Alanine
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Also known as AlaninaE639L-alanineNSC-206315Amino-acetic acidSID11113404AlaNBD-Alanine(L)-Alanine
Summary
Alanine (CHEMBL279597) is a phase-3 clinical-stage small-molecule EC 4.3.1.15 (diaminopropionate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor targeting SLC38A1, SLC38A2, and SLC38A4; indicated across 7 conditions including coronary artery disorder and asthma.
At a glance
- Status: Max clinical phase 3 (not approved)
- Modality: Small molecule
- Targets: 3 (SLC38A1, SLC38A2, SLC38A4)
- Indications: 7 conditions
- Clinical trials: 39
- Chemistry: 89.09 Da · C3H7NO2
Identifiers
Drug identity and classification
| Field | Value |
|---|---|
| ChEMBL ID | CHEMBL279597 |
| Name | Alanine |
| Type | Small molecule |
| Max phase | 3 |
| FDA approved | no |
| PubChem CID | 5950 |
| ChEBI | CHEBI:16977 |
| Molecular formula | C3H7NO2 |
| Molecular weight | 89.09 |
| InChIKey | QNAYBMKLOCPYGJ-REOHCLBHSA-N |
SMILES: C[C@@H](C(=O)O)N
IUPAC name: (2S)-2-aminopropanoic acid
ChEBI definition: The L-enantiomer of alanine.
Pharmacological roles (ChEBI): EC 4.3.1.15 (diaminopropionate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor.
Other ChEBI roles (chemical / environmental): fundamental metabolite.
Also known as: Alanina, Alanine, E639, L-alanine, NSC-206315, Amino-acetic acid, SID11113404, Ala, L-Alanine, ALANINE, NBD-Alanine, (L)-Alanine
Patent coverage: 213,775 distinct patent families (633,297 SureChEMBL compound mentions), from 1 matched compound structure(s). Mentions count patents naming the compound (not distinct inventions), so promiscuous / reference molecules inflate the mention figure — families are the dedup metric.
Targets
Targets
Primary targets (GtoPdb curated mechanism): the Cancer dependency column is the DepMap CRISPR fitness signal (% of screened cell lines dependent on the target).
| Gene | Target | Action | pAffinity | Cancer dependency | UniProt |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SLC38A1 | sodium-coupled neutral amino acid transporter 1 | 0% | Q9H2H9 | ||
| SLC38A2 | sodium-coupled neutral amino acid transporter 2 | 1% | Q96QD8 | ||
| SLC38A4 | sodium-coupled neutral amino acid transporter 4 | 0% | Q969I6 |
Broader ChEMBL bioactivity targets: 1 (assay-derived). Sample: Tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterase 1.
Bioactivity
ChEMBL activities: 1 potent at pChembl ≥ 5 of 1 total. Top 30 by potency (10 = 0.1 nM, 6 = 1 µM):
| Target | pChembl | Type | Value | Unit | Activity ID |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| TDP1 | 5.6 | Potency | 2512 | nM | CHEMBL_ACT_3936850 |
Target pathways
Aggregated over 3 target gene(s): SLC38A1, SLC38A2, SLC38A4.
Top Reactome pathways
10 total, by targets touching each:
| Pathway | Targets | Genes |
|---|---|---|
| Amino acid transport across the plasma membrane | 3 | SLC38A1, SLC38A2, SLC38A4 |
| Transport of small molecules | 3 | SLC38A1, SLC38A2, SLC38A4 |
| R-HSA-425393 | 3 | SLC38A1, SLC38A2, SLC38A4 |
| SLC-mediated transmembrane transport | 3 | SLC38A1, SLC38A2, SLC38A4 |
| Transmission across Chemical Synapses | 2 | SLC38A1, SLC38A2 |
| Neuronal System | 2 | SLC38A1, SLC38A2 |
| Neurotransmitter release cycle | 1 | SLC38A2 |
| Neurotransmitter uptake and metabolism In glial cells | 1 | SLC38A1 |
| Astrocytic Glutamate-Glutamine Uptake And Metabolism | 1 | SLC38A1 |
| Glutamate Neurotransmitter Release Cycle | 1 | SLC38A2 |
Dominant GO biological processes
| GO term | Targets |
|---|---|
| amino acid transmembrane transport | 3 |
| amino acid transport | 3 |
| neutral amino acid transport | 3 |
| monoatomic ion transport | 3 |
| sodium ion transport | 3 |
| sodium ion transmembrane transport | 3 |
| L-glutamine transport | 2 |
| female pregnancy | 2 |
| amino acid import | 2 |
| transport across blood-brain barrier | 2 |
| L-glutamine import across plasma membrane | 2 |
| alanine transport | 2 |
| neurotransmitter uptake | 1 |
| GABA biosynthetic process | 1 |
| regulation of synaptic transmission, GABAergic | 1 |
Indications & clinical
Indications
7 indications (0 at ChEMBL trial phase 4). Phase below is the highest clinical-trial phase recorded for this drug against each disease — not the molecule’s overall approval status (that is in the Summary).
| Indication | Trial phase | MONDO | EFO |
|---|---|---|---|
| coronary artery disorder | 3 | MONDO:0005010 | EFO:0001645 |
| asthma | 2 | MONDO:0004979 | MONDO:0004979 |
| glioma | 0 | MONDO:0021042 | MONDO:0100342 |
| Alzheimer disease | 0 | MONDO:0004975 | MONDO:0004975 |
| severe acute respiratory syndrome | 0 | MONDO:0005091 | MONDO:0100096 |
2 further indication records had no mapped disease name (EFO/MeSH-only) or were duplicates, and are omitted.
Clinical trials
Total trials: 39.
Phase distribution
| Phase | Trials |
|---|---|
| Not specified | 23 |
| PHASE2 | 5 |
| EARLY_PHASE1 | 4 |
| PHASE4 | 2 |
| PHASE3 | 2 |
| PHASE1 | 2 |
| PHASE1/PHASE2 | 1 |
Top trials by phase / activity
| NCT | Phase | Status | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| NCT00948324 | PHASE4 | SUSPENDED | Effect of Intensive Therapy Associated With CSII on β-cell Function With Newly Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes |
| NCT03642535 | PHASE4 | UNKNOWN | Aminolevulinic Acid-photodynamic Therapy for Facial Actinic Keratosis Treatment and Prevention |
| NCT00628381 | PHASE3 | UNKNOWN | L-citrulline Supplementation During Sepsis |
| NCT03024060 | PHASE3 | WITHDRAWN | Phase 3 Study of Levulan With New Blue Light for AK on the Face or Scalp |
| NCT02691923 | PHASE2 | RECRUITING | Diagnostic Performance of Fluorescein as an Intraoperative Brain Tumor Biomarker |
| NCT05020912 | PHASE2 | RECRUITING | Alteration of the Immune Microenvironment in Basal Cell Carcinoma Following Photodynamic Therapy |
| NCT00502021 | PHASE2 | UNKNOWN | Use of Flaxseed(Alpha Linolenic Acid) Powder in Morbidly Obese Patients With Systemic Inflammation |
| NCT01051999 | PHASE2 | COMPLETED | Glutamine Supplementation in Cystic Fibrosis |
| NCT02632110 | PHASE2 | COMPLETED | Microneedle Lesion Preparation Prior to Aminolevulinic Acid Photodynamic Therapy (ALA-PDT) for AK on Face |
| NCT04018885 | PHASE1/PHASE2 | COMPLETED | A Study on Safety and Preliminary Efficacy of ALA in Acne Vulgaris |
| NCT06419686 | PHASE1 | RECRUITING | The Glucagonotropic Effects of Glucose-dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide and Alanine in Healthy Individuals |
| NCT04044898 | PHASE1 | COMPLETED | Pharmacokinetics and Safety of ALA in Acne Vulgaris |
| NCT03493178 | EARLY_PHASE1 | ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING | Glutathione in Mild Cognitive Impairment |
| NCT04740580 | EARLY_PHASE1 | RECRUITING | Glutathione, Brain Metabolism and Inflammation in Alzheimer’s Disease |
| NCT01870193 | EARLY_PHASE1 | COMPLETED | Glutathione and Fuel Oxidation in Aging |
| NCT04703036 | EARLY_PHASE1 | TERMINATED | Glutathione, Oxidative Stress and Mitochondrial Function in COVID-19 |
| NCT03066843 | Not specified | ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING | Photodynamic Therapy Incubation Times for Actinic Keratosis |
| NCT07350512 | Not specified | NOT_YET_RECRUITING | Investigating the Acute Effects of Increasing Alanine Exposure in Healthy Participants |
| NCT00005889 | Not specified | UNKNOWN | Gluconeogenesis in Very Low Birth Weight Infants Who Are Receiving Nutrition By Intravenous Infusion |
| NCT00586885 | Not specified | COMPLETED | Effects of Alanine in Patients With Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis |
| NCT00760383 | Not specified | COMPLETED | Muscle Regrowth During Physical Rehabilitation and Amino Acid Supplementation |
| NCT00968344 | Not specified | COMPLETED | Muscle Mass During Space Exploration |
| NCT01185210 | Not specified | UNKNOWN | Investigation of Alanine in Fructose Intolerance: A Dose Ranging Study |
| NCT01239303 | Not specified | UNKNOWN | Effects of Citrulline on Gut Functioning During Excercise |
| NCT01288495 | Not specified | TERMINATED | Randomized Control Trial of L-Alanine and Placebo in Fructose Intolerance |
| NCT01350427 | Not specified | COMPLETED | Branched-chain Amino Acids, and Resistance Exercise on Skeletal Muscle Signaling Pathways |
| NCT01496768 | Not specified | SUSPENDED | Effects of Chronic Leucine Supplemetion on Glucose Homeostasis, Body Compositin, Muscle Mass and Strength of Healthy and Young Subjects |
| NCT01576003 | Not specified | COMPLETED | Enteral Glutamine in Reducing Bloodstream Infections in Short Bowel Syndrome Infants |
| NCT01922167 | Not specified | COMPLETED | Resistance Exercise Training and Amino Acid Leucine Supplementation in Frail Elderly Women |
| NCT02155452 | Not specified | COMPLETED | Fluorescence and Glioma Heterogeneity |
| NCT02496936 | Not specified | COMPLETED | Acute Effects of Fats on Satiety and Energy Needs |
| NCT03180775 | Not specified | UNKNOWN | Effects of Dietary Amino Acids on Serum and Macrophage Atherogenicity |
| NCT03566524 | Not specified | COMPLETED | Study of Arginine and Nitric Oxide in Patients With Diabetes |
| NCT03572205 | Not specified | COMPLETED | Fatty Acid Desaturase Gene Locus Interactions With Diet (FADSDIET2) |
| NCT04022434 | Not specified | UNKNOWN | Investigation of Supplemental L-alanine in the Management of Dietary Fructose Intolerance |
| NCT05096793 | Not specified | COMPLETED | Acute Supplementation With Beta-Alanine Improves Performance in Aerobic-anaerobic Transition Zones in Endurance Athletes |
| NCT06579391 | Not specified | WITHDRAWN | Targeted Nutritional Supplement After Lumbar Spine Surgery: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Double-Blind Trial |
| NCT06881472 | Not specified | COMPLETED | The Separate and Combined Glucagonotropic Effects of Glucose-dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide and Alanine in Subjects With and Without Type 1 Diabetes |
| NCT07391709 | Not specified | COMPLETED | Investigation of the Protective Effect of Alpha Lipoic Acid on Ischemic Reperfusion Damage in Ischemic Priapism in Rats |
Clinical evidence (CIViC)
No CIViC predictive evidence (expected for non-precision-medicine drugs).
Pharmacology
Pharmacogenomics
No CPIC/DPWG dosing guideline or drug-level clinical/variant annotations in PharmGKB for this molecule.
Related molecules
Related molecules
No competitor molecules sharing a primary target (ChEMBL phase ≥2 or PubChem drug-class).
Related Atlas pages
- Genes: SLC38A1, SLC38A2, SLC38A4
- Diseases: coronary artery disorder