Apremilast

Summary

Apremilast (CHEMBL514800) is an approved small-molecule phosphodiesterase IV inhibitor (ATC L04AA32) targeting PDE4A, PDE4B, and PDE4C; indicated across 30 conditions including behcet disease and psoriasis.

At a glance

• Status: Approved (max clinical phase 4)
• Modality: Small molecule
• ATC class: L04AA32
• Targets: 4 (PDE4A, PDE4B, PDE4C…)
• Indications: 30 conditions
• Clinical trials: 137
• Chemistry: 460.5 Da · C22H24N2O7S

Identifiers

Drug identity and classification

Field	Value
ChEMBL ID	CHEMBL514800
Name	Apremilast
Type	Small molecule
Max phase	4
FDA approved	yes
PubChem CID	11561674
ChEBI	CHEBI:78540
ATC	L04AA32
Molecular formula	C22H24N2O7S
Molecular weight	460.5
InChIKey	IMOZEMNVLZVGJZ-QGZVFWFLSA-N

SMILES: CCOC1=C(C=CC(=C1)[C@@H](CS(=O)(=O)C)N2C(=O)C3=C(C2=O)C(=CC=C3)NC(=O)C)OC

IUPAC name: N-[2-[(1S)-1-(3-ethoxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-2-methylsulfonylethyl]-1,3-dioxoisoindol-4-yl]acetamide

ChEBI definition: A member of the class of isoindoles that is isoindole-1,3-dione substituted at position 4 by an acetamido group and at position 1 by a 1-(3-ethoxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-2-(methylsulfonyl)ethyl group. Used for treatment of psoriatic arthritis.

Pharmacological roles (ChEBI): phosphodiesterase IV inhibitor, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug.

Also known as: Apremilast, Apremilast accord, CC-10004, CC10004, Otezla, APREMILAST, APREMILAST (CC-10004), Apremilast (CC-10004), apremilast

Patent coverage: 1,790 distinct patent families (4,576 SureChEMBL compound mentions), from 3 matched compound structure(s). One matched structure accounts for 3,967 (87%) of the total. Mentions count patents naming the compound (not distinct inventions), so promiscuous / reference molecules inflate the mention figure — families are the dedup metric.

Targets

Targets

Primary targets (GtoPdb curated mechanism): the Cancer dependency column is the DepMap CRISPR fitness signal (% of screened cell lines dependent on the target).

Gene	Target	Action	pAffinity	Cancer dependency	UniProt
PDE4A	phosphodiesterase 4A	Inhibition	7.85	0.4%	P27815
PDE4B	phosphodiesterase 4B	Inhibition	7.57	0.2%	Q07343
PDE4C	phosphodiesterase 4C	Inhibition	6.93	0.2%	Q08493
PDE4D	phosphodiesterase 4D	Inhibition	7.48	0.7%	Q08499

Broader ChEMBL bioactivity targets: 4 (assay-derived). Sample: 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2B, Phosphodiesterase 4, 3’,5’-cyclic-AMP phosphodiesterase 4B, 3’,5’-cyclic-AMP phosphodiesterase 4D.

Bioactivity

ChEMBL activities: 21 potent at pChembl ≥ 5 of 21 total. Top 100 by potency (10 = 0.1 nM, 6 = 1 µM):

Target	pChembl	Type	Value	Unit	Activity ID
PDE4D	8.57	AC50	2.7	nM	CHEMBL_ACT_25185835
PDE4D	8	IC50	10	nM	CHEMBL_ACT_26023300
PDE4B	7.78	IC50	16.5	nM	CHEMBL_ACT_27970964
PDE4B	7.62	IC50	24	nM	CHEMBL_ACT_19231008
PDE4B	7.57	IC50	27	nM	CHEMBL_ACT_19221559
PDE4B	7.52	IC50	30	nM	CHEMBL_ACT_18172478
PDE4D	7.49	IC50	32.44	nM	CHEMBL_ACT_26196246
PDE4D	7.48	IC50	33	nM	CHEMBL_ACT_19221560
PDE4D	7.46	IC50	35	nM	CHEMBL_ACT_19231174
PDE4D	7.32	IC50	47.6	nM	CHEMBL_ACT_20636038
PDE4D	7.13	IC50	74	nM	CHEMBL_ACT_19233917
PDE4B	7.13	IC50	74	nM	CHEMBL_ACT_22838527
PDE4A	7.13	IC50	74	nM	CHEMBL_ACT_22875410
PDE4A	7.13	IC50	74	nM	CHEMBL_ACT_2608001
PDE4A	7.13	IC50	74	nM	CHEMBL_ACT_26122704
PDE4D	7.13	IC50	74	nM	CHEMBL_ACT_29201686
PDE4D	7.13	IC50	74	nM	CHEMBL_ACT_29243148
PDE4A	6.96	IC50	110	nM	CHEMBL_ACT_19233921
PDE4D	6.3	IC50	500	nM	CHEMBL_ACT_25527385
PDE4D	6.27	IC50	540	nM	CHEMBL_ACT_19263185
HTR2B	5.35	AC50	4500	nM	CHEMBL_ACT_25227997

Target pathways

Aggregated over 4 target gene(s): PDE4A, PDE4B, PDE4C, PDE4D.

Top Reactome pathways

3 total, by targets touching each:

Pathway	Targets	Genes
DARPP-32 events	4	PDE4A, PDE4B, PDE4C, PDE4D
G alpha (s) signalling events	3	PDE4A, PDE4C, PDE4D
Turbulent (oscillatory, disturbed) flow shear stress activates signaling by PIEZO1 and integrins in endothelial cells	1	PDE4D

Dominant GO biological processes

GO term	Targets
cAMP catabolic process	4
signal transduction	4
negative regulation of cAMP/PKA signal transduction	4
cellular response to xenobiotic stimulus	2
positive regulation of type II interferon production	2
positive regulation of interleukin-2 production	2
T cell receptor signaling pathway	2
cellular response to epinephrine stimulus	2
regulation of cardiac muscle cell contraction	2
negative regulation of relaxation of cardiac muscle	2
regulation of calcium ion transmembrane transport via high voltage-gated calcium channel	2
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway	1
sensory perception of smell	1
regulation of adenylate cyclase-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway	1
regulation of cAMP/PKA signal transduction	1

Indications & clinical

Indications

4 approved indications. FDA phase 4, plus an anticancer drug’s labelled cancer uses (which ChEMBL often logs at phase 3).

Indication	Phase	MONDO	EFO
Behcet disease	4	MONDO:0007191	EFO:0003780
psoriasis	4	MONDO:0005083	EFO:0000676
psoriatic arthritis	4	MONDO:0011849	EFO:0003778
immune system disorder	4	MONDO:0005046	EFO:0000540

22 diseases in clinical trials (phase 1–3, investigational — not approved indications). Highest ChEMBL trial phase per disease; a non-cancer approved use is occasionally logged at phase 3 here.

Disease (in trials)	Phase	MONDO	EFO
ankylosing spondylitis	3	MONDO:0005306	EFO:0003898
severe acute respiratory syndrome	3	MONDO:0005091	MONDO:0100096
pneumonia	3	MONDO:0005249	EFO:0003106
influenza	3	MONDO:0005812	EFO:0007328
atopic eczema	2	MONDO:0004980	EFO:0000274
rheumatoid arthritis	2	MONDO:0008383	EFO:0000685
acne	2	MONDO:0011438	EFO:0003894
ulcerative colitis	2	MONDO:0005101	EFO:0000729
gout	2	MONDO:0005393	EFO:0004274
prostatitis	2	MONDO:0005280	EFO:0003830
rosacea	2	MONDO:0006604	EFO:1000760
hidradenitis suppurativa	2	MONDO:0006559	EFO:1000710
lichen planus	2	MONDO:0006572	EFO:1000726
vitiligo	2	MONDO:0008661	EFO:0004208
allergic contact dermatitis	2	MONDO:0006525	EFO:1000668
dermatomyositis	2	MONDO:0016367	EFO:0000398
lichen planus, oral	2	MONDO:0043923	EFO:0008517
dermatitis	2	MONDO:0002406	MONDO:0002406
alcohol abuse	2	MONDO:0002046	MONDO:0007079
erythema multiforme	2	MONDO:0006545	EFO:1000694
uveitis	1	MONDO:0020283	EFO:1001231
discoid lupus erythematosus	1	MONDO:0019558	MONDO:0019558

4 further indication records had no mapped disease name (EFO/MeSH-only) or were duplicates, and are omitted.

Clinical trials

Total trials: 137.

Phase distribution

Phase	Trials
PHASE2	45
PHASE3	35
PHASE4	28
Not specified	16
PHASE1	8
PHASE1/PHASE2	3
PHASE2/PHASE3	1
EARLY_PHASE1	1

Top trials by phase / activity

NCT	Phase	Status	Title
NCT07352566	PHASE4	NOT_YET_RECRUITING	Utilization of a Microdevice for Psoriasis and Atopic Dermatitis
NCT07432386	PHASE4	NOT_YET_RECRUITING	Methotrexate Versus Apremilast for Pruritus in Psoriasis
NCT02144857	PHASE4	UNKNOWN	Effects of Treatment With Biological Agents on Vascular and Cardiac Function in Psoriasis
NCT02400749	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Apremilast in Palmo-Plantar Psoriasis
NCT02412644	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Apremilast 30mg Bid With Narrowband UVB in the Treatment of Plaque Psoriasis
NCT02425826	PHASE4	COMPLETED	A Phase 4 Study of Efficacy and Safety of Apremilast in Subjects With Moderate Plaque Psoriasis.
NCT02558361	PHASE4	WITHDRAWN	Treatment With Apremilast in Patients With Psoriatic Arthritis
NCT03000309	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Use of Apremilast in Patients Who Are Dissatisfied With Stable Maintenance Topical Therapy
NCT03022617	PHASE4	COMPLETED	A Study Evaluating the Efficacy and Tolerability of Oral Apremilast for the Treatment of Nail Psoriasis
NCT03082729	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Vascular Inflammation in Psoriasis - Apremilast
NCT03422640	PHASE4	UNKNOWN	Trial Evaluating the Efficacy of Apremilast for the Treatment of Frontal Fibrosing Alopecia
NCT03441789	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Efficacy and Safety of Enstilar Foam in Combination With Apremilast (Otezla) in Patients With Moderate Plaque Psoriasis
NCT03453190	PHASE4	UNKNOWN	Apremilast in Combination With Clobetasol Spray for the Treatment of Plaque Psoriasis
NCT03521687	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Apremilast in the Treatment of Central Centrifugal Cicatricial Alopecia (CCCA)
NCT03553433	PHASE4	UNKNOWN	Apremilast Treatment for Pruritus and Quality of Life in Scalp Psoriasis
NCT03587194	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Evaluation of Add on Enstilar in Patients Using Otezla for Psoriasis
NCT03690544	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Apremilast for RAS
NCT03741933	PHASE4	WITHDRAWN	Apremilast and Moderate to Severe Chronic Hand Dermatitis
NCT03747939	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Efficacy, Safety, and Tolerability Study of Apremilast to Treat Early Oligoarticular Psoriatic Arthritis.
NCT03774875	PHASE4	COMPLETED	A Study of the Impact of Apremilast (CC-10004) on Quality of Life, Efficacy, and Safety in Adults With Manifestations of Plaque Psoriasis and Impaired Quality of Life
NCT03783026	PHASE4	COMPLETED	A Study to Evaluate the Impact of Apremilast on Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Outcomes in Adults With Psoriatic Arthritis
NCT04102449	PHASE4	WITHDRAWN	Validation of the PsASon ULtrasound Scores in Patients With Psoriatic Arthritis Undergoing TReatment With Apremilast
NCT04515732	PHASE4	UNKNOWN	Danish Population-based Assessment of Psoriasis and Psoriatic Arthritis (DANPAPP)
NCT04555707	PHASE4	UNKNOWN	The Maintenance Effect of Enstilar Foam in Combination With Otezla
NCT04908475	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Study of Subcutaneous Risankizumab Injection Compared to Oral Apremilast Tablets to Assess Change in Disease Activity And Adverse Events in Adult Participants With Moderate Plaque Psoriasis Who Are Candidates for Systemic Therapy
NCT05926882	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Efficacy of Oral Apremilast in the Treatment of Alopecia Areata at the Tertiary Care Hospital, Karachi.
NCT06032858	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Efficacy and Safety of Apremilast in Psoriasis
NCT06260904	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Efficacy and Safety of add-on Apremilast Versus add-on Methotrexate in Patients With Oral Lichen Planus
NCT02735707	PHASE3	RECRUITING	Randomized, Embedded, Multifactorial Adaptive Platform Trial for Community- Acquired Pneumonia
NCT04227314	PHASE3	RECRUITING	Randomized Double Blind Controlled Trial Comparing the Safety and Efficacy of Apremilast Versus Placebo in Severe Forms of Recurrent Aphthous Stomatitis
NCT04528082	PHASE3	RECRUITING	Apremilast Pediatric Study in Children With Active Oral Ulcers Associated With Behçet’s Disease
NCT04804553	PHASE3	RECRUITING	Apremilast Pediatric Study in Children With Active Juvenile Psoriatic Arthritis
NCT04908189	PHASE3	ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING	A Study to Determine the Efficacy and Safety of Deucravacitinib Compared With Placebo in Participants With Active Psoriatic Arthritis (PsA) Who Are Naïve to Biologic Disease Modifying Anti-rheumatic Drugs or Had Previously Received TNFα Inhibitor Treatment
NCT05565560	PHASE3	ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING	A Study to Assess the Efficacy and Safety of Apremilast in Japanese Pediatric Participants With Moderate to Severe Plaque Psoriasis
NCT05767047	PHASE3	RECRUITING	A Study of Apremilast in Children With Oral Ulcers Associated With Behçet’s Disease or Juvenile Psoriatic Arthritis
NCT06088199	PHASE3	ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING	A Study of Apremilast in Pediatric Participants in Children With Mild to Moderate Plaque Psoriasis
NCT06863493	PHASE2/PHASE3	NOT_YET_RECRUITING	Comparison of Otezla to SFA-002 to Placebo in Plaque Psoriasis Patients
NCT01172938	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Efficacy and Safety Study of Apremilast to Treat Active Psoriatic Arthritis
NCT01194219	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Study to Evaluate Safety and Effectiveness of Oral Apremilast (CC-10004) in Patients With Moderate to Severe Plaque Psoriasis
NCT01212757	PHASE3	COMPLETED	PALACE 2: Efficacy and Safety Study of Apremilast to Treat Active Psoriatic Arthritis
NCT01212770	PHASE3	COMPLETED	PALACE 3: Efficacy and Safety Study of Apremilast to Treat Active Psoriatic Arthritis
NCT01232283	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Study to Evaluate Safety and Effectiveness of Oral Apremilast (CC-10004) in Patients With Moderate to Severe Plaque Psoriasis.
NCT01307423	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Efficacy and Safety Study of Apremilast to Treat Active Psoriatic Arthritis (PsA)
NCT01690299	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Phase 3b Safety and Efficacy Study of Apremilast to Treat Moderate to Severe Plaque-plaque Psoriasis
NCT01925768	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Safety and Efficacy Study of Apremilast to Treat Psoriatic Arthritis
NCT02307513	PHASE3	COMPLETED	A Phase 3 Randomized, Double-blind Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Apremilast (CC-10004) in Subjects With Active Behçet’s Disease
NCT03123471	PHASE3	COMPLETED	A Study of the Efficacy and Safety of Apremilast (CC-10004) in Subjects With Moderate to Severe Plaque Psoriasis of the Scalp
NCT03168256	PHASE3	COMPLETED	CF101 Therapy in Patients With Moderate-to-severe Plaque Psoriasis
NCT03191539	PHASE3	UNKNOWN	Assessment of the Clinical and Ultrasound Response to Apremilast by Clinical Evaluation and by a Joint-periarticular-nail Ultrasound Index in Patients With Active Psoriatic Arthritis
NCT03611751	PHASE3	COMPLETED	An Investigational Study to Evaluate Experimental Medication BMS-986165 Compared to Placebo and a Currently Available Treatment in Participants With Moderate-to-Severe Plaque Psoriasis
NCT03624127	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Effectiveness and Safety of BMS-986165 Compared to Placebo and Active Comparator in Participants With Psoriasis
NCT03701763	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Efficacy and Safety Study of Apremilast (CC-10004) in Pediatric Subjects From 6 Through 17 Years of Age With Moderate to Severe Plaque Psoriasis
NCT03721172	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Apremilast as a Direct Treatment for Mild-to-moderate Plaque Psoriasis Versus Placebo: an Analysis of Clinical Safety and Efficacy
NCT03777436	PHASE3	COMPLETED	An Efficacy and Safety Study of Apremilast (CC-10004) in Subjects With Moderate to Severe Genital Psoriasis
NCT03930186	PHASE3	COMPLETED	A Phase 3B, Open-label, Single-arm Study of the Efficacy and Safety of Apremilast, in Subjects With Plaque Psoriasis That is Not Adequately Controlled by Topical Therapy
NCT04175613	PHASE3	COMPLETED	A Long-term Extension Study of Apremilast (CC-10004) in Pediatric Subjects From 6 Through 17 Years of Age With Moderate to Severe Plaque Psoriasis
NCT04590586	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Study of Multiple Candidate Agents for the Treatment of COVID-19 in Hospitalized Patients
NCT04610476	PHASE3	UNKNOWN	Impact of Tapering Immunosuppressants on Maintaining Minimal Disease Activity in Adult Subjects With Psoriatic Arthritis
NCT05174065	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Phase 3, Randomized Study of Apremilast in Japanese Participants With Palmoplantar Pustulosis (PPP)
NCT06088043	PHASE3	COMPLETED	A Study About How Well TAK-279 Works and Its Safety in Participants With Moderate-to-severe Plaque Psoriasis During 52 Weeks of Treatment
NCT06108544	PHASE3	COMPLETED	A Study About How Well TAK-279 Works and Its Safety in Participants With Moderate-to-severe Plaque Psoriasis During 60 Weeks of Treatment With a Withdrawal and Retreatment Period
NCT06122649	PHASE3	COMPLETED	A Study to Investigate Efficacy and Safety of Apremilast 30 mg Twice Daily (BID) in Chinese Participants With Moderate to Severe Plaque-type Psoriasis (PsO)
NCT06586112	PHASE3	COMPLETED	A Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of ESK-001 in Patients With Moderate to Severe Plaque Psoriasis
NCT06588738	PHASE3	COMPLETED	A Study in Patients With Moderate to Severe Plaque Psoriasis to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of ESK-001
NCT04488081	PHASE2	ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING	I-SPY COVID-19 TRIAL: An Adaptive Platform Trial for Critically Ill Patients
NCT06509984	PHASE2	RECRUITING	A 20-Week Study Assessing the Efficacy of Apremilast in Patients with EB Simplex Generalized
NCT07029529	PHASE2	RECRUITING	Phase 2 Study of Apremilast in Women and Men With Alcohol Use Disorder
NCT07325266	PHASE2	RECRUITING	Human Laboratory Study of Apremilast for Alcohol Use Disorder
NCT00456092	PHASE2	COMPLETED	Phase II Study of Apremilast (CC-10004) in Adults With in Psoriatic Arthritis
NCT00521339	PHASE2	COMPLETED	Apremilast Safety and PK Study in Recalcitrant Plaque Psoriasis
NCT00604682	PHASE2	COMPLETED	Open-Label,Single-Arm Pilot Study to Evaluate the Pharmacodynamics, Pharmacokinetics, Safety, and Preliminary Efficacy of CC1004 in Subjects With Severe Plaque Type Psoriasis
NCT00606450	PHASE2	COMPLETED	Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-controlled Comparison of CC-10004 in Subjects With Moderate to Severe Plaque Type Psoriasis
NCT00701311	PHASE2	COMPLETED	An Open-Label Study of CC-10004 for Chronic Prostatitis/Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndrome
NCT00708916	PHASE1/PHASE2	COMPLETED	Safety Study of Clinical and Immune Effects of Phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE-4) Inhibitor in Cutaneous Lupus Patients
NCT00773734	PHASE2	COMPLETED	Efficacy and Safety Study of Apremilast (CC-10004) in Subjects With Moderate-to-Severe Plaque-Type Psoriasis (Core Study)
NCT00814632	PHASE2	COMPLETED	CC-10004 For The Treatment Of Vulvodynia
NCT00866359	PHASE2	COMPLETED	A Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Apremilast (CC-10004) in the Treatment of Behçet Disease
NCT00869089	PHASE2	COMPLETED	Safety and Efficacy of CC-10004 for Prurigo Nodularis
NCT00889421	PHASE1/PHASE2	TERMINATED	Apremilast in the Treatment of Uveitis
NCT00931242	PHASE2	COMPLETED	Study of Apremilast in Atopic or Contact Dermatitis
NCT00944658	PHASE2	COMPLETED	Spondylitis Trial of Apremilast for Better Rheumatic Therapy
NCT00997581	PHASE2	WITHDRAWN	Apremilast Therapy for Acute Gouty Arthritis
NCT01041625	PHASE2	UNKNOWN	Pilot Study of Apremilast (CC-10004) in the Treatment of Moderate to Severe Lichen Planus
NCT01045551	PHASE2	COMPLETED	Open Label Pilot Study of Apremilast in Treatment of Rosacea
NCT01074502	PHASE2	TERMINATED	Apremilast in the Treatment of Moderate to Severe Acne
NCT01200264	PHASE2	WITHDRAWN	Apremilast for Chronic Plaque Psoriasis (CPP) Patients Who Have Failed One Course of Biologic Therapy
NCT01200472	PHASE2	COMPLETED	Efficacy Study of Apremilast (CC-10004) in Subjects With Erosive Hand Osteoarthritis
NCT01204138	PHASE2	WITHDRAWN	Concomitant Use of Apremilast for the Treatment of Active RA Despite TNF-Inhibition and Methotrexate- CATARA
NCT01250548	PHASE2	COMPLETED	The Controlled Trial of Apremilast for Rheumatoid Arthritis Treatment (CARAT)
NCT01285310	PHASE2	TERMINATED	Study of Apremilast to Evaluate the Safety and Effectiveness for Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis
NCT01393158	PHASE2	COMPLETED	Apremilast for Atopic Dermatitis - A Pilot Study in Adults
NCT01988103	PHASE2	COMPLETED	Efficacy and Safety Study of Two Doses of Apremilast (CC-10004) In Japanese Patients With Moderate-To-Severe Plaque-Type Psoriasis
NCT02087943	PHASE2	COMPLETED	Efficacy and Safety Study of Apremilast in Subjects With Moderate to Severe Atopic Dermatitis
NCT02289417	PHASE2	COMPLETED	Efficacy and Safety Study of Apremilast to Treat Active Ulcerative Colitis
NCT02576678	PHASE2	COMPLETED	A Study of Safety, Tolerability and Pharmacokinetics of Apremilast (CC-10004) in Pediatric Subjects With Moderate to Severe Plaque Psoriasis
NCT02695212	PHASE2	COMPLETED	Single Center Study of Apremilast for the Treatment of Hidradenitis Suppurativa
NCT03036995	PHASE2	COMPLETED	Repigmentation Using Apremilast and Phototherapy In Diffuse VITILIGO
NCT03049267	PHASE2	COMPLETED	Short-term Safety, Efficacy and Mode of Action of Apremilast in Moderate Suppurative Hidradenitis
NCT03123016	PHASE2	COMPLETED	Combined Therapy With Narrow-Band Ultraviolet B Phototherapy and Apremilast for the Treatment of Vitiligo
NCT03160248	PHASE2	COMPLETED	An Investigator-initiated Study of Apremilast to Demonstrate Efficacy Nummular Eczema

Clinical evidence (CIViC)

No CIViC predictive evidence (expected for non-precision-medicine drugs).

Pharmacology

Pharmacogenomics

No CPIC/DPWG dosing guideline, but PharmGKB curates 0 clinical and 10 variant annotation(s) for this drug (gene-keyed; see PharmGKB).

Related molecules

Related molecules

Molecules sharing ≥1 of this drug’s curated primary targets, merged from two biobtree sources and ranked by shared-target count, then clinical phase: ChEMBL clinical-stage candidates (development phase ≥2) and PubChem drug-class bioactivity (approved / known drugs acting on the target). Deduplicated by drug name; the drug’s own salt forms are excluded. Note: for a drug with few primary targets a shared-target match can reflect off-target / promiscuous binding rather than the same therapeutic mechanism — the phase ordering surfaces bona-fide therapeutics first.

362 molecules share ≥1 primary target. Top 100 by shared-target count:

Molecule	Source	Status	Shared targets
TADALAFIL	ChEMBL + PubChem	Phase 4 (approved)	PDE4A, PDE4B, PDE4C, PDE4D
CRISABOROLE	ChEMBL	Phase 4 (approved)	PDE4A, PDE4B, PDE4C, PDE4D
DIPYRIDAMOLE	ChEMBL	Phase 4 (approved)	PDE4A, PDE4B, PDE4C, PDE4D
ENOXIMONE	ChEMBL	Phase 4 (approved)	PDE4A, PDE4B, PDE4C, PDE4D
ENSIFENTRINE	ChEMBL	Phase 4 (approved)	PDE4A, PDE4B, PDE4C, PDE4D
IBUDILAST	ChEMBL	Phase 4 (approved)	PDE4A, PDE4B, PDE4C, PDE4D
INAMRINONE	ChEMBL	Phase 4 (approved)	PDE4A, PDE4B, PDE4C, PDE4D
LOSARTAN	ChEMBL	Phase 4 (approved)	PDE4A, PDE4B, PDE4C, PDE4D
MILRINONE	ChEMBL	Phase 4 (approved)	PDE4A, PDE4B, PDE4C, PDE4D
PENTOXIFYLLINE	ChEMBL	Phase 4 (approved)	PDE4A, PDE4B, PDE4C, PDE4D
ROFLUMILAST	ChEMBL	Phase 4 (approved)	PDE4A, PDE4B, PDE4C, PDE4D
SILDENAFIL	ChEMBL	Phase 4 (approved)	PDE4A, PDE4B, PDE4C, PDE4D
THEOPHYLLINE	ChEMBL	Phase 4 (approved)	PDE4A, PDE4B, PDE4C, PDE4D
VARDENAFIL	ChEMBL	Phase 4 (approved)	PDE4A, PDE4B, PDE4C, PDE4D
CILOMILAST	ChEMBL	Phase 3	PDE4A, PDE4B, PDE4C, PDE4D
MUFEMILAST	ChEMBL	Phase 3	PDE4A, PDE4B, PDE4C, PDE4D
PAPAVERINE	ChEMBL	Phase 3	PDE4A, PDE4B, PDE4C, PDE4D
TETOMILAST	ChEMBL	Phase 3	PDE4A, PDE4B, PDE4C, PDE4D
ADIBENDAN	ChEMBL	Phase 2	PDE4A, PDE4B, PDE4C, PDE4D
AZD-6482	ChEMBL	Phase 2	PDE4A, PDE4B, PDE4C, PDE4D
BMS-911543	ChEMBL	Phase 2	PDE4A, PDE4B, PDE4C, PDE4D
CDC-801	ChEMBL	Phase 2	PDE4A, PDE4B, PDE4C, PDE4D
CIPAMFYLLINE	ChEMBL	Phase 2	PDE4A, PDE4B, PDE4C, PDE4D
DENBUFYLLINE	ChEMBL	Phase 2	PDE4A, PDE4B, PDE4C, PDE4D
ENPROFYLLINE	ChEMBL	Phase 2	PDE4A, PDE4B, PDE4C, PDE4D
IMAZODAN	ChEMBL	Phase 2	PDE4A, PDE4B, PDE4C, PDE4D
INDOLIDAN	ChEMBL	Phase 2	PDE4A, PDE4B, PDE4C, PDE4D
LIXAZINONE	ChEMBL	Phase 2	PDE4A, PDE4B, PDE4C, PDE4D
LOTAMILAST	ChEMBL	Phase 2	PDE4A, PDE4B, PDE4C, PDE4D
MK-0873	ChEMBL	Phase 2	PDE4A, PDE4B, PDE4C, PDE4D
NITRAQUAZONE	ChEMBL	Phase 2	PDE4A, PDE4B, PDE4C, PDE4D
PELRINONE	ChEMBL	Phase 2	PDE4A, PDE4B, PDE4C, PDE4D
PICLAMILAST	ChEMBL	Phase 2	PDE4A, PDE4B, PDE4C, PDE4D
PUMAFENTRINE	ChEMBL	Phase 2	PDE4A, PDE4B, PDE4C, PDE4D
REVAMILAST	ChEMBL	Phase 2	PDE4A, PDE4B, PDE4C, PDE4D
ROLIPRAM	ChEMBL	Phase 2	PDE4A, PDE4B, PDE4C, PDE4D
STREPTONIGRIN	ChEMBL	Phase 2	PDE4A, PDE4B, PDE4C, PDE4D
TOCLADESINE	ChEMBL	Phase 2	PDE4A, PDE4B, PDE4C, PDE4D
TRANIMILAST	ChEMBL	Phase 2	PDE4A, PDE4B, PDE4C, PDE4D
TREQUINSIN	ChEMBL	Phase 2	PDE4A, PDE4B, PDE4C, PDE4D
ZAPRINAST	ChEMBL	Phase 2	PDE4A, PDE4B, PDE4C, PDE4D
ZARDAVERINE	ChEMBL	Phase 2	PDE4A, PDE4B, PDE4C, PDE4D
ORISMILAST	ChEMBL	Phase 2	PDE4A, PDE4B, PDE4D
TOFIMILAST	ChEMBL	Phase 2	PDE4A, PDE4B, PDE4D
UK-500001	ChEMBL	Phase 2	PDE4A, PDE4B, PDE4D
BELINOSTAT	ChEMBL	Phase 4 (approved)	PDE4A, PDE4D
ETHINYL ESTRADIOL	ChEMBL	Phase 4 (approved)	PDE4A, PDE4D
GLAFENINE	ChEMBL	Phase 4 (approved)	PDE4A, PDE4D
ISTRADEFYLLINE	ChEMBL	Phase 4 (approved)	PDE4A, PDE4D
LAROPIPRANT	ChEMBL	Phase 4 (approved)	PDE4A, PDE4D
OXYBENZONE	ChEMBL	Phase 4 (approved)	PDE4A, PDE4D
PALBOCICLIB	ChEMBL	Phase 4 (approved)	PDE4A, PDE4D
PHENAZOPYRIDINE	ChEMBL	Phase 4 (approved)	PDE4A, PDE4D
PRIMAQUINE	ChEMBL	Phase 4 (approved)	PDE4A, PDE4D
TELMISARTAN	ChEMBL	Phase 4 (approved)	PDE4A, PDE4D
TRIAMTERENE	ChEMBL	Phase 4 (approved)	PDE4A, PDE4D
TROGLITAZONE	ChEMBL	Phase 4 (approved)	PDE4A, PDE4D
VERAPAMIL	ChEMBL	Phase 4 (approved)	PDE4A, PDE4D
VISMODEGIB	ChEMBL	Phase 4 (approved)	PDE4A, PDE4D
IGURATIMOD	ChEMBL	Phase 3	PDE4A, PDE4D
ZATOLMILAST	ChEMBL	Phase 3	PDE4B, PDE4D
BENZETHONIUM	ChEMBL	Phase 2	PDE4A, PDE4D
BUCLADESINE	ChEMBL	Phase 2	PDE4A, PDE4D
DAXALIPRAM	ChEMBL	Phase 2	PDE4B, PDE4D
FILAMINAST	ChEMBL	Phase 2	PDE4B, PDE4D
TOFISOPAM	ChEMBL	Phase 2	PDE4A, PDE4D
Pyrazinamide	PubChem	Approved	PDE4A, PDE4D
DIHYDROERGOTAMINE	ChEMBL + PubChem	Phase 4 (approved)	PDE4D
GENTIAN VIOLET	ChEMBL + PubChem	Phase 4 (approved)	PDE4A
TAFAMIDIS	ChEMBL + PubChem	Phase 4 (approved)	PDE4D
2-MERCAPTOETHANESULFONIC ACID	ChEMBL	Phase 4 (approved)	PDE4A
ABACAVIR	ChEMBL	Phase 4 (approved)	PDE4D
ABEMACICLIB	ChEMBL	Phase 4 (approved)	PDE4D
ACARBOSE	ChEMBL	Phase 4 (approved)	PDE4A
ADENOSINE	ChEMBL	Phase 4 (approved)	PDE4D
ALECTINIB	ChEMBL	Phase 4 (approved)	PDE4A
ALPIDEM	ChEMBL	Phase 4 (approved)	PDE4D
AMINOGLUTETHIMIDE	ChEMBL	Phase 4 (approved)	PDE4D
AMLEXANOX	ChEMBL	Phase 4 (approved)	PDE4D
AMOXAPINE	ChEMBL	Phase 4 (approved)	PDE4D
AMSACRINE	ChEMBL	Phase 4 (approved)	PDE4D
ANASTROZOLE	ChEMBL	Phase 4 (approved)	PDE4D
ANTAZOLINE	ChEMBL	Phase 4 (approved)	PDE4D
APOMORPHINE	ChEMBL	Phase 4 (approved)	PDE4D
AUROTHIOGLUCOSE	ChEMBL	Phase 4 (approved)	PDE4A
BENFLUOREX	ChEMBL	Phase 4 (approved)	PDE4D
BENZBROMARONE	ChEMBL	Phase 4 (approved)	PDE4D
BENZIODARONE	ChEMBL	Phase 4 (approved)	PDE4A
BISACODYL	ChEMBL	Phase 4 (approved)	PDE4A
BROMHEXINE	ChEMBL	Phase 4 (approved)	PDE4A
BROMOCRIPTINE	ChEMBL	Phase 4 (approved)	PDE4D
BUCLIZINE	ChEMBL	Phase 4 (approved)	PDE4D
BUFEXAMAC	ChEMBL	Phase 4 (approved)	PDE4A
BUTAMBEN	ChEMBL	Phase 4 (approved)	PDE4D
BUTOCONAZOLE	ChEMBL	Phase 4 (approved)	PDE4D
CABOZANTINIB	ChEMBL	Phase 4 (approved)	PDE4D
CANDESARTAN CILEXETIL	ChEMBL	Phase 4 (approved)	PDE4D
CARBENOXOLONE	ChEMBL	Phase 4 (approved)	PDE4D
CARPROFEN	ChEMBL	Phase 4 (approved)	PDE4D
CEFPODOXIME PROXETIL	ChEMBL	Phase 4 (approved)	PDE4D