Bethanechol

drug
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Also known as SID90341349SID26756574SID124879661BETHANECHOL CHLORIDE

Summary

Bethanechol (CHEMBL1482) is an approved small-molecule muscarinic agonist (ATC N07AB02) targeting CHRM1, CHRM2, and CHRM3; indicated across 3 conditions including eosinophilic esophagitis and exocrine pancreatic carcinoma.

At a glance

  • Status: Approved (max clinical phase 4)
  • Modality: Small molecule
  • ATC class: N07AB02
  • Targets: 5 (CHRM1, CHRM2, CHRM3…)
  • Indications: 3 conditions
  • Clinical trials: 7
  • Chemistry: 161.22 Da · C7H17N2O2+

Identifiers

Drug identity and classification

FieldValue
ChEMBL IDCHEMBL1482
NameBethanechol
TypeSmall molecule
Max phase4
FDA approvedyes
PubChem CID2370
ChEBICHEBI:3084
ATCN07AB02
Molecular formulaC7H17N2O2+
Molecular weight161.22
InChIKeyNZUPCNDJBJXXRF-UHFFFAOYSA-O

SMILES: CC(C[N+](C)(C)C)OC(=O)N

IUPAC name: 2-carbamoyloxypropyl(trimethyl)azanium

ChEBI definition: The carbamic acid ester of 2-methylcholine. A slowly hydrolysed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects, it is used as its chloride salt to increase smooth muscle tone, as in the gastrointestinal tract following abdominal surgery, treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, and as an alternative to catheterisation in the treatment of non-obstructive urinary retention.

Pharmacological roles (ChEBI): muscarinic agonist.

Also known as: Bethanechol, SID90341349, SID26756574, bethanechol, SID124879661, BETHANECHOL, BETHANECHOL CHLORIDE

Parent form; salt/anhydrous children: CHEMBL1768

Patent coverage: 1,204 distinct patent families (4,165 SureChEMBL compound mentions), from 1 matched compound structure(s). Mentions count patents naming the compound (not distinct inventions), so promiscuous / reference molecules inflate the mention figure — families are the dedup metric.

Targets

Targets

Primary targets (GtoPdb curated mechanism): the Cancer dependency column is the DepMap CRISPR fitness signal (% of screened cell lines dependent on the target).

GeneTargetActionpAffinityCancer dependencyUniProt
CHRM1M1 receptorFull agonist40.2%P11229
CHRM2M2 receptorFull agonist40%P08172
CHRM3M3 receptorFull agonist4.20%P20309
CHRM4M4 receptorFull agonist41.6%P08173
CHRM5M5 receptorAgonist0%P08912

Broader ChEMBL bioactivity targets: 3 (assay-derived). Sample: Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor, Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2, Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1.

Bioactivity

ChEMBL activities: 2 potent at pChembl ≥ 5 of 3 total. Top 30 by potency (10 = 0.1 nM, 6 = 1 µM):

TargetpChemblTypeValueUnitActivity ID
CHRM27.01Ki97nMCHEMBL_ACT_13500531
CHRM25.41AC503900nMCHEMBL_ACT_25215118

Target pathways

Aggregated over 5 target gene(s): CHRM1, CHRM2, CHRM3, CHRM4, CHRM5.

Top Reactome pathways

17 total, by targets touching each:

PathwayTargetsGenes
Signal Transduction5CHRM1, CHRM2, CHRM3, CHRM4, CHRM5
Signaling by GPCR5CHRM1, CHRM2, CHRM3, CHRM4, CHRM5
Class A/1 (Rhodopsin-like receptors)5CHRM1, CHRM2, CHRM3, CHRM4, CHRM5
Amine ligand-binding receptors5CHRM1, CHRM2, CHRM3, CHRM4, CHRM5
GPCR downstream signalling5CHRM1, CHRM2, CHRM3, CHRM4, CHRM5
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors5CHRM1, CHRM2, CHRM3, CHRM4, CHRM5
GPCR ligand binding5CHRM1, CHRM2, CHRM3, CHRM4, CHRM5
G alpha (q) signalling events3CHRM1, CHRM3, CHRM5
G alpha (i) signalling events2CHRM2, CHRM4
Metabolism1CHRM3
Integration of energy metabolism1CHRM3
Membrane Trafficking1CHRM2
Acetylcholine regulates insulin secretion1CHRM3
Regulation of insulin secretion1CHRM3
Vesicle-mediated transport1CHRM2
Cargo recognition for clathrin-mediated endocytosis1CHRM2
Clathrin-mediated endocytosis1CHRM2

Dominant GO biological processes

GO termTargets
signal transduction5
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway5
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway, coupled to cyclic nucleotide second messenger5
adenylate cyclase-inhibiting G protein-coupled acetylcholine receptor signaling pathway5
G protein-coupled acetylcholine receptor signaling pathway5
chemical synaptic transmission5
phospholipase C-activating G protein-coupled acetylcholine receptor signaling pathway3
nervous system development3
acetylcholine receptor signaling pathway3
regulation of locomotion2
saliva secretion2
regulation of smooth muscle contraction2
phospholipase C-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway1
neuromuscular synaptic transmission1
positive regulation of monoatomic ion transport1

Indications & clinical

Indications

3 indications (0 at ChEMBL trial phase 4). Phase below is the highest clinical-trial phase recorded for this drug against each disease — not the molecule’s overall approval status (that is in the Summary).

IndicationTrial phaseMONDOEFO
eosinophilic esophagitis2MONDO:0005361EFO:0004232
exocrine pancreatic carcinoma2MONDO:0005192EFO:0002618
type 2 diabetes mellitus1MONDO:0005148MONDO:0005148

Clinical trials

Total trials: 7.

Phase distribution

PhaseTrials
PHASE22
PHASE12
PHASE41
EARLY_PHASE11
Not specified1

Top trials by phase / activity

NCTPhaseStatusTitle
NCT02910596PHASE4COMPLETEDEffectiveness of Bethanechol Chloride and Early Bladder Training for Prevention of Bladder Dysfunction After Radical Hysterectomy in Cervical Cancer Stage IB - IIA
NCT05241249PHASE2RECRUITINGStimulation With Bethanechol in Combination With Gemcitabine and Nab-paclitaxel in Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma
NCT02058537PHASE2TERMINATEDBethanechol for Eosinophilic Esophagitis
NCT01031043PHASE1COMPLETEDTopical Bethanechol for Improvement of Esophageal Dysmotility
NCT01434901PHASE1COMPLETEDThe Effects of Bethanechol on Glucose Homeostasis
NCT03572283EARLY_PHASE1COMPLETEDBethanechol Prior to Pancreatic Surgery
NCT05299008Not specifiedUNKNOWNThe Effect of Bethanechol on Tracheobronchomalacia

Clinical evidence (CIViC)

No CIViC predictive evidence (expected for non-precision-medicine drugs).

Pharmacology

Pharmacogenomics

No CPIC/DPWG dosing guideline or drug-level clinical/variant annotations in PharmGKB for this molecule.

Molecules sharing ≥1 of this drug’s curated primary targets, merged from two biobtree sources and ranked by shared-target count, then clinical phase: ChEMBL clinical-stage candidates (development phase ≥2) and PubChem drug-class bioactivity (approved / known drugs acting on the target). Deduplicated by drug name; the drug’s own salt forms are excluded. Note: for a drug with few primary targets a shared-target match can reflect off-target / promiscuous binding rather than the same therapeutic mechanism — the phase ordering surfaces bona-fide therapeutics first.

576 molecules share ≥1 primary target. Top 60 by shared-target count:

MoleculeSourceStatusShared targets
ACLIDINIUM BROMIDEChEMBL + PubChemPhase 4 (approved)CHRM1, CHRM2, CHRM3, CHRM4, CHRM5
CLOZAPINEChEMBL + PubChemPhase 4 (approved)CHRM1, CHRM2, CHRM3, CHRM4, CHRM5
GENTIAN VIOLETChEMBL + PubChemPhase 4 (approved)CHRM1, CHRM2, CHRM3, CHRM4, CHRM5
MavorixaforChEMBL + PubChemPhase 4 (approved)CHRM1, CHRM2, CHRM3, CHRM4, CHRM5
OLANZAPINEChEMBL + PubChemPhase 4 (approved)CHRM1, CHRM2, CHRM3, CHRM4, CHRM5
ACETYLCHOLINEChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)CHRM1, CHRM2, CHRM3, CHRM4, CHRM5
AMIODARONEChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)CHRM1, CHRM2, CHRM3, CHRM4, CHRM5
AMITRIPTYLINEChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)CHRM1, CHRM2, CHRM3, CHRM4, CHRM5
AMOXAPINEChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)CHRM1, CHRM2, CHRM3, CHRM4, CHRM5
ASTEMIZOLEChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)CHRM1, CHRM2, CHRM3, CHRM4, CHRM5
ATROPINEChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)CHRM1, CHRM2, CHRM3, CHRM4, CHRM5
BENZTROPINEChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)CHRM1, CHRM2, CHRM3, CHRM4, CHRM5
CARBACHOLChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)CHRM1, CHRM2, CHRM3, CHRM4, CHRM5
CARBAMOYLCHOLINEChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)CHRM1, CHRM2, CHRM3, CHRM4, CHRM5
CHLOROQUINEChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)CHRM1, CHRM2, CHRM3, CHRM4, CHRM5
CHLORPROMAZINEChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)CHRM1, CHRM2, CHRM3, CHRM4, CHRM5
CINNARIZINEChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)CHRM1, CHRM2, CHRM3, CHRM4, CHRM5
CLEMASTINEChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)CHRM1, CHRM2, CHRM3, CHRM4, CHRM5
CLIDINIUMChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)CHRM1, CHRM2, CHRM3, CHRM4, CHRM5
CLOMIPRAMINEChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)CHRM1, CHRM2, CHRM3, CHRM4, CHRM5
CYCLIZINEChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)CHRM1, CHRM2, CHRM3, CHRM4, CHRM5
CYPROHEPTADINEChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)CHRM1, CHRM2, CHRM3, CHRM4, CHRM5
DARIFENACINChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)CHRM1, CHRM2, CHRM3, CHRM4, CHRM5
DESLORATADINEChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)CHRM1, CHRM2, CHRM3, CHRM4, CHRM5
DEXCHLORPHENIRAMINEChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)CHRM1, CHRM2, CHRM3, CHRM4, CHRM5
DICYCLOMINEChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)CHRM1, CHRM2, CHRM3, CHRM4, CHRM5
DIMENHYDRINATEChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)CHRM1, CHRM2, CHRM3, CHRM4, CHRM5
DIPHENHYDRAMINEChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)CHRM1, CHRM2, CHRM3, CHRM4, CHRM5
DIPHENIDOLChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)CHRM1, CHRM2, CHRM3, CHRM4, CHRM5
DOXEPINChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)CHRM1, CHRM2, CHRM3, CHRM4, CHRM5
EBASTINEChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)CHRM1, CHRM2, CHRM3, CHRM4, CHRM5
GLYCOPYRRONIUM BROMIDEChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)CHRM1, CHRM2, CHRM3, CHRM4, CHRM5
HALOPERIDOLChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)CHRM1, CHRM2, CHRM3, CHRM4, CHRM5
HOMATROPINEChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)CHRM1, CHRM2, CHRM3, CHRM4, CHRM5
HYDROXYCHLOROQUINEChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)CHRM1, CHRM2, CHRM3, CHRM4, CHRM5
IMIPRAMINEChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)CHRM1, CHRM2, CHRM3, CHRM4, CHRM5
IPRATROPIUMChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)CHRM1, CHRM2, CHRM3, CHRM4, CHRM5
KETOTIFENChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)CHRM1, CHRM2, CHRM3, CHRM4, CHRM5
LOXAPINEChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)CHRM1, CHRM2, CHRM3, CHRM4, CHRM5
MAPROTILINEChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)CHRM1, CHRM2, CHRM3, CHRM4, CHRM5
MEPAZINEChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)CHRM1, CHRM2, CHRM3, CHRM4, CHRM5
METHSCOPOLAMINEChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)CHRM1, CHRM2, CHRM3, CHRM4, CHRM5
METHSCOPOLAMINE BROMIDEChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)CHRM1, CHRM2, CHRM3, CHRM4, CHRM5
MIANSERINChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)CHRM1, CHRM2, CHRM3, CHRM4, CHRM5
NORTRIPTYLINEChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)CHRM1, CHRM2, CHRM3, CHRM4, CHRM5
ORPHENADRINEChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)CHRM1, CHRM2, CHRM3, CHRM4, CHRM5
OXYBUTYNINChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)CHRM1, CHRM2, CHRM3, CHRM4, CHRM5
PAROXETINEChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)CHRM1, CHRM2, CHRM3, CHRM4, CHRM5
PERHEXILINEChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)CHRM1, CHRM2, CHRM3, CHRM4, CHRM5
PILOCARPINEChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)CHRM1, CHRM2, CHRM3, CHRM4, CHRM5
PIRENZEPINEChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)CHRM1, CHRM2, CHRM3, CHRM4, CHRM5
PROCHLORPERAZINEChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)CHRM1, CHRM2, CHRM3, CHRM4, CHRM5
PROMAZINEChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)CHRM1, CHRM2, CHRM3, CHRM4, CHRM5
PROMETHAZINEChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)CHRM1, CHRM2, CHRM3, CHRM4, CHRM5
QUETIAPINEChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)CHRM1, CHRM2, CHRM3, CHRM4, CHRM5
QUINACRINEChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)CHRM1, CHRM2, CHRM3, CHRM4, CHRM5
RISPERIDONEChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)CHRM1, CHRM2, CHRM3, CHRM4, CHRM5
SCOPOLAMINEChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)CHRM1, CHRM2, CHRM3, CHRM4, CHRM5
SERTRALINEChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)CHRM1, CHRM2, CHRM3, CHRM4, CHRM5
SOLIFENACINChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)CHRM1, CHRM2, CHRM3, CHRM4, CHRM5