxyterminal post-translational modifications of tubulin	3	237.9×	3e-07	TUBA1A, TUBB3, TUBB2B
Recycling pathway of L1	3	223.9×	4e-07	TUBA1A, TUBB3, TUBB2B
COPI-independent Golgi-to-ER retrograde traffic	3	207.6×	4e-07	TUBA1A, TUBB3, TUBB2B
Post NMDA receptor activation events	3	203.9×	4e-07	TUBA1A, TUBB3, TUBB2B
Intraflagellar transport	3	200.3×	4e-07	TUBA1A, TUBB3, TUBB2B
Antimicrobial mechanism of IFN-stimulated genes	3	196.9×	4e-07	TUBA1A, TUBB3, TUBB2B
HSP90 chaperone cycle for steroid hormone receptors (SHR) in the presence of ligand	3	193.6×	5e-07	TUBA1A, TUBB3, TUBB2B
Activation of NMDA receptors and postsynaptic events	3	184.2×	5e-07	TUBA1A, TUBB3, TUBB2B
Signaling by Hedgehog	3	184.2×	5e-07	TUBA1A, TUBB3, TUBB2B
Hedgehog ‘off’ state	3	178.4×	5e-07	TUBA1A, TUBB3, TUBB2B

GO biological processes by enrichment

Over-representation of cohort genes vs the genome-wide background (hypergeometric test, Benjamini-Hochberg FDR; fold = observed/expected over 3 annotated cohort genes). Counts and members are kept as ground-truth; sorted by enrichment.

GO term	Cohort genes	Fold	FDR	Sample cohort genes
mitotic cell cycle	3	133.8×	1e-05	TUBA1A, TUBB3, TUBB2B
microtubule cytoskeleton organization	3	121.2×	1e-05	TUBA1A, TUBB3, TUBB2B
microtubule-based process	2	660.9×	4e-05	TUBA1A, TUBB2B
cerebral cortex development	2	137.0×	7e-04	TUBA1A, TUBB2B
neuron migration	2	89.2×	0.001	TUBA1A, TUBB2B
positive regulation of axon guidance	1	2808.7×	0.002	TUBB2B
pyramidal neuron differentiation	1	1123.5×	0.004	TUBA1A
dorsal root ganglion development	1	1123.5×	0.004	TUBB3
cerebellar cortex morphogenesis	1	936.2×	0.005	TUBA1A
neuron projection arborization	1	624.1×	0.006	TUBA1A
response to L-glutamate	1	561.7×	0.006	TUBA1A
forebrain morphogenesis	1	468.1×	0.007	TUBA1A
organelle transport along microtubule	1	401.2×	0.007	TUBA1A
startle response	1	374.5×	0.007	TUBA1A
locomotory exploration behavior	1	330.4×	0.007	TUBA1A
cytoskeleton-dependent intracellular transport	1	312.1×	0.007	TUBA1A
glial cell differentiation	1	295.6×	0.007	TUBA1A
microtubule polymerization	1	295.6×	0.007	TUBA1A
embryonic brain development	1	267.5×	0.008	TUBB2B
regulation of synapse organization	1	216.1×	0.009	TUBA1A
dentate gyrus development	1	208.1×	0.009	TUBA1A
response to tumor necrosis factor	1	208.1×	0.009	TUBA1A
motor behavior	1	187.2×	0.009	TUBA1A
homeostasis of number of cells within a tissue	1	147.8×	0.011	TUBA1A
centrosome cycle	1	112.3×	0.014	TUBA1A
visual learning	1	102.1×	0.014	TUBA1A
adult locomotory behavior	1	100.3×	0.014	TUBA1A
response to mechanical stimulus	1	100.3×	0.014	TUBA1A
synapse organization	1	93.6×	0.014	TUBA1A
cellular response to calcium ion	1	66.9×	0.019	TUBA1A

Therapeutics

Drug target analysis

Approved (phase 4): 3 · Phase ≥3: 3 · Phased (≥1): 3 · Undrugged: 0

Druggability breadth: 3 of 3 evidence-associated genes (100%) have a ChEMBL target (buckets above are over the deeply-mined display cohort).

Genes with an approved drug

The molecule shown is one approved compound that hits the gene — not necessarily a drug of choice or one indicated for this disease.

Symbol	Example approved molecule
TUBA1A	COLCHICINE
TUBB3	COLCHICINE
TUBB2B	COLCHICINE

Top cohort targets by molecule count

Symbol	Molecules	Max phase
TUBA1A	22	4
TUBB3	21	4
TUBB2B	21	4

Drugs targeting cohort genes (top 30)

Molecule	Max phase	Targets in cohort
COLCHICINE	4	TUBA1A, TUBB2B, TUBB3
VINBLASTINE	4	TUBA1A, TUBB2B, TUBB3
LEVOFLOXACIN ANHYDROUS	4	TUBA1A, TUBB2B, TUBB3
DOCETAXEL	4	TUBA1A, TUBB2B, TUBB3
NOSCAPINE	4	TUBA1A, TUBB2B, TUBB3
VINBLASTINE SULFATE	4	TUBA1A, TUBB2B, TUBB3
PACLITAXEL	4	TUBA1A, TUBB2B, TUBB3
LEVOFLOXACIN	4	TUBA1A, TUBB2B, TUBB3
VINORELBINE	4	TUBA1A, TUBB2B, TUBB3
TIRBANIBULIN	4	TUBA1A, TUBB2B, TUBB3
PODOFILOX	4	TUBA1A, TUBB2B, TUBB3
VINCRISTINE	4	TUBA1A, TUBB2B, TUBB3
DOCETAXEL ANHYDROUS	4	TUBA1A, TUBB2B, TUBB3
PATUPILONE	3	TUBA1A, TUBB2B, TUBB3
ABT-751	2	TUBA1A, TUBB2B, TUBB3
MAYTANSINE	2	TUBA1A, TUBB2B, TUBB3
DOLASTATIN-10	2	TUBA1A, TUBB2B, TUBB3
INDIBULIN	2	TUBA1A, TUBB2B, TUBB3
PARBENDAZOLE	2	TUBA1A, TUBB2B, TUBB3
NOCODAZOLE	2	TUBA1A, TUBB2B, TUBB3
MOLIBRESIB	2	TUBA1A
COMBRETASTATIN	1	TUBA1A, TUBB2B, TUBB3

Bioactivity and enzyme data

Enzyme cohort genes (≥1 EC): 0.

Cohort genes with ChEMBL bioactivity (full, sorted by assay count)

Symbol	Assays	Type breakdown
TUBB3	1,781	Binding:1741, Functional:34, ADMET:6
TUBB2B	1,757	Binding:1717, Functional:34, ADMET:6
TUBA1A	1,696	Binding:1655, Functional:35, ADMET:6

Cohort genes with high screening signal

≥100 ChEMBL assays — a studied-ness signal; see Therapeutics for approved-drug status.

Symbol	ChEMBL assays
TUBA1A	1,696
TUBB3	1,781
TUBB2B	1,757

Pharmacogenomics

Cohort genes with a PharmGKB record: 3; with CPIC/DPWG dosing guidelines: 0.

No cohort gene has a CPIC/DPWG genotype-guided dosing guideline (PharmGKB).

Chemical tractability of cohort targets

22 approved/phased compounds have measured bioactivity against a cohort gene (and aren’t yet in disease-level trials). This is a research / tractability signal, NOT a therapeutic recommendation — a bioactivity row often reflects off-target or screening binding (e.g. promiscuous kinase inhibitors against a cohort kinase), implying no disease mechanism.

Compound	Max phase	Cohort target (bioactivity)
COLCHICINE	4	TUBA1A, TUBB2B, TUBB3
VINBLASTINE	4	TUBA1A, TUBB2B, TUBB3
LEVOFLOXACIN ANHYDROUS	4	TUBA1A, TUBB2B, TUBB3
DOCETAXEL	4	TUBA1A, TUBB2B, TUBB3
NOSCAPINE	4	TUBA1A, TUBB2B, TUBB3
VINBLASTINE SULFATE	4	TUBA1A, TUBB2B, TUBB3
PACLITAXEL	4	TUBA1A, TUBB2B, TUBB3
LEVOFLOXACIN	4	TUBA1A, TUBB2B, TUBB3
VINORELBINE	4	TUBA1A, TUBB2B, TUBB3
TIRBANIBULIN	4	TUBA1A, TUBB2B, TUBB3
PODOFILOX	4	TUBA1A, TUBB2B, TUBB3
VINCRISTINE	4	TUBA1A, TUBB2B, TUBB3
DOCETAXEL ANHYDROUS	4	TUBA1A, TUBB2B, TUBB3
PATUPILONE	3	TUBA1A, TUBB2B, TUBB3
ABT-751	2	TUBA1A, TUBB2B, TUBB3
MAYTANSINE	2	TUBA1A, TUBB2B, TUBB3
DOLASTATIN-10	2	TUBA1A, TUBB2B, TUBB3
INDIBULIN	2	TUBA1A, TUBB2B, TUBB3
PARBENDAZOLE	2	TUBA1A, TUBB2B, TUBB3
NOCODAZOLE	2	TUBA1A, TUBB2B, TUBB3
MOLIBRESIB	2	TUBA1A
COMBRETASTATIN	1	TUBA1A, TUBB2B, TUBB3

Druggability pyramid

Cohort genes binned by druggability tier (high → low):

Tier	Definition	Genes	Symbols
A	Approved (phase 4 drug)	3	TUBA1A, TUBB3, TUBB2B
B	Phased (≥1) drug, not yet approved	0
C	Druggable family + PDB, no drug	0
D	Druggable family + AlphaFold only, no drug	0
E	Difficult family or no structure, no drug	0

Undrugged target profiles

0 cohort genes are undrugged. Ranked by ‘starting-point quality’ (assay depth + drugged-partner adjacency).

Clinical trials & evidence

Clinical trials

Clinical trials: 0.