Tubulinopathy

Summary

Tubulinopathy (MONDO:0100153) is a disease with 3 cohort genes. The dominant Reactome pathway is Microtubule-dependent trafficking of connexons from Golgi to the plasma membrane (3 cohort genes).

At a glance

• Cohort genes: 3
• ClinVar variants: 117

Clinical features

No curated clinical features (Orphanet) for this disease.

Identifiers

Disease identifiers

Field	Value
Canonical name	tubulinopathy
Mondo ID	MONDO:0100153
DOID	DOID:0112227
Is cancer (heuristic)	no

Data availability: 117 ClinVar variants.

Disease family

An umbrella term covering 4 Mondo subtypes.

Classification path: disease › human disease › disease by body system or component › nervous system disorder › tubulinopathy

Related subtypes (71): congenital nervous system disorder, central nervous system disorder, autoimmune disorder of the nervous system, cranial nerve neuropathy, peripheral nervous system disorder, neuronitis, diplegia of upper limb, retinal disorder, developmental disability, restless legs syndrome, movement disorder, toxic encephalopathy, Barre-Lieou syndrome, Gerstmann syndrome, drug-induced akathisia, drug-induced dyskinesia, stiff-person syndrome, Worster-Drought syndrome, corneal-cerebellar syndrome, pachygyria-intellectual disability-epilepsy syndrome, porencephaly-cerebellar hypoplasia-internal malformations syndrome, symmetrical thalamic calcifications, neonatal brainstem dysfunction, primary orthostatic hypotension, rippling muscle disease with myasthenia gravis, periodic paralysis, qualitative or quantitative protein defects in neuromuscular diseases, specific learning disability, cerebellar hypoplasia-tapetoretinal degeneration syndrome, locked-in syndrome, dopa-responsive dystonia, idiopathic recurrent stupor, chronic lymphocytic inflammation with pontine perivascular enhancement responsive to steroids, spontaneous periodic hypothermia, Sydenham chorea, duplication of the pituitary gland, Balint syndrome, paraneoplastic neurologic syndrome, persistent idiopathic facial pain, serotonin syndrome, hypothalamic adipsic hypernatraemia syndrome, exercise-induced malignant hyperthermia, perineural cyst, neuromuscular disease, neuromyelitis optica, AL amyloidosis, AA amyloidosis, neuroleptic malignant syndrome, infectious disorder of the nervous system, central nervous system malformation, synaptopathy, nervous system neoplasm, sensory ganglionopathy, radiculitis, wet beriberi, perceptual disorders, prepubertal anorexia nervosa, neurocutaneous syndrome, neurovascular disorder, Wallerian degeneration, nervous system injury, neurosarcoidosis, neuroendocrine disorder, atactic disorder, hereditary neurological disease, meningitis-retention syndrome, KIF1A related neurological disorder, neurological pain disorder, neurodevelopmental disorder, post 5-alpha-reductase inhibitors treatment syndrome, post-selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor sexual dysfunction

Subtypes (4): complex cortical dysplasia with other brain malformations 5, tubulinopathy-associated dysgyria, Uner Tan Syndrome, TUBB3-related tubulinopathy

Genetics & variants

GWAS landscape

No GWAS associations recorded — common-variant (GWAS) studies don’t cover this disease (typical for Mendelian / rare diseases). See the curated gene cohort and Mendelian overlap below.

Variant details and genetic-evidence tiers

ClinVar germline variants

117 retrieved; paginated sample, class counts are floors:

39 pathogenic, 35 pathogenic/likely pathogenic, 31 likely pathogenic, 12 conflicting classifications of pathogenicity

ClinVar	Variant (HGVS)	Gene	Classification	Review
160143	NM_006009.4(TUBA1A):c.1148C>T (p.Ala383Val)	TUBA1A	Pathogenic/Likely pathogenic	criteria provided, multiple submitters, no conflicts
160146	NM_006009.4(TUBA1A):c.1204C>T (p.Arg402Cys)	TUBA1A	Pathogenic/Likely pathogenic	criteria provided, multiple submitters, no conflicts
160147	NM_006009.4(TUBA1A):c.1205G>T (p.Arg402Leu)	TUBA1A	Pathogenic	criteria provided, multiple submitters, no conflicts
160148	NM_006009.4(TUBA1A):c.1274T>A (p.Met425Lys)	TUBA1A	Pathogenic/Likely pathogenic	criteria provided, multiple submitters, no conflicts
160158	NM_006009.4(TUBA1A):c.481T>G (p.Tyr161Asp)	TUBA1A	Pathogenic/Likely pathogenic	criteria provided, multiple submitters, no conflicts
160161	NM_006009.4(TUBA1A):c.5G>A (p.Arg2His)	TUBA1A	Pathogenic/Likely pathogenic	criteria provided, multiple submitters, no conflicts
160164	NM_006009.4(TUBA1A):c.808G>T (p.Ala270Ser)	TUBA1A	Pathogenic/Likely pathogenic	criteria provided, multiple submitters, no conflicts
160167	NM_006009.4(TUBA1A):c.986A>G (p.Asn329Ser)	TUBA1A	Pathogenic	criteria provided, multiple submitters, no conflicts
208490	NM_006009.4(TUBA1A):c.1226T>C (p.Val409Ala)	TUBA1A	Pathogenic/Likely pathogenic	criteria provided, multiple submitters, no conflicts
212488	NM_006009.4(TUBA1A):c.1105G>A (p.Ala369Thr)	TUBA1A	Pathogenic/Likely pathogenic	criteria provided, multiple submitters, no conflicts
217023	NM_006009.4(TUBA1A):c.352G>A (p.Val118Met)	TUBA1A	Pathogenic/Likely pathogenic	criteria provided, multiple submitters, no conflicts
265378	NM_006009.4(TUBA1A):c.367C>T (p.Arg123Cys)	TUBA1A	Pathogenic/Likely pathogenic	criteria provided, multiple submitters, no conflicts
287392	NM_006009.4(TUBA1A):c.791G>A (p.Arg264His)	TUBA1A	Pathogenic/Likely pathogenic	criteria provided, multiple submitters, no conflicts
372542	NM_006009.4(TUBA1A):c.641G>A (p.Arg214His)	TUBA1A	Pathogenic/Likely pathogenic	criteria provided, multiple submitters, no conflicts
379329	NM_006009.4(TUBA1A):c.17C>G (p.Ser6Cys)	TUBA1A	Pathogenic/Likely pathogenic	criteria provided, multiple submitters, no conflicts
381537	NM_006009.4(TUBA1A):c.79G>C (p.Glu27Gln)	TUBA1A	Pathogenic	criteria provided, multiple submitters, no conflicts
384538	NM_006009.4(TUBA1A):c.1246G>A (p.Gly416Ser)	TUBA1A	Pathogenic/Likely pathogenic	criteria provided, multiple submitters, no conflicts
418531	NM_006009.4(TUBA1A):c.1168C>T (p.Arg390Cys)	TUBA1A	Pathogenic/Likely pathogenic	criteria provided, multiple submitters, no conflicts
420581	NM_006009.4(TUBA1A):c.190C>T (p.Arg64Trp)	TUBA1A	Pathogenic/Likely pathogenic	criteria provided, multiple submitters, no conflicts
423490	NM_006009.4(TUBA1A):c.1169G>C (p.Arg390Pro)	TUBA1A	Pathogenic/Likely pathogenic	criteria provided, multiple submitters, no conflicts
426640	NM_006009.4(TUBA1A):c.1076C>T (p.Pro359Leu)	TUBA1A	Pathogenic/Likely pathogenic	criteria provided, multiple submitters, no conflicts
427180	NM_006009.4(TUBA1A):c.379G>A (p.Asp127Asn)	TUBA1A	Pathogenic/Likely pathogenic	criteria provided, multiple submitters, no conflicts
427202	NM_006009.4(TUBA1A):c.1148C>A (p.Ala383Asp)	TUBA1A	Pathogenic/Likely pathogenic	criteria provided, multiple submitters, no conflicts
432708	NM_006009.4(TUBA1A):c.641G>T (p.Arg214Leu)	TUBA1A	Pathogenic/Likely pathogenic	criteria provided, multiple submitters, no conflicts
437122	NM_006009.4(TUBA1A):c.368G>A (p.Arg123His)	TUBA1A	Pathogenic/Likely pathogenic	criteria provided, multiple submitters, no conflicts
438298	NM_006009.4(TUBA1A):c.1177C>T (p.His393Tyr)	TUBA1A	Pathogenic	criteria provided, single submitter
438589	NM_006009.4(TUBA1A):c.920C>T (p.Pro307Leu)	TUBA1A	Pathogenic/Likely pathogenic	criteria provided, multiple submitters, no conflicts
449342	NM_006009.4(TUBA1A):c.1096G>A (p.Gly366Arg)	TUBA1A	Pathogenic/Likely pathogenic	criteria provided, multiple submitters, no conflicts
450183	NM_006009.4(TUBA1A):c.1168C>G (p.Arg390Gly)	TUBA1A	Pathogenic/Likely pathogenic	criteria provided, multiple submitters, no conflicts
488628	NM_006009.4(TUBA1A):c.1169G>A (p.Arg390His)	TUBA1A	Pathogenic	criteria provided, multiple submitters, no conflicts

Genes & proteins

Mendelian disease overlap and somatic drivers

GenCC: 0 · Orphanet: 8 · OMIM-shared: 0 · Dual-evidence (GWAS+Mendelian): 0

Orphanet rare-disease linkage (cohort genes)

Gene	Orphanet ID	Rare disease
TUBA1A	Orphanet:171680	Lissencephaly due to TUBA1A mutation
TUBA1A	Orphanet:45358	Congenital fibrosis of extraocular muscles
TUBA1A	Orphanet:467166	Tubulinopathy-associated dysgyria
TUBA1A	Orphanet:994	Fetal akinesia deformation sequence
TUBB2B	Orphanet:1766	Dysequilibrium syndrome
TUBB2B	Orphanet:300573	Polymicrogyria due to TUBB2B mutation
TUBB2B	Orphanet:45358	Congenital fibrosis of extraocular muscles
TUBB2B	Orphanet:467166	Tubulinopathy-associated dysgyria

Cohort genes → proteins

3 cohort genes, 3 distinct canonical proteins.

Evidence partition

Subset	Genes
multi_evidence	3

Cohort genes (full)

Symbol	HGNC	Ensembl	UniProt	Name	Evidence
TUBB2A	HGNC:12412	ENSG00000137267	Q13885	Tubulin beta-2A chain	clinvar
TUBA1A	HGNC:20766	ENSG00000167552	Q71U36	Tubulin alpha-1A chain	clinvar
TUBB2B	HGNC:30829	ENSG00000137285	Q9BVA1	Tubulin beta-2B chain	clinvar

Cohort function summary

Lead sentence per gene, UniProt-curated.

Symbol	Protein name	Function (lead sentence)
TUBB2A	Tubulin beta-2A chain	Tubulin is the major constituent of microtubules, a cylinder consisting of laterally associated linear protofilaments composed of alpha- and beta-tubulin heterodimers.
TUBA1A	Tubulin alpha-1A chain	Tubulin is the major constituent of microtubules, a cylinder consisting of laterally associated linear protofilaments composed of alpha- and beta-tubulin heterodimers.
TUBB2B	Tubulin beta-2B chain	Tubulin is the major constituent of microtubules, a cylinder consisting of laterally associated linear protofilaments composed of alpha- and beta-tubulin heterodimers.

Protein-family classification

Druggable: 0 · Difficult: 0 · Unknown: 3 · Druggable fraction: 0.0

Family distribution

Cohort families vs a genome-wide background (hypergeometric, BH-FDR; fold = observed/expected). Counts kept; sorted by enrichment, so the catch-all Other/Unknown bucket no longer leads.

Family	Genes	Fold	FDR
Other/Unknown	3	1.8×	0.174

Per-gene assignment

Symbol	Family	Druggable?	EC	InterPro (top 3)
TUBB2A	Other/Unknown	no		Tubulin, Beta_tubulin, Tubulin_FtsZ_GTPase
TUBA1A	Other/Unknown	no		Tubulin, Alpha_tubulin, Tubulin_FtsZ_GTPase
TUBB2B	Other/Unknown	no		Tubulin, Beta_tubulin, Tubulin_FtsZ_GTPase

Expression context

Cohort genes with no expression data: 0.

3 cohort genes are a single-cell marker in ≥1 SCXA experiment.

Breadth distribution (Bgee present_calls)

Bucket	Genes
narrow (1-5 tissues)	0
moderate (6-20)	0
broad (>20)	3
unknown	0

Top tissues across cohort

Tissue	Cohort genes
endothelial cell	2
cortical plate	2
ganglionic eminence	2
dorsal root ganglion	1
pons	1
ventricular zone	1

Per-gene tissue summary (top 30)

Symbol	Bgee breadth	FANTOM5 breadth	SCXA	Top tissues
TUBB2A	293	ubiquitous	marker	endothelial cell, dorsal root ganglion, pons
TUBA1A	288	ubiquitous	marker	endothelial cell, cortical plate, ganglionic eminence
TUBB2B	265	ubiquitous	marker	cortical plate, ganglionic eminence, ventricular zone

Protein interactions among cohort

Intra-cohort edges: 2.

Hub genes (top 10 by interactor count)

Symbol	Interactor count
TUBB2A	5,621
TUBB2B	4,736
TUBA1A	1,436

Intra-cohort edges

A	B	Sources
TUBA1A	TUBB2B	intact
TUBB2A	TUBB2B	intact

Structural data

PDB: 3 · AlphaFold-only: 0 · No structure: 0

Cohort genes with PDB structures (top 30)

Symbol	UniProt	PDB entries
TUBA1A	Q71U36	15
TUBB2A	Q13885	3
TUBB2B	Q9BVA1	3

Function

Pathway analysis

Distinct Reactome pathways touched by cohort: 93. Enrichment computed across 3 evidence-associated genes (3 with Reactome annotation).

Pathways by enrichment

Over-representation of cohort genes vs the genome-wide background (hypergeometric test, Benjamini-Hochberg FDR; fold = observed/expected over 3 annotated cohort genes). Counts and members are kept as ground-truth; sorted by enrichment.

Pathway	Cohort genes	Fold	FDR	Sample cohort genes
Microtubule-dependent trafficking of connexons from Golgi to the plasma membrane	3	543.8×	2e-07	TUBB2A, TUBA1A, TUBB2B
Transport of connexons to the plasma membrane	3	543.8×	2e-07	TUBB2A, TUBA1A, TUBB2B
Gap junction trafficking and regulation	3	475.8×	2e-07	TUBB2A, TUBA1A, TUBB2B
Gap junction trafficking	3	475.8×	2e-07	TUBB2A, TUBA1A, TUBB2B
Post-chaperonin tubulin folding pathway	3	475.8×	2e-07	TUBB2A, TUBA1A, TUBB2B
Formation of tubulin folding intermediates by CCT/TriC	3	423.0×	2e-07	TUBB2A, TUBA1A, TUBB2B
Cooperation of Prefoldin and TriC/CCT in actin and tubulin folding	3	407.9×	2e-07	TUBB2A, TUBA1A, TUBB2B
Prefoldin mediated transfer of substrate to CCT/TriC	3	393.8×	2e-07	TUBB2A, TUBA1A, TUBB2B
Activation of AMPK downstream of NMDARs	3	380.7×	2e-07	TUBB2A, TUBA1A, TUBB2B
RHO GTPases activate IQGAPs	3	346.1×	2e-07	TUBB2A, TUBA1A, TUBB2B
Sealing of the nuclear envelope (NE) by ESCRT-III	3	346.1×	2e-07	TUBB2A, TUBA1A, TUBB2B
HCMV Infection	3	326.3×	2e-07	TUBB2A, TUBA1A, TUBB2B
Chaperonin-mediated protein folding	3	300.5×	2e-07	TUBB2A, TUBA1A, TUBB2B
Gap junction assembly	3	292.8×	2e-07	TUBB2A, TUBA1A, TUBB2B
Nuclear Envelope (NE) Reassembly	3	292.8×	2e-07	TUBB2A, TUBA1A, TUBB2B
Selective autophagy	3	278.5×	2e-07	TUBB2A, TUBA1A, TUBB2B
Protein folding	3	259.6×	3e-07	TUBB2A, TUBA1A, TUBB2B
Assembly and cell surface presentation of NMDA receptors	3	253.8×	3e-07	TUBB2A, TUBA1A, TUBB2B
Cargo trafficking to the periciliary membrane	3	248.3×	3e-07	TUBB2A, TUBA1A, TUBB2B
Aggrephagy	3	248.3×	3e-07	TUBB2A, TUBA1A, TUBB2B
Carboxyterminal post-translational modifications of tubulin	3	237.9×	3e-07	TUBB2A, TUBA1A, TUBB2B
Recycling pathway of L1	3	223.9×	4e-07	TUBB2A, TUBA1A, TUBB2B
COPI-independent Golgi-to-ER retrograde traffic	3	207.6×	4e-07	TUBB2A, TUBA1A, TUBB2B
Post NMDA receptor activation events	3	203.9×	4e-07	TUBB2A, TUBA1A, TUBB2B
Intraflagellar transport	3	200.3×	4e-07	TUBB2A, TUBA1A, TUBB2B
Antimicrobial mechanism of IFN-stimulated genes	3	196.9×	4e-07	TUBB2A, TUBA1A, TUBB2B
HSP90 chaperone cycle for steroid hormone receptors (SHR) in the presence of ligand	3	193.6×	5e-07	TUBB2A, TUBA1A, TUBB2B
Activation of NMDA receptors and postsynaptic events	3	184.2×	5e-07	TUBB2A, TUBA1A, TUBB2B
Signaling by Hedgehog	3	184.2×	5e-07	TUBB2A, TUBA1A, TUBB2B
Hedgehog ‘off’ state	3	178.4×	5e-07	TUBB2A, TUBA1A, TUBB2B

GO biological processes by enrichment

Over-representation of cohort genes vs the genome-wide background (hypergeometric test, Benjamini-Hochberg FDR; fold = observed/expected over 3 annotated cohort genes). Counts and members are kept as ground-truth; sorted by enrichment.

GO term	Cohort genes	Fold	FDR	Sample cohort genes
cerebral cortex development	3	205.5×	4e-06	TUBB2A, TUBA1A, TUBB2B
mitotic cell cycle	3	133.8×	5e-06	TUBB2A, TUBA1A, TUBB2B
neuron migration	3	133.8×	5e-06	TUBB2A, TUBA1A, TUBB2B
microtubule cytoskeleton organization	3	121.2×	5e-06	TUBB2A, TUBA1A, TUBB2B
microtubule-based process	2	660.9×	2e-05	TUBA1A, TUBB2B
positive regulation of axon guidance	1	2808.7×	0.002	TUBB2B
pyramidal neuron differentiation	1	1123.5×	0.005	TUBA1A
cerebellar cortex morphogenesis	1	936.2×	0.005	TUBA1A
neuron projection arborization	1	624.1×	0.007	TUBA1A
response to L-glutamate	1	561.7×	0.007	TUBA1A
forebrain morphogenesis	1	468.1×	0.007	TUBA1A
organelle transport along microtubule	1	401.2×	0.007	TUBA1A
startle response	1	374.5×	0.007	TUBA1A
locomotory exploration behavior	1	330.4×	0.007	TUBA1A
cytoskeleton-dependent intracellular transport	1	312.1×	0.007	TUBA1A
glial cell differentiation	1	295.6×	0.007	TUBA1A
microtubule polymerization	1	295.6×	0.007	TUBA1A
embryonic brain development	1	267.5×	0.008	TUBB2B
regulation of synapse organization	1	216.1×	0.008	TUBA1A
dentate gyrus development	1	208.1×	0.008	TUBA1A
response to tumor necrosis factor	1	208.1×	0.008	TUBA1A
motor behavior	1	187.2×	0.009	TUBA1A
homeostasis of number of cells within a tissue	1	147.8×	0.011	TUBA1A
centrosome cycle	1	112.3×	0.014	TUBA1A
visual learning	1	102.1×	0.014	TUBA1A
adult locomotory behavior	1	100.3×	0.014	TUBA1A
response to mechanical stimulus	1	100.3×	0.014	TUBA1A
synapse organization	1	93.6×	0.014	TUBA1A
cellular response to calcium ion	1	66.9×	0.018	TUBA1A
neuron apoptotic process	1	61.7×	0.018	TUBA1A

Therapeutics

Drug target analysis

Approved (phase 4): 3 · Phase ≥3: 3 · Phased (≥1): 3 · Undrugged: 0

Druggability breadth: 3 of 3 evidence-associated genes (100%) have a ChEMBL target (buckets above are over the deeply-mined display cohort).

Genes with an approved drug

The molecule shown is one approved compound that hits the gene — not necessarily a drug of choice or one indicated for this disease.

Symbol	Example approved molecule
TUBB2A	COLCHICINE
TUBA1A	COLCHICINE
TUBB2B	COLCHICINE

Top cohort targets by molecule count

Symbol	Molecules	Max phase
TUBA1A	22	4
TUBB2A	21	4
TUBB2B	21	4

Drugs targeting cohort genes (top 30)

Molecule	Max phase	Targets in cohort
COLCHICINE	4	TUBA1A, TUBB2A, TUBB2B
VINBLASTINE	4	TUBA1A, TUBB2A, TUBB2B
LEVOFLOXACIN ANHYDROUS	4	TUBA1A, TUBB2A, TUBB2B
DOCETAXEL	4	TUBA1A, TUBB2A, TUBB2B
NOSCAPINE	4	TUBA1A, TUBB2A, TUBB2B
VINBLASTINE SULFATE	4	TUBA1A, TUBB2A, TUBB2B
PACLITAXEL	4	TUBA1A, TUBB2A, TUBB2B
LEVOFLOXACIN	4	TUBA1A, TUBB2A, TUBB2B
VINORELBINE	4	TUBA1A, TUBB2A, TUBB2B
TIRBANIBULIN	4	TUBA1A, TUBB2A, TUBB2B
PODOFILOX	4	TUBA1A, TUBB2A, TUBB2B
VINCRISTINE	4	TUBA1A, TUBB2A, TUBB2B
DOCETAXEL ANHYDROUS	4	TUBA1A, TUBB2A, TUBB2B
PATUPILONE	3	TUBA1A, TUBB2A, TUBB2B
ABT-751	2	TUBA1A, TUBB2A, TUBB2B
MAYTANSINE	2	TUBA1A, TUBB2A, TUBB2B
DOLASTATIN-10	2	TUBA1A, TUBB2A, TUBB2B
INDIBULIN	2	TUBA1A, TUBB2A, TUBB2B
PARBENDAZOLE	2	TUBA1A, TUBB2A, TUBB2B
NOCODAZOLE	2	TUBA1A, TUBB2A, TUBB2B
MOLIBRESIB	2	TUBA1A
COMBRETASTATIN	1	TUBA1A, TUBB2A, TUBB2B

Bioactivity and enzyme data

Enzyme cohort genes (≥1 EC): 0.

Cohort genes with ChEMBL bioactivity (full, sorted by assay count)

Symbol	Assays	Type breakdown
TUBB2A	1,758	Binding:1718, Functional:34, ADMET:6
TUBB2B	1,757	Binding:1717, Functional:34, ADMET:6
TUBA1A	1,696	Binding:1655, Functional:35, ADMET:6

Cohort genes with high screening signal

≥100 ChEMBL assays — a studied-ness signal; see Therapeutics for approved-drug status.

Symbol	ChEMBL assays
TUBB2A	1,758
TUBA1A	1,696
TUBB2B	1,757

Pharmacogenomics

Cohort genes with a PharmGKB record: 3; with CPIC/DPWG dosing guidelines: 0.

No cohort gene has a CPIC/DPWG genotype-guided dosing guideline (PharmGKB).

Chemical tractability of cohort targets

22 approved/phased compounds have measured bioactivity against a cohort gene (and aren’t yet in disease-level trials). This is a research / tractability signal, NOT a therapeutic recommendation — a bioactivity row often reflects off-target or screening binding (e.g. promiscuous kinase inhibitors against a cohort kinase), implying no disease mechanism.

Compound	Max phase	Cohort target (bioactivity)
COLCHICINE	4	TUBA1A, TUBB2A, TUBB2B
VINBLASTINE	4	TUBA1A, TUBB2A, TUBB2B
LEVOFLOXACIN ANHYDROUS	4	TUBA1A, TUBB2A, TUBB2B
DOCETAXEL	4	TUBA1A, TUBB2A, TUBB2B
NOSCAPINE	4	TUBA1A, TUBB2A, TUBB2B
VINBLASTINE SULFATE	4	TUBA1A, TUBB2A, TUBB2B
PACLITAXEL	4	TUBA1A, TUBB2A, TUBB2B
LEVOFLOXACIN	4	TUBA1A, TUBB2A, TUBB2B
VINORELBINE	4	TUBA1A, TUBB2A, TUBB2B
TIRBANIBULIN	4	TUBA1A, TUBB2A, TUBB2B
PODOFILOX	4	TUBA1A, TUBB2A, TUBB2B
VINCRISTINE	4	TUBA1A, TUBB2A, TUBB2B
DOCETAXEL ANHYDROUS	4	TUBA1A, TUBB2A, TUBB2B
PATUPILONE	3	TUBA1A, TUBB2A, TUBB2B
ABT-751	2	TUBA1A, TUBB2A, TUBB2B
MAYTANSINE	2	TUBA1A, TUBB2A, TUBB2B
DOLASTATIN-10	2	TUBA1A, TUBB2A, TUBB2B
INDIBULIN	2	TUBA1A, TUBB2A, TUBB2B
PARBENDAZOLE	2	TUBA1A, TUBB2A, TUBB2B
NOCODAZOLE	2	TUBA1A, TUBB2A, TUBB2B
MOLIBRESIB	2	TUBA1A
COMBRETASTATIN	1	TUBA1A, TUBB2A, TUBB2B

Druggability pyramid

Cohort genes binned by druggability tier (high → low):

Tier	Definition	Genes	Symbols
A	Approved (phase 4 drug)	3	TUBB2A, TUBA1A, TUBB2B
B	Phased (≥1) drug, not yet approved	0
C	Druggable family + PDB, no drug	0
D	Druggable family + AlphaFold only, no drug	0
E	Difficult family or no structure, no drug	0

Undrugged target profiles

0 cohort genes are undrugged. Ranked by ‘starting-point quality’ (assay depth + drugged-partner adjacency).

Clinical trials & evidence

Clinical trials

Clinical trials: 0.