Urticaria
diseaseOn this page
Also known as hivesurticaria (disease)Urticarias
Summary
Urticaria (MONDO:0005492) is a disease (an umbrella term covering 14 Mondo subtypes) with 8 cohort genes (52 GWAS associations across 25 studies) and 83 clinical trials. Top therapeutic interventions include desloratadine, cetirizine, and fexofenadine.
At a glance
- Umbrella term: 14 Mondo subtypes
- Cohort genes: 8
- GWAS associations: 52
- ClinVar variants: 2
- Clinical trials: 83
Clinical features
No curated clinical features (Orphanet) for this disease.
Identifiers
Disease identifiers
| Field | Value |
|---|---|
| Canonical name | urticaria |
| Mondo ID | MONDO:0005492 |
| EFO | EFO:0005531 |
| MeSH | D014581 |
| DOID | DOID:1555 |
| ICD-10-CM | L50 |
| NCIT | C3432 |
| SNOMED CT | 126485001 |
| UMLS | C0042109 |
| MedGen | 22587 |
| Is cancer (heuristic) | no |
Also known as: hives · urticaria · urticaria (disease) · Urticarias
Data availability: 2 ClinVar variants · 52 GWAS associations (25 studies) · 1 HPO phenotype.
Disease family
An umbrella term covering 14 Mondo subtypes.
Classification path: disease › human disease › disease by body system or component › integumentary system disorder › skin disorder › dermatitis › urticaria
Related subtypes (32): spongiotic dermatitis, atopic eczema, psoriasis, contact dermatitis, acneiform dermatitis, acrodermatitis, folliculitis, granuloma annulare, granulomatous dermatitis, lichen planus, neurodermatitis, neurotic excoriation, parapsoriasis, pityriasis rosea, seborrheic dermatitis, acanthosis nigricans, dermatosis papulosa nigra, lichen sclerosus et atrophicus, vitiligo, acne, porphyria cutanea tarda, dermatomyositis, acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis, hydroa vacciniforme, autoimmune bullous skin disease, cutaneous vasculitis, skin infection, intertrigo, lipodermatosclerosis, exfoliative dermatitis, radiodermatitis, food dermatitis
Subtypes (14): allergic urticaria, physical urticaria, Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome, pruritic urticarial papules and plaques of pregnancy, urticaria, aquagenic, urticaria, familial localized heat, angioedema, drug rash with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms, cutaneous mastocytosis, cold urticaria, autoimmune urticaria, papular urticaria, idiopathic urticaria, chronic urticaria
Genetics & variants
GWAS landscape
52 GWAS associations across 25 studies. Top hits map to 26 distinct genes (as reported by GWAS).
Top associations by p-value
| rsID | p-value | Gene | Risk allele | Odds ratio |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| rs56043070 | 4e-44 | GCSAML | A | 1.24 |
| rs74227709 | 3e-21 | GCSAML | A | 1.25 |
| rs117754460 | 2e-19 | ZNF728 | C | 3.49 |
| rs6703348 | 8e-18 | OR10J3 - OR10J7P | G | 0.92 |
| rs434124 | 2e-15 | MIR4752 - LILRA5 | C | 1.9 |
| chr1:247559286 | 3e-15 | A | 0.2 | |
| rs386480 | 6e-15 | WHR1 | G | 0.93 |
| rs143871515 | 2e-14 | CTAAT | 0.93 | |
| rs35834008 | 4e-14 | CBLB | C | 1.11 |
| rs139299944 | 7e-14 | HLA-DQA1 | C | 1.1 |
| rs34141382 | 5e-13 | HLA-DQA1 | C | 1.74 |
| rs56404800 | 5e-13 | ZNF469 - ZFPM1 | A | 0.94 |
| rs12493005 | 3e-12 | TBL1XR1 | T | 1.06 |
| rs4410077 | 7e-12 | TPSAB1 - TPSD1 | T | 1.07 |
| rs548663694 | 2e-11 | CNTRL | T | 1.89 |
| rs61986182 | 2e-10 | IGHA1 | C | 1.51 |
| rs73075571 | 3e-10 | LRRC2 - FAM240A | G | 1.63 |
| rs118070675 | 3e-10 | CACNA1H | C | 1.18 |
| rs3024971 | 1e-09 | STAT6 | G | 0.91 |
| rs11030639 | 3e-09 | STIM1 | G | 0.1 |
| chr4:123496893 | 4e-09 | C | 2.95 | |
| rs9378141 | 6e-09 | POLR1HASP, POLR1HASP | C | 1.41 |
| rs3750996 | 9e-09 | STIM1 | G | 0.12 |
| rs143547788 | 1e-08 | TPSB2 | C | 0.14 |
| rs3789612 | 2e-08 | PTPN22, AP4B1-AS1 | T | 2.01 |
| rs1097296 | 2e-08 | ITPKB - RPS27P5 | C | 1.44 |
| chr10:115621299 | 2e-08 | A | 1.33 | |
| chr3:147859368 | 2e-08 | GT | 0.27 | |
| rs2274569 | 3e-08 | SLC35A3 | C | 11.78 |
| rs73141533 | 4e-08 | LINC02421 - LINC01479 | C | 1.41 |
Top studies (by case count)
| Study | Lead author | Year | Cases | Controls | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| GCST90565360 | McSweeney SM | 2023 | 14,306 | 650,664 | Genome-wide meta-analysis implicates variation affecting mast cell biology in urticaria. |
| GCST90473943 | UK Biobank Whole-Genome Sequencing Consortium | 2025 | 10,191 | 448,249 | Whole-genome sequencing of 490,640 UK Biobank participants. |
| GCST90667818 | UK Biobank Whole-Genome Sequencing Consortium | 2025 | 10,191 | 448,249 | Whole-genome sequencing of 490,640 UK Biobank participants. |
| GCST90310300 | Kristjansson RP | 2023 | 9,893 | 162,190 | Sequence variant affects GCSAML splicing, mast cell specific proteins, and risk of urticaria. |
| GCST90018716 | Sakaue S | 2021 | 9,893 | 162,190 | A cross-population atlas of genetic associations for 220 human phenotypes. |
| GCST90651224 | Liu TY | 2025 | 5,699 | 199,253 | Diversity and longitudinal records: Genetic architecture of disease associations and polygenic risk in the Taiwanese Han population. |
| GCST90476291 | Verma A | 2024 | 5,310 | 435,807 | Diversity and scale: Genetic architecture of 2068 traits in the VA Million Veteran Program. |
| GCST90727291 | Kim HI | 2026 | 3,280 | 40,746 | Exome sequencing and analysis of 44,028 British South Asians enriched for high autozygosity. |
| GCST90727038 | Kim HI | 2026 | 3,259 | 40,767 | Exome sequencing and analysis of 44,028 British South Asians enriched for high autozygosity. |
| GCST90479309 | Verma A | 2024 | 2,350 | 115,783 | Diversity and scale: Genetic architecture of 2068 traits in the VA Million Veteran Program. |
Variant details and genetic-evidence tiers
Tier distribution (top 50 variants)
| Tier | Variants |
|---|---|
| Tier 1: coding | 0 |
| Tier 2: splice/UTR | 3 |
| Tier 3: regulatory | 1 |
| Tier 4: intronic/intergenic | 40 |
MAF distribution
| Bucket | Variants |
|---|---|
| common (>=0.05) | 32 |
| low_freq (0.01-0.05) | 3 |
| rare (<0.01) | 1 |
| unknown | 8 |
Functional consequences
| Consequence | Count |
|---|---|
| intron_variant | 23 |
| unknown | 9 |
| intergenic_variant | 7 |
| splice_donor_variant | 1 |
| regulatory_region_variant | 1 |
| 3_prime_UTR_variant | 1 |
| 5_prime_UTR_variant | 1 |
| non_coding_transcript_exon_variant | 1 |
Top variants
| rsID | Chr | Pos | Alleles | MAF | Consequence | Gene | p-value | Tier |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| rs56043070 | 1 | 247556467 | G>A,T | 0.066 | splice_donor_variant | GCSAML | 4e-44 | Tier 2: splice/UTR |
| rs74227709 | 1 | 247559286 | G>A | 0.065 | intron_variant | GCSAML | 3e-21 | Tier 4: intronic/intergenic |
| rs117754460 | 19 | 22989871 | T>C | 0.02 | intron_variant | ZNF728 | 2e-19 | Tier 4: intronic/intergenic |
| rs6703348 | 1 | 159321893 | C>A,G,T | 0.288 | intergenic_variant | OR10J3 - OR10J7P | 8e-18 | Tier 4: intronic/intergenic |
| rs434124 | 19 | 54298727 | G>C | 0.11 | intron_variant | MIR4752 - LILRA5 | 2e-15 | Tier 4: intronic/intergenic |
| chr1:247559286 | 3e-15 | Tier 4: intronic/intergenic | ||||||
| rs386480 | 6 | 31979060 | C>G,T | 0.349 | intron_variant | WHR1 | 6e-15 | Tier 4: intronic/intergenic |
| rs143871515 | 0.326 | 2e-14 | Tier 4: intronic/intergenic | |||||
| rs35834008 | 3 | 105668386 | C>A,T | 0.308 | intron_variant | CBLB | 4e-14 | Tier 4: intronic/intergenic |
| rs139299944 | 6 | 32634889 | C>CT | 0.406 | intergenic_variant | HLA-DQA1 | 7e-14 | Tier 4: intronic/intergenic |
| rs34141382 | 6 | 32640701 | T>C,G | 0.05 | intron_variant | HLA-DQA1 | 5e-13 | Tier 4: intronic/intergenic |
| rs56404800 | 16 | 88449304 | T>A,C,G | 0.283 | regulatory_region_variant | ZNF469 - ZFPM1 | 5e-13 | Tier 3: regulatory |
| rs12493005 | 3 | 177195111 | C>T | 0.41 | intron_variant | TBL1XR1 | 3e-12 | Tier 4: intronic/intergenic |
| rs4410077 | 16 | 1253082 | C>T | 0.461 | intergenic_variant | TPSAB1 - TPSD1 | 7e-12 | Tier 4: intronic/intergenic |
| rs548663694 | 9 | 121141725 | T>C | 0 | intron_variant | CNTRL | 2e-11 | Tier 4: intronic/intergenic |
| rs61986182 | 14 | 105704334 | T>C | 0.22 | intron_variant | IGHA1 | 2e-10 | Tier 4: intronic/intergenic |
| rs73075571 | 3 | 46608221 | A>G | 0.13 | intron_variant | LRRC2 - FAM240A | 3e-10 | Tier 4: intronic/intergenic |
| rs118070675 | 16 | 1206902 | C>G | 0.061 | intron_variant | CACNA1H | 3e-10 | Tier 4: intronic/intergenic |
| rs3024971 | 12 | 57099944 | T>G | 0.102 | intron_variant | STAT6 | 1e-09 | Tier 4: intronic/intergenic |
| rs11030639 | 11 | 4017826 | A>G,T | 0.305 | intron_variant | STIM1 | 3e-09 | Tier 4: intronic/intergenic |
| chr4:123496893 | 4e-09 | Tier 4: intronic/intergenic | ||||||
| rs9378141 | 6 | 29970591 | A>C | 0.31 | intron_variant | POLR1HASP, POLR1HASP | 6e-09 | Tier 4: intronic/intergenic |
| rs3750996 | 11 | 4091970 | A>G | 0.05 | 3_prime_UTR_variant | STIM1 | 9e-09 | Tier 2: splice/UTR |
| rs143547788 | 16 | 1230086 | G>A,C,T | 0.05 | 5_prime_UTR_variant | TPSB2 | 1e-08 | Tier 2: splice/UTR |
| rs3789612 | 1 | 113871486 | C>A,T | 0.04 | intron_variant | PTPN22, AP4B1-AS1 | 2e-08 | Tier 4: intronic/intergenic |
| rs1097296 | 1 | 226755787 | C>G,T | 0.05 | intergenic_variant | ITPKB - RPS27P5 | 2e-08 | Tier 4: intronic/intergenic |
| chr10:115621299 | 2e-08 | Tier 4: intronic/intergenic | ||||||
| chr3:147859368 | 2e-08 | Tier 4: intronic/intergenic | ||||||
| rs2274569 | 1 | 99969523 | T>C,G | 0.066 | non_coding_transcript_exon_variant | SLC35A3 | 3e-08 | Tier 4: intronic/intergenic |
| rs73141533 | 12 | 67790627 | C>A,T | 0.012 | intergenic_variant | LINC02421 - LINC01479 | 4e-08 | Tier 4: intronic/intergenic |
ClinVar germline variants
2 retrieved; paginated sample, class counts are floors:
1 pathogenic, 1 conflicting classifications of pathogenicity
| ClinVar | Variant (HGVS) | Gene | Classification | Review |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1170 | NM_000505.4(F12):c.983C>G (p.Thr328Arg) | F12 | Pathogenic | criteria provided, single submitter |
| 2547 | NM_000243.3(MEFV):c.2084A>G (p.Lys695Arg) | LOC126862264 | Conflicting classifications of pathogenicity | criteria provided, conflicting classifications |
Genes & proteins
Mendelian disease overlap and somatic drivers
GenCC: 0 · Orphanet: 9 · OMIM-shared: 0 · Dual-evidence (GWAS+Mendelian): 0
Orphanet rare-disease linkage (cohort genes)
| Gene | Orphanet ID | Rare disease |
|---|---|---|
| RIMS1 | Orphanet:1872 | Cone rod dystrophy |
| IFT43 | Orphanet:1515 | Cranioectodermal dysplasia |
| IFT43 | Orphanet:791 | Retinitis pigmentosa |
| F12 | Orphanet:100054 | F12-related hereditary angioedema with normal C1Inh |
| F12 | Orphanet:330 | Congenital factor XII deficiency |
| F12 | Orphanet:617919 | F12-associated cold autoinflammatory syndrome |
| AKAP9 | Orphanet:101016 | Romano-Ward syndrome |
| AKAP9 | Orphanet:130 | Brugada syndrome |
| HLF | Orphanet:641375 | B-lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma with t(17;19) |
Cohort genes → proteins
8 cohort genes, 8 distinct canonical proteins.
Evidence partition
| Subset | Genes |
|---|---|
| gwas_only | 7 |
| multi_evidence | 1 |
Cohort genes (full)
| Symbol | HGNC | Ensembl | UniProt | Name | Evidence |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ABI3BP | HGNC:17265 | ENSG00000154175 | Q7Z7G0 | Target of Nesh-SH3 | gwas |
| RIMS1 | HGNC:17282 | ENSG00000079841 | Q86UR5 | Regulating synaptic membrane exocytosis protein 1 | gwas |
| RGMB | HGNC:26896 | ENSG00000174136 | Q6NW40 | Repulsive guidance molecule B | gwas |
| IFT43 | HGNC:29669 | ENSG00000119650 | Q96FT9 | Intraflagellar transport protein 43 homolog | gwas |
| F12 | HGNC:3530 | ENSG00000131187 | P00748 | Coagulation factor XII | clinvar |
| AKAP9 | HGNC:379 | ENSG00000127914 | Q99996 | A-kinase anchor protein 9 | gwas |
| HLF | HGNC:4977 | ENSG00000108924 | Q16534 | Hepatic leukemia factor | gwas |
| RAD51B | HGNC:9822 | ENSG00000182185 | O15315 | DNA repair protein RAD51 homolog 2 | gwas |
Cohort function summary
Lead sentence per gene, UniProt-curated.
| Symbol | Protein name | Function (lead sentence) |
|---|---|---|
| RIMS1 | Regulating synaptic membrane exocytosis protein 1 | Rab effector involved in exocytosis. |
| RGMB | Repulsive guidance molecule B | Member of the repulsive guidance molecule (RGM) family that contributes to the patterning of the developing nervous system. |
| IFT43 | Intraflagellar transport protein 43 homolog | As a component of IFT complex A (IFT-A), a complex required for retrograde ciliary transport and entry into cilia of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), it is involved in ciliogenesis. |
| F12 | Coagulation factor XII | Factor XII is a serum glycoprotein that participates in the initiation of blood coagulation, fibrinolysis, and the generation of bradykinin and angiotensin. |
| AKAP9 | A-kinase anchor protein 9 | Scaffolding protein that assembles several protein kinases and phosphatases on the centrosome and Golgi apparatus. |
| RAD51B | DNA repair protein RAD51 homolog 2 | Involved in the homologous recombination repair (HRR) pathway of double-stranded DNA breaks arising during DNA replication or induced by DNA-damaging agents. |
Protein-family classification
Druggable: 2 · Difficult: 1 · Unknown: 5 · Druggable fraction: 0.25
Family distribution
Cohort families vs a genome-wide background (hypergeometric, BH-FDR; fold = observed/expected). Counts kept; sorted by enrichment, so the catch-all Other/Unknown bucket no longer leads.
| Family | Genes | Fold | FDR |
|---|---|---|---|
| Protease | 1 | 4.6× | 0.487 |
| Antibody/Immunoglobulin | 1 | 3.6× | 0.487 |
| Other/Unknown | 5 | 1.1× | 0.644 |
| Transcription factor | 1 | 1.0× | 0.644 |
Per-gene assignment
| Symbol | Family | Druggable? | EC | InterPro (top 3) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ABI3BP | Antibody/Immunoglobulin | yes | FN3_dom, Ig-like_fold, FN3_sf | |
| RIMS1 | Transcription factor | no | C2_dom, PDZ, Rab_BD | |
| RGMB | Other/Unknown | no | RGM_C, RGM_N, RGM | |
| IFT43 | Other/Unknown | no | IFT43 | |
| F12 | Protease | yes | 3.4.21.38 | Kringle, Fibronectin_type1, FN_type2_dom |
| AKAP9 | Other/Unknown | no | ELK_dom, PACT_domain, AKAP9/Pericentrin | |
| HLF | Other/Unknown | no | bZIP, PAR_bZIP, bZIP_sf | |
| RAD51B | Other/Unknown | no | AAA+_ATPase, Rad51_C, DNA_recomb/repair_RecA-like |
Expression context
Cohort genes with no expression data: 0.
8 cohort genes are a single-cell marker in ≥1 SCXA experiment.
Breadth distribution (Bgee present_calls)
| Bucket | Genes |
|---|---|
| narrow (1-5 tissues) | 0 |
| moderate (6-20) | 0 |
| broad (>20) | 8 |
| unknown | 0 |
Top tissues across cohort
| Tissue | Cohort genes |
|---|---|
| calcaneal tendon | 2 |
| bronchial epithelial cell | 2 |
| decidua | 1 |
| synovial joint | 1 |
| cerebellar cortex | 1 |
| cerebellar hemisphere | 1 |
| cerebellum | 1 |
| ileal mucosa | 1 |
| pylorus | 1 |
| upper arm skin | 1 |
| bronchus | 1 |
| right uterine tube | 1 |
| gingival epithelium | 1 |
| liver | 1 |
| right lobe of liver | 1 |
| cortical plate | 1 |
| jejunal mucosa | 1 |
| Brodmann (1909) area 46 | 1 |
| orbitofrontal cortex | 1 |
| buccal mucosa cell | 1 |
Per-gene tissue summary (top 30)
| Symbol | Bgee breadth | FANTOM5 breadth | SCXA | Top tissues |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ABI3BP | 256 | ubiquitous | marker | decidua, synovial joint, calcaneal tendon |
| RIMS1 | 175 | broad | marker | cerebellar cortex, cerebellar hemisphere, cerebellum |
| RGMB | 254 | ubiquitous | marker | ileal mucosa, pylorus, upper arm skin |
| IFT43 | 252 | ubiquitous | marker | right uterine tube, bronchial epithelial cell, bronchus |
| F12 | 191 | broad | marker | right lobe of liver, liver, gingival epithelium |
| AKAP9 | 292 | ubiquitous | marker | jejunal mucosa, bronchial epithelial cell, cortical plate |
| HLF | 275 | broad | marker | calcaneal tendon, orbitofrontal cortex, Brodmann (1909) area 46 |
| RAD51B | 193 | ubiquitous | marker | sural nerve, buccal mucosa cell, male germ line stem cell (sensu Vertebrata) in testis |
Protein interactions among cohort
Intra-cohort edges: 0.
Hub genes (top 10 by interactor count)
| Symbol | Interactor count |
|---|---|
| F12 | 3,850 |
| AKAP9 | 3,537 |
| RAD51B | 2,993 |
| RIMS1 | 1,987 |
| HLF | 903 |
| ABI3BP | 767 |
| IFT43 | 635 |
| RGMB | 531 |
Structural data
PDB: 5 · AlphaFold-only: 3 · No structure: 0
Cohort genes with PDB structures (top 30)
| Symbol | UniProt | PDB entries |
|---|---|---|
| F12 | P00748 | 17 |
| RGMB | Q6NW40 | 11 |
| RAD51B | O15315 | 5 |
| IFT43 | Q96FT9 | 3 |
| RIMS1 | Q86UR5 | 1 |
AlphaFold-only cohort genes (top 30 by pLDDT)
| Symbol | UniProt | pLDDT |
|---|---|---|
| HLF | Q16534 | 72.55 |
| ABI3BP | Q7Z7G0 | 54.33 |
| AKAP9 | Q99996 |
Function
Pathway analysis
Distinct Reactome pathways touched by cohort: 48. Enrichment computed across 8 evidence-associated genes (6 with Reactome annotation).
Pathways by enrichment
Over-representation of cohort genes vs the genome-wide background (hypergeometric test, Benjamini-Hochberg FDR; fold = observed/expected over 6 annotated cohort genes). Counts and members are kept as ground-truth; sorted by enrichment.
| Pathway | Cohort genes | Fold | FDR | Sample cohort genes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aggregated β-amyloid induces FXII autocatalysis | 1 | 951.7× | 0.034 | F12 |
| Defective factor XII causes hereditary angioedema | 1 | 475.8× | 0.034 | F12 |
| Defective SERPING1 causes hereditary angioedema | 1 | 475.8× | 0.034 | F12 |
| Phase 3 - rapid repolarisation | 1 | 190.3× | 0.038 | AKAP9 |
| Regulation of FXIIa and plasma kallikrein activity | 1 | 190.3× | 0.038 | F12 |
| FXIIa, PKa-dependent activation of coagulation pathway | 1 | 190.3× | 0.038 | F12 |
| Phase 2 - plateau phase | 1 | 126.9× | 0.038 | AKAP9 |
| Acetylcholine Neurotransmitter Release Cycle | 1 | 112.0× | 0.038 | RIMS1 |
| Serotonin Neurotransmitter Release Cycle | 1 | 105.7× | 0.038 | RIMS1 |
| Norepinephrine Neurotransmitter Release Cycle | 1 | 105.7× | 0.038 | RIMS1 |
| GABA synthesis, release, reuptake and degradation | 1 | 105.7× | 0.038 | RIMS1 |
| Dopamine Neurotransmitter Release Cycle | 1 | 82.8× | 0.038 | RIMS1 |
| Glutamate Neurotransmitter Release Cycle | 1 | 76.1× | 0.038 | RIMS1 |
| Impaired BRCA2 binding to PALB2 | 1 | 76.1× | 0.038 | RAD51B |
| Netrin-1 signaling | 1 | 73.2× | 0.038 | RGMB |
| Defective homologous recombination repair (HRR) due to BRCA1 loss of function | 1 | 70.5× | 0.038 | RAD51B |
| Defective HDR through Homologous Recombination Repair (HRR) due to PALB2 loss of BRCA1 binding function | 1 | 70.5× | 0.038 | RAD51B |
| Defective HDR through Homologous Recombination Repair (HRR) due to PALB2 loss of BRCA2/RAD51/RAD51C binding function | 1 | 70.5× | 0.038 | RAD51B |
| Resolution of D-loop Structures through Synthesis-Dependent Strand Annealing (SDSA) | 1 | 65.6× | 0.038 | RAD51B |
| Homologous DNA Pairing and Strand Exchange | 1 | 63.4× | 0.038 | RAD51B |
| Resolution of D-loop Structures through Holliday Junction Intermediates | 1 | 50.1× | 0.045 | RAD51B |
| Presynaptic phase of homologous DNA pairing and strand exchange | 1 | 45.3× | 0.048 | RAD51B |
| Centrosome maturation | 1 | 42.3× | 0.048 | AKAP9 |
| Oncogenic MAPK signaling | 1 | 41.4× | 0.048 | AKAP9 |
| Intraflagellar transport | 1 | 33.4× | 0.057 | IFT43 |
| HDR through Homologous Recombination (HRR) | 1 | 31.7× | 0.057 | RAD51B |
| FXIIa activates plasma kallikrein-kinin system | 1 | 28.8× | 0.059 | F12 |
| Signaling by BRAF and RAF1 fusions | 1 | 28.4× | 0.059 | AKAP9 |
| Loss of Nlp from mitotic centrosomes | 1 | 26.4× | 0.060 | AKAP9 |
| Loss of proteins required for interphase microtubule organization from the centrosome | 1 | 26.4× | 0.060 | AKAP9 |
GO biological processes by enrichment
Over-representation of cohort genes vs the genome-wide background (hypergeometric test, Benjamini-Hochberg FDR; fold = observed/expected over 8 annotated cohort genes). Counts and members are kept as ground-truth; sorted by enrichment.
| GO term | Cohort genes | Fold | FDR | Sample cohort genes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| plasma kallikrein-kinin cascade | 1 | 1053.2× | 0.022 | F12 |
| Factor XII activation | 1 | 702.2× | 0.022 | F12 |
| response to misfolded protein | 1 | 702.2× | 0.022 | F12 |
| positive regulation of fibrinolysis | 1 | 421.3× | 0.022 | F12 |
| blastocyst growth | 1 | 351.1× | 0.022 | RAD51B |
| maintenance of centrosome location | 1 | 351.1× | 0.022 | AKAP9 |
| acrosomal vesicle exocytosis | 1 | 351.1× | 0.022 | RIMS1 |
| positive regulation of inhibitory postsynaptic potential | 1 | 351.1× | 0.022 | RIMS1 |
| blood coagulation, intrinsic pathway | 1 | 263.3× | 0.022 | F12 |
| secretion | 1 | 263.3× | 0.022 | RIMS1 |
| positive regulation of plasminogen activation | 1 | 234.1× | 0.022 | F12 |
| regulation of cardiac muscle cell action potential involved in regulation of contraction | 1 | 234.1× | 0.022 | AKAP9 |
| obsolete synaptic vesicle docking | 1 | 162.0× | 0.024 | RIMS1 |
| regulation of membrane repolarization | 1 | 162.0× | 0.024 | AKAP9 |
| positive regulation of blood coagulation | 1 | 140.4× | 0.024 | F12 |
| intraciliary retrograde transport | 1 | 140.4× | 0.024 | IFT43 |
| somite development | 1 | 140.4× | 0.024 | RAD51B |
| regulation of Golgi organization | 1 | 140.4× | 0.024 | AKAP9 |
| calcium-ion regulated exocytosis | 1 | 123.9× | 0.024 | RIMS1 |
| protein-containing complex localization | 1 | 123.9× | 0.024 | AKAP9 |
| regulated exocytosis | 1 | 110.9× | 0.024 | RIMS1 |
| fibrinolysis | 1 | 105.3× | 0.024 | F12 |
| regulation of ventricular cardiac muscle cell membrane repolarization | 1 | 105.3× | 0.024 | AKAP9 |
| synaptic vesicle priming | 1 | 100.3× | 0.024 | RIMS1 |
| synaptic vesicle exocytosis | 1 | 95.8× | 0.024 | RIMS1 |
| regulation of neurotransmitter secretion | 1 | 95.8× | 0.024 | RIMS1 |
| positive regulation of dendrite extension | 1 | 91.6× | 0.024 | RIMS1 |
| positive regulation of microtubule polymerization | 1 | 84.3× | 0.024 | AKAP9 |
| zymogen activation | 1 | 84.3× | 0.024 | F12 |
| protein autoprocessing | 1 | 81.0× | 0.024 | F12 |
Therapeutics
Drugs indicated for this disease
4 approved, 7 in late-stage (phase 3) trials. Disease-direct ChEMBL indications, not inferred from the associated-gene cohort below.
| Drug | Development status |
|---|---|
| Desloratadine | Approved (phase 4) |
| Epinephrine | Approved (phase 4) |
| Loratadine | Approved (phase 4) |
| Omalizumab | Approved (phase 4) |
| Bilastine | Phase 3 (in late-stage trials) |
| Cholecalciferol | Phase 3 (in late-stage trials) |
| Diphenhydramine | Phase 3 (in late-stage trials) |
| Doxepin | Phase 3 (in late-stage trials) |
| Levocetirizine | Phase 3 (in late-stage trials) |
| Prednisone | Phase 3 (in late-stage trials) |
| Rupatadine | Phase 3 (in late-stage trials) |
Earlier-phase candidates (phase 2, investigational — efficacy not yet established): Afamelanotide, Cilostazol, Clemastine, Dupilumab, Fenebrutinib, Human Immunoglobulin G, Lirentelimab, Methotrexate, Miltefosine, Titanium Dioxide.
Drug target analysis
Approved (phase 4): 0 · Phase ≥3: 1 · Phased (≥1): 1 · Undrugged: 7
Druggability breadth: 1 of 8 evidence-associated genes (12%) have a ChEMBL target (buckets above are over the deeply-mined display cohort).
Top cohort targets by molecule count
| Symbol | Molecules | Max phase |
|---|---|---|
| F12 | 3 | 3 |
| ABI3BP | 0 | 0 |
| RIMS1 | 0 | 0 |
| RGMB | 0 | 0 |
| IFT43 | 0 | 0 |
| AKAP9 | 0 | 0 |
| HLF | 0 | 0 |
| RAD51B | 0 | 0 |
Drugs targeting cohort genes (top 30)
| Molecule | Max phase | Targets in cohort |
|---|---|---|
| NAFAMOSTAT | 3 | F12 |
| GABEXATE | 3 | F12 |
| SEPIMOSTAT | 2 | F12 |
Bioactivity and enzyme data
Enzyme cohort genes (≥1 EC): 1.
Cohort genes with ChEMBL bioactivity (full, sorted by assay count)
| Symbol | Assays | Type breakdown |
|---|---|---|
| F12 | 128 | Binding:123, Functional:3, ADMET:2 |
Cohort enzymes (BRENDA EC)
| Symbol | EC numbers | Names |
|---|---|---|
| F12 | 3.4.21.38 | coagulation factor XIIa |
Cohort genes with high screening signal
≥100 ChEMBL assays — a studied-ness signal; see Therapeutics for approved-drug status.
| Symbol | ChEMBL assays |
|---|---|
| F12 | 128 |
Pharmacogenomics
Cohort genes with a PharmGKB record: 8; with CPIC/DPWG dosing guidelines: 0.
No cohort gene has a CPIC/DPWG genotype-guided dosing guideline (PharmGKB).
Chemical tractability of cohort targets
3 approved/phased compounds have measured bioactivity against a cohort gene (and aren’t yet in disease-level trials). This is a research / tractability signal, NOT a therapeutic recommendation — a bioactivity row often reflects off-target or screening binding (e.g. promiscuous kinase inhibitors against a cohort kinase), implying no disease mechanism.
| Compound | Max phase | Cohort target (bioactivity) |
|---|---|---|
| NAFAMOSTAT | 3 | F12 |
| GABEXATE | 3 | F12 |
| SEPIMOSTAT | 2 | F12 |
Druggability pyramid
Cohort genes binned by druggability tier (high → low):
| Tier | Definition | Genes | Symbols |
|---|---|---|---|
| A | Approved (phase 4 drug) | 0 | |
| B | Phased (≥1) drug, not yet approved | 1 | F12 |
| C | Druggable family + PDB, no drug | 0 | |
| D | Druggable family + AlphaFold only, no drug | 1 | ABI3BP |
| E | Difficult family or no structure, no drug | 6 | RIMS1, RGMB, IFT43, AKAP9, HLF, RAD51B |
Undrugged target profiles
7 cohort genes are undrugged. Ranked by ‘starting-point quality’ (assay depth + drugged-partner adjacency).
| Symbol | ChEMBL assays | Drugged partners (top 3) |
|---|---|---|
| ABI3BP | 0 | — |
| RIMS1 | 0 | — |
| RGMB | 0 | — |
| IFT43 | 0 | — |
| AKAP9 | 0 | — |
| HLF | 0 | — |
| RAD51B | 0 | — |
Clinical trials & evidence
Clinical trials
Clinical trials: 83.
Phase distribution (across all retrieved trials)
| Phase | Trials |
|---|---|
| Not specified | 36 |
| PHASE4 | 13 |
| PHASE3 | 12 |
| PHASE2 | 10 |
| PHASE1 | 6 |
| PHASE1/PHASE2 | 4 |
| PHASE2/PHASE3 | 1 |
| EARLY_PHASE1 | 1 |
Top trials by phase / activity
| NCT | Phase | Status | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| NCT00346606 | PHASE4 | UNKNOWN | The Efficacy and Safety of Desloratadine With Levocetirizine in Treatment of Chronic Idiopathic Urticaria |
| NCT00751166 | PHASE4 | TERMINATED | A Comparative Double-blind, Double-dummy Study of Desloratadine (DL) 5 mg Once Daily, Cetirizine 10 mg Once Daily, and Placebo Once Daily in Patients With Chronic Idiopathic Urticaria (Study P03736) |
| NCT00751218 | PHASE4 | COMPLETED | A Comparative Double-Blind, Double- Dummy Study of Desloratadine (DL) 5 MG Once Daily, Cetirizine 10 MG Once Daily, and Placebo Once Daily in Patients With Chronic Idiopathic Urticaria (Study P03735) |
| NCT00783354 | PHASE4 | COMPLETED | A Comparison of Aerius Continuous Treatment Versus Aerius PRN for Chronic Idiopathic Urticaria (Study P03147) |
| NCT00795522 | PHASE4 | COMPLETED | An Open-Label Study of the Effects of Desloratadine (Aerius.) Treatment on the Quality of Life of Patients With Chronic Idiopathic Urticaria (Study P02540) |
| NCT01444196 | PHASE4 | COMPLETED | Desloratadine 5, 10 and 20mg in Patients With Cold Urticaria |
| NCT01940393 | PHASE4 | COMPLETED | Evaluation of the Inhibitory Effect of 5 Anti-Histamines in Urticaria |
| NCT02392624 | PHASE4 | COMPLETED | A Study of the Efficacy and Safety of Omalizumab Through 48 Weeks in Participants With Chronic Idiopathic Urticaria |
| NCT02550080 | PHASE4 | UNKNOWN | Clinical Utility Of Genetic Screening For HLA-B*1301, On Susceptibility To Dapsone Hypersensitivity Syndrome |
| NCT02576041 | PHASE4 | COMPLETED | Effects of Bilastine on F1 Simulator Driving Performance in Patients Affected by Allergic Rhinitis and/or Urticaria |
| NCT02742805 | PHASE4 | WITHDRAWN | Sustained Effect of Urticaria Remission With Relatively High Dose Vitamin D Supplementation After Omalizumab Discontinuation |
| NCT03991845 | PHASE4 | UNKNOWN | A Trial to Evaluate the Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation in Patients With Chronic Urticaria |
| NCT04938700 | PHASE4 | UNKNOWN | Study on the Correlation Between Intestinal Microecology and Allergic Diseases in Children |
| NCT06819774 | PHASE3 | RECRUITING | Phase III Clinical Study of Cetirizine Hydrochloride Injection in Treatment of Acute Urticaria |
| NCT00199251 | PHASE3 | TERMINATED | Efficacy and Safety of Rupatadine 10 and 20 Mg in Chronic Idiopathic Urticaria |
| NCT00368823 | PHASE3 | COMPLETED | A Trial of Point of Care Information in Ambulatory Pediatrics |
| NCT00421109 | PHASE3 | COMPLETED | Efficacy Study for the Symptomatic Treatment of Chronic Idiopathic Urticaria |
| NCT00525382 | PHASE3 | COMPLETED | Study to Compare the Efficacy and Safety Between Levocetirizine and Loratadine for Chronic Idiopathic Urticaria |
| NCT00795158 | PHASE3 | COMPLETED | How Desloratadine (Clarinex, Aerius) Affects Quality of Life in Patients With Chronic Idiopathic Urticaria (Have Had Hives for 6 Weeks or Longer)(Study P02988) |
| NCT01916967 | PHASE3 | COMPLETED | An Efficacy and Safety Study of Desloratadine (MK-4117) in Japanese Participants With Chronic Urticaria (MK-4117-201) |
| NCT02023164 | PHASE3 | COMPLETED | Pilot Phase III Clinical Trial of JDP-205 IV Injection for Treatment of Acute Urticaria |
| NCT02565680 | PHASE2/PHASE3 | COMPLETED | Glucocorticoids With Antihistamines Versus Antihistamines in Acute Urticaria in Emergency |
| NCT02873364 | PHASE3 | UNKNOWN | High Dose Vitamin D Supplementation in Chronic Spontaneous Urticaria |
| NCT02935699 | PHASE3 | COMPLETED | Clinical Trial Comparing JDP-205 to Diphenhydramine Injection for the Treatment of Acute Urticaria |
| NCT03545464 | PHASE3 | COMPLETED | COrticosteroids in acUte uRticAria in emerGency dEpartment |
| NCT05115136 | PHASE3 | UNKNOWN | Using Doxepin for Urticaria |
| NCT00069329 | PHASE1/PHASE2 | TERMINATED | Anakinra to Treat Patients With Neonatal Onset Multisystem Inflammatory Disease |
| NCT00129415 | PHASE1/PHASE2 | TERMINATED | Ultraviolet (UVA and UVB) Light Therapy in the Treatment of Inflammatory Skin Conditions |
| NCT00130234 | PHASE2 | COMPLETED | Effect of Anti-IgE in Chronic Urticaria |
| NCT00189878 | PHASE2 | TERMINATED | A Study of the Use of Methotrexate in the Treatment of Chronic Idiopathic Urticaria |
| NCT00199238 | PHASE2 | TERMINATED | Efficacy of Rupatadine 5, 10 and 20 mg in Chronic Idiopathic Urticaria |
| NCT00216762 | PHASE1/PHASE2 | TERMINATED | Safety Study of Rituximab (Rituxan®) in Chronic Urticaria |
| NCT00886795 | PHASE1/PHASE2 | COMPLETED | Safety and Efficacy of Abatacept in Subjects With Chronic Urticaria Who Have Had an Inadequate Response to Anti-histamine Therapy |
| NCT01170936 | PHASE2 | COMPLETED | Ilaris® in Urticarial Vasculitis - Investigation of Treatment Responses |
| NCT01987947 | PHASE2 | COMPLETED | A Study of Quilizumab Versus Placebo in Patients With Refractory Chronic Spontaneous Urticaria |
| NCT03137069 | PHASE2 | COMPLETED | A Study of GDC-0853 in Participants With Refractory Chronic Spontaneous Urticaria (CSU). |
| NCT03693625 | PHASE2 | TERMINATED | A Study to Evaluate the Long-term Safety and Efficacy of Fenebrutinib in Participants Previously Enrolled in a Fenebrutinib Chronic Spontaneous Urticaria (CSU) Study |
| NCT03968562 | PHASE2 | UNKNOWN | Assessment of Suppression of Cutaneous Allergic Responses and Pruritus by Topical Doxycycline |
| NCT05496465 | PHASE2 | COMPLETED | Safety and Efficacy of Intranasal Epinephrine After Administration of ARS -1 in Subjects With Frequent Urticaria Flares |
| NCT05936567 | PHASE2 | COMPLETED | Study Evaluating the Efficacy and Safety of Povorcitinib in Adults With Chronic Spontaneous Urticaria |
Drugs tested across these trials (top 30)
| Molecule | Max phase | Trials referencing |
|---|---|---|
| DESLORATADINE | 4 | 11 |
| CETIRIZINE | 4 | 6 |
| FEXOFENADINE | 4 | 6 |
| BILASTINE | 4 | 4 |
| LEVOCETIRIZINE | 4 | 4 |
| DIPHENHYDRAMINE | 4 | 3 |
| OMALIZUMAB | 4 | 3 |
| RUPATADINE | 4 | 2 |
| ANAKINRA | 4 | 1 |
| CANAKINUMAB | 4 | 1 |
| DAPSONE | 4 | 1 |
| DOXEPIN | 4 | 1 |
| EBASTINE | 4 | 1 |
| ERGOCALCIFEROL | 4 | 1 |
| LORATADINE | 4 | 1 |
| FENEBRUTINIB | 3 | 2 |
| POVORCITINIB | 3 | 1 |
| SYRUP | 3 | 1 |
| CIDOXEPIN | 2 | 1 |
| QUILIZUMAB | 2 | 1 |
| CHEMBL5220618 | 0 | 1 |
| E-DOXEPIN | 0 | 1 |
Related Atlas pages
- Cohort genes: ABI3BP, RIMS1, RGMB, IFT43, F12, AKAP9, HLF, RAD51B
- Drugs: Desloratadine, Cetirizine, Fexofenadine, Bilastine, Levocetirizine, Diphenhydramine, Omalizumab, Rupatadine, Anakinra, Canakinumab, Dapsone, Doxepin, Ebastine, Ergocalciferol, Loratadine, Fenebrutinib, Povorcitinib, Syrup