Urinary tract infection

Summary

Urinary tract infection (MONDO:0100338) is a disease (an umbrella term covering 5 Mondo subtypes) with 13 GWAS associations across 28 studies and 551 clinical trials. Top therapeutic interventions include fosfomycin, nitrofurantoin, and ciprofloxacin. A subtype of urinary system disorder — broader associated-gene and molecular evidence is on the parent page (see Disease family below).

At a glance

• Umbrella term: 5 Mondo subtypes
• GWAS associations: 13
• Clinical trials: 551

Clinical features

No curated clinical features (Orphanet) for this disease.

Identifiers

Disease identifiers

Field	Value
Canonical name	urinary tract infection
Mondo ID	MONDO:0100338
EFO	EFO:0003103
MeSH	D014552
DOID	DOID:0080784
UMLS	C0042029
MedGen	52943
Anatomy (UBERON)	UBERON:0001008
Is cancer (heuristic)	no

Also known as: urinary tract infection (disease)

Data availability: 13 GWAS associations (28 studies).

Disease family

This is a subtype of urinary system disorder. Genetic, therapeutic, and trial evidence is largely curated at the broader-term level — see the parent page for the associated-gene cohort and molecular evidence.

Classification path: disease › human disease › disease by body system or component › urinary system disorder › urinary tract infection

Related subtypes (19): bacteriuria, ureteral disorder, pyuria, urinary tract obstruction, urethral disorder, kidney disorder, urinary bladder disorder, hyperglycinuria, hypercalciuria, absorptive, 2, hypercalciuria, absorptive, 1, megacystis-megaureter syndrome, postorgasmic illness syndrome, congenital urachal anomaly, urinary system neoplasm, urothelial hyperplasia, urolithiasis, meningitis-retention syndrome, paraneoplastic renal syndrome, idiopathic hypercalciuria

Subtypes (5): pyoureter, renal infectious disease, bacterial urinary tract infection, Trichomonas vaginitis urogenital infection, urinary schistosomiasis

Genetics & variants

GWAS landscape

13 GWAS associations across 28 studies. Top hits map to 4 distinct genes (as reported by GWAS).

Top associations by p-value

rsID	p-value	Gene	Risk allele	Odds ratio
rs77924615	4e-18	PDILT	G	0.08
rs414965	4e-11	CLPTM1L	G	0.05
rs771331833	2e-09	SLC30A8 - MED30	A	2.99
rs114370000	2e-08	LINC01823 - LINC01826	C	2.64
chr3:47875364	3e-08		A	1.47
rs189319388	5e-08	GRM7 - LMCD1-AS1	T	1.53
rs3957148	1e-07	MTCO3P1 - HLA-DQB3	G	1.23
rs114573015	2e-07	MIR4423 - SYDE2	G	2.03
rs77031056	3e-07	RN7SL292P - SGO1P2	?
rs141839823	4e-07	LINC01823 - LINC01826	A	1.97
rs11749979	6e-07	SCAMP1-AS1	C	1.28
rs1113439	7e-07	LINC00603	G	1.13

Top studies (by case count)

Study	Lead author	Year	Cases	Controls	Title
GCST90476139	Verma A	2024	46,012	368,445	Diversity and scale: Genetic architecture of 2068 traits in the VA Million Veteran Program.
GCST90281182	Hamilton FW	2023	21,958	464,526	Therapeutic potential of IL6R blockade for the treatment of sepsis and sepsis-related death: A Mendelian randomisation study.
GCST90270867	Butler-Laporte G	2023	21,812	418,432	Increasing serum iron levels and their role in the risk of infectious diseases: a Mendelian randomization approach.
GCST90652045	Liu TY	2025	21,638	192,000	Diversity and longitudinal records: Genetic architecture of disease associations and polygenic risk in the Taiwanese Han population.
GCST90080611	Backman JD	2021	19,361	360,258	Exome sequencing and analysis of 454,787 UK Biobank participants.
GCST90084597	Backman JD	2021	19,361	360,258	Exome sequencing and analysis of 454,787 UK Biobank participants.
GCST90478548	Verma A	2024	15,423	93,003	Diversity and scale: Genetic architecture of 2068 traits in the VA Million Veteran Program.
GCST90480390	Verma A	2024	15,423	93,003	Diversity and scale: Genetic architecture of 2068 traits in the VA Million Veteran Program.
GCST90103968	Tangden T	2022	13,754	323,730	A genome-wide association study in a large community-based cohort identifies multiple loci associated with susceptibility to bacterial and viral infections.
GCST011590	Butler-Laporte G	2020	13,307	53,228	Elevated body-mass index is associated with an increased risk of infectious disease admissions and mortality: a mendelian randomization study.

Variant details and genetic-evidence tiers

Tier distribution (top 50 variants)

Tier	Variants
Tier 1: coding	0
Tier 2: splice/UTR	0
Tier 3: regulatory	0
Tier 4: intronic/intergenic	12

MAF distribution

Bucket	Variants
common (>=0.05)	6
low_freq (0.01-0.05)	3
rare (<0.01)	2
unknown	1

Functional consequences

Consequence	Count
intron_variant	7
intergenic_variant	4
unknown	1

Top variants

rsID	Chr	Pos	Alleles	MAF	Consequence	Gene	p-value	Tier
rs77924615	16	20381010	G>A	0.2	intron_variant	PDILT	4e-18	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs414965	5	1324006	G>A	0.408	intron_variant	CLPTM1L	4e-11	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs771331833	8	117501119	C>A		intron_variant	SLC30A8 - MED30	2e-09	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs114370000	2	122575477	G>C	0.01	intron_variant	LINC01823 - LINC01826	2e-08	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
chr3:47875364				0.006			3e-08	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs189319388	3	7826110	C>T	0.005	intergenic_variant	GRM7 - LMCD1-AS1	5e-08	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs3957148	6	32714360	A>G	0.11	intergenic_variant	MTCO3P1 - HLA-DQB3	1e-07	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs114573015	1	85137368	A>G	0.02	intergenic_variant	MIR4423 - SYDE2	2e-07	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs77031056	7	51807020	T>C	0.05	intergenic_variant	RN7SL292P - SGO1P2	3e-07	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs141839823	2	122551111	G>A,C	0.01	intron_variant	LINC01823 - LINC01826	4e-07	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs11749979	5	78344366	T>C	0.39	intron_variant	SCAMP1-AS1	6e-07	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic
rs1113439	5	39907055	T>C,G	0.3	intron_variant	LINC00603	7e-07	Tier 4: intronic/intergenic

Genes & proteins

No associated-gene cohort resolved for this disease. Atlas builds the molecular and therapeutic sections — associated genes, protein families, druggability, pathways, interactions, and drug associations — by aggregating over a disease’s associated genes (resolved via GWAS / GenCC / ClinVar / CIViC), and none resolved here. This is expected for antibody-mediated, autoimmune, or otherwise non-gene-defined conditions; the curated evidence for this disease is its clinical features, GWAS susceptibility, and clinical trials (above).

Function

No pathway enrichment — requires an associated-gene cohort.

Therapeutics

Drugs indicated for this disease

16 approved, 26 in late-stage (phase 3) trials. Disease-direct ChEMBL indications, not inferred from the associated-gene cohort below.

Drug	Development status
Acetohydroxamic Acid	Approved (phase 4)
Amdinocillin Pivoxil	Approved (phase 4)
Amoxicillin	Approved (phase 4)
Aztreonam	Approved (phase 4)
Cefixime	Approved (phase 4)
Ceftazidime	Approved (phase 4)
Cefuroxime Axetil	Approved (phase 4)
Ciprofloxacin	Approved (phase 4)
Doripenem	Approved (phase 4)
Fluconazole	Approved (phase 4)
Meropenem	Approved (phase 4)
Nitrofurantoin	Approved (phase 4)
Sodium Phosphate, Monobasic	Approved (phase 4)
Sulfamethoxazole	Approved (phase 4)
Trimethoprim	Approved (phase 4)
Vaborbactam	Approved (phase 4)
Cefditoren Pivoxil	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Cefepime	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Ceftriaxone	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Cilastatin	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Clavulanic Acid	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Dexamethasone	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Edetic Acid	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Eravacycline	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Ertapenem	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Flomoxef	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Fosfomycin	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Gepotidacin	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Lactoferrin, Bovine	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Methylprednisolone	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Ofloxacin	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Piperacillin	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Probenecid	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Prulifloxacin	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Sodium Chloride	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Sulbactam	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Sulopenem	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Sulopenem Etzadroxil	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Tamsulosin	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Tazobactam	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Temocillin	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)
Tromethamine	Phase 3 (in late-stage trials)

Earlier-phase candidates (phase 2, investigational — efficacy not yet established): Ascorbic Acid, Avibactam, Cefiderocol, Ceftaroline Fosamil, Ceftolozane, Cholecalciferol, Estradiol, Finafloxacin, Gentamicin, Lidocaine, Omadacycline, Plazomicin.

Clinical trials & evidence

Clinical trials

Clinical trials: 551.

Phase distribution (across all retrieved trials)

Phase	Trials
Not specified	331
PHASE4	82
PHASE3	48
PHASE2	48
PHASE1	22
PHASE2/PHASE3	7
EARLY_PHASE1	7
PHASE1/PHASE2	6

Top trials by phase / activity

NCT	Phase	Status	Title
NCT04095572	PHASE4	RECRUITING	Alternative Prophylaxis in Female Recurrent Urinary Tract Infections
NCT04444440	PHASE4	RECRUITING	Antibiotic Prophylaxis for Bladder Botox
NCT04807894	PHASE4	RECRUITING	Prevention of Recurrent UTI Using Vaginal Testosterone Versus Placebo Placebo
NCT05206500	PHASE4	RECRUITING	NextGen - Clinical Implication of Next Generation Sequencing
NCT05652374	PHASE4	RECRUITING	Gag Therapy for Recurrent Urinary Tract Infection Assessing Comparability to International Nitrofurantoin Gold Standard Study
NCT05723601	PHASE4	ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING	Preference of Women With Recurrent Urinary Tract Infection for Vaginal Estradiol Tablet vs Cream
NCT06353269	PHASE4	ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING	Adherence to Vaginal Estrogen Therapy in Hypoestrogenic Women With Recurrent Urinary Tract Infections
NCT06518291	PHASE4	NOT_YET_RECRUITING	COMPARISON OF NITROFURANTOIN WITH FOSFOMYCIN in TREATING CYSTITIS IN WOMEN
NCT06598514	PHASE4	ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING	Chlorhexidine Lavage for Recurrent Urinary Tract Infection
NCT06953271	PHASE4	NOT_YET_RECRUITING	Methenamine Hippurate Following Intradetrusor OnabotulinumtoxinA Injection
NCT07106125	PHASE4	NOT_YET_RECRUITING	Antibiotics for Kidney Transplant Recipients
NCT07186465	PHASE4	RECRUITING	Microbiome-Modulating Prophylaxis RCT: Antibiotic vs Gynoflor in Postmenopausal Women With Recurrent Cystitis
NCT07501065	PHASE4	NOT_YET_RECRUITING	Prophylactic Antibiotics for Outpatient Urethral Bulking
NCT07508124	PHASE4	RECRUITING	Topical Steroids to Prevent Recurrent Urinary Tract Infections in Uncircumcised Male Infants: a Pilot Study
NCT07532941	PHASE4	NOT_YET_RECRUITING	Clinical Efficacy of Stopping Oral Antibiotics When Symptoms Stop, Compared to ‘Finishing the Course’
NCT00126698	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Prophylactic Antibiotics on Urethral Catheter Withdrawal
NCT00156546	PHASE4	UNKNOWN	Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Antibiotic Prophylaxis in Children With a Previous Urinary Tract Infection
NCT00481689	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Study To Evaluate The Efficacy And Safety Of Ciprofloxacin Extended-Release (Cipro® XR) 1000 mg Tablets Given Once Daily For 7 To 14 Days In The Treatment Of Patients 18 Years Or Older With Complicated Urinary Tract Infections Caused By Pseudomonas Aeruginosa And Other Common Uropathogens
NCT00663806	PHASE4	COMPLETED	A Phase IV Study of Cipro XR in Uncomplicated UTI
NCT00669994	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Trial to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Cipro® XR in Treating Female Patients With Lower Urinary Tract Infections
NCT00676533	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Cipro® XR in Therapeutic Response and Activity (eXtRa) - Assessing Symptom Relief in Urinary Tract Infections
NCT00809913	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Febrile Urinary Tract Infection Randomized Short Treatment Trial
NCT00869427	PHASE4	TERMINATED	Vitamin C for Prevention of Urinary Tract Infections in the Spinal Cord Injured
NCT00873626	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Treatment’s Duration of Acute Uncomplicated Pyelonephritis
NCT00900653	PHASE4	UNKNOWN	Low Dose Estriol With Lactobacilli Treatment for Preventing Recurrent Urinary Tract Infection in Postmenopausal Women
NCT00965848	PHASE4	COMPLETED	A Safety and Efficacy Study of Doripenem in Participants With Nosocomial Pneumonia, Complicated Intra-Abdominal Infections and Urinary Tract Infections
NCT00986102	PHASE4	COMPLETED	PROUD Study: A Prospective Study on the Usage Patterns of Doripenem in the Asia Pacific Region
NCT01039545	PHASE4	TERMINATED	Symptomatic Therapy of Uncomplicated Lower Urinary Tract Infections in the Ambulatory Setting.
NCT01063452	PHASE4	WITHDRAWN	Impact of Atkinson Product Design Urinary Slide Valve Versus Standard Catheter Drainage System on Social Functioning
NCT01092351	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Efficacy and Safety of Nitrofurantoin in the Treatment of Uncomplicated Urinary Tract Infections in Adults
NCT01132131	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Management of Urinary Tract Infections in Primary Care Facilities.
NCT01388413	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Safety and Efficacy of a Weekly Oral Cyclic Antibiotic Programme in the Prevention of Urinary Tract Infection on Neurological Bladder
NCT01450800	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Suppressive Therapy With Oral Antibiotics for Prevention of Postoperative Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)
NCT01488955	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Immediate vs. Conditional Use of Antibiotics in Uncomplicated Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) - ICUTI
NCT01543347	PHASE4	WITHDRAWN	Temocillin Use in Complicated Urinary Tract Infections Due to Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamases (ESBL)/AmpC Enterobacteriaceae
NCT01760109	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Piperacillin Sodium and Sulbactam Sodium for Injection(2:1) for Treatment of Respiratory and Urinary System Infection
NCT01803191	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Efficacy Study of Prophylaxis With Fosfomycin Versus Ciprofloxacin Prior Prostate Biopsy
NCT01820897	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Efficacy of Fosfomycin-Trometamol in Urinary Tract Infection Prophylaxis After Kidney Transplantation
NCT01871753	PHASE4	COMPLETED	The Bacteriuria in Renal Transplantation (BiRT) Study: A Trial Comparing Antibiotics Versus no Treatment in the Prevention of Symptomatic Urinary Tract Infection in Kidney Transplant Recipients With Asymptomatic Bacteriuria
NCT01881165	PHASE4	WITHDRAWN	Cranberry on Urinary Tract Infections

Drugs tested across these trials (top 30)

Molecule	Max phase	Trials referencing
FOSFOMYCIN	4	18
NITROFURANTOIN	4	17
CIPROFLOXACIN	4	14
LEVOFLOXACIN ANHYDROUS	4	14
ERTAPENEM	4	9
GENTAMICIN	4	8
METHENAMINE HIPPURATE	4	7
OFLOXACIN	4	7
TRIMETHOPRIM	4	7
CEPHALEXIN ANHYDROUS	4	6
IMIPENEM ANHYDROUS	4	6
SULFAMETHOXAZOLE	4	6
TAMSULOSIN	4	6
AMIKACIN	4	5
CEFEPIME	4	4
DORIPENEM	4	4
CEFTRIAXONE	4	3
CLAVULANIC ACID	4	3
ESTRADIOL	4	3
MEROPENEM	4	3
PIPERACILLIN	4	3
SOLIFENACIN	4	3
TAZOBACTAM	4	3
AMDINOCILLIN PIVOXIL	4	2
AMPICILLIN	4	2
CHLORHEXIDINE	4	2
CILASTATIN	4	2
FINAFLOXACIN	4	2
NORFLOXACIN	4	2
POVIDONE-IODINE	4	2