Clotrimazole

Summary

Clotrimazole (CHEMBL104) is an approved small-molecule antiinfective agent (ATC A01AB18) targeting KCNMA1, KCNN4, and TRPM2; indicated across 17 conditions including tinea pedis and candidiasis.

At a glance

• Status: Approved (max clinical phase 4)
• Modality: Small molecule
• ATC class: A01AB18 (+2 more)
• Targets: 8 (KCNMA1, KCNN4, TRPM2…)
• Indications: 17 conditions
• Clinical trials: 36
• Chemistry: 344.8 Da · C22H17ClN2

Identifiers

Drug identity and classification

Field	Value
ChEMBL ID	CHEMBL104
Name	Clotrimazole
Type	Small molecule
Max phase	4
FDA approved	yes
PubChem CID	2812
ChEBI	CHEBI:3764
ATC	A01AB18, G01AF02, D01AC01
Molecular formula	C22H17ClN2
Molecular weight	344.8
InChIKey	VNFPBHJOKIVQEB-UHFFFAOYSA-N

SMILES: C1=CC=C(C=C1)C(C2=CC=CC=C2)(C3=CC=CC=C3Cl)N4C=CN=C4

IUPAC name: 1-[(2-chlorophenyl)-diphenylmethyl]imidazole

ChEBI definition: A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1H-imidazole in which the hydrogen attached to a nitrogen is replaced by a monochlorotrityl group.

Pharmacological roles (ChEBI): antiinfective agent.

Other ChEBI roles (chemical / environmental): environmental contaminant, xenobiotic.

Also known as: Abtrim, Actavall, BAY 5097, BAY-5097, Candiden, Canesten, Canesten af, Canesten crm combi, Canesten internal, Canesten vc, Clotrimazol, Clotrimazole

Patent coverage: 15,764 distinct patent families (56,325 SureChEMBL compound mentions), from 2 matched compound structure(s). One matched structure accounts for 55,640 (99%) of the total. Mentions count patents naming the compound (not distinct inventions), so promiscuous / reference molecules inflate the mention figure — families are the dedup metric.

Targets

Targets

Primary targets (GtoPdb curated mechanism): the Cancer dependency column is the DepMap CRISPR fitness signal (% of screened cell lines dependent on the target).

Gene	Target	Action	pAffinity	Cancer dependency	UniProt
KCNMA1	KCa1.1		5.52	0.1%	Q12791
KCNN4	KCa3.1	Inhibition	7.62	0.2%	O15554
TRPM2	TRPM2	Antagonist		0.4%	O94759
TRPM3	TRPM3	Agonist	5.52	0.1%	Q9HCF6
TRPM4	TRPM4	Antagonist		0.5%	Q8TD43
TRPM8	TRPM8			0.5%	Q7Z2W7
NR1I2	Pregnane X receptor	Agonist		0.3%	O75469
NR1I3	Constitutive androstane receptor	Antagonist	6.16	0.2%	Q14994

Broader ChEMBL bioactivity targets: 120 (assay-derived). Sample: Tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterase 1, Transitional endoplasmic reticulum ATPase, Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1, Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily M member 8, Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily M member 2, Lethal(3)malignant brain tumor-like protein 1, Microtubule-associated protein tau, Ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase 2, Streptokinase A, Nuclear receptor ROR-gamma.

Bioactivity

ChEMBL activities: 148 potent at pChembl ≥ 5 of 257 total. Top 30 by potency (10 = 0.1 nM, 6 = 1 µM):

Target	pChembl	Type	Value	Unit	Activity ID
CYP19A1	8.74	IC50	1.8	nM	CHEMBL_ACT_3290703
LMNA	8.35	Potency	4.5	nM	CHEMBL_ACT_3626103
TBXAS1	7.85	IC50	14	nM	CHEMBL_ACT_7699720
CYP2C19	7.8	IC50	16	nM	CHEMBL_ACT_7697544
CYP2C9	7.8	IC50	16	nM	CHEMBL_ACT_7697546
CYP3A4	7.8	IC50	16	nM	CHEMBL_ACT_7697552
CYP3A4	7.7	IC50	20	nM	CHEMBL_ACT_1167655
CYP3A4	7.5	Potency	31.6	nM	CHEMBL_ACT_4969767
CYP3A4	7.5	Potency	31.6	nM	CHEMBL_ACT_5038820
NR1I3	7.49	IC50	32.6	nM	CHEMBL_ACT_29064234
CYP3A4	7.3	IC50	50	nM	CHEMBL_ACT_19453499
CYP3A4	7.3	IC50	50	nM	CHEMBL_ACT_2686212
CYP3A4	7.3	Potency	50.1	nM	CHEMBL_ACT_4989685
CYP3A4	7.3	Potency	50.1	nM	CHEMBL_ACT_5058607
CYP3A4	7.3	AC50	50.12	nM	CHEMBL_ACT_6066193
CYP3A4	7.17	IC50	67	nM	CHEMBL_ACT_19050861
KCNN4	7.16	IC50	70	nM	CHEMBL_ACT_2293851
KCNN4	7.16	IC50	70	nM	CHEMBL_ACT_2293864
P9WPP7	7.14	Kd	73	nM	CHEMBL_ACT_16585273
NR1I3	7.1	IC50	80	nM	CHEMBL_ACT_16466295
CYP17A1	7.09	Ki	81.5	nM	CHEMBL_ACT_1053576
NR1I3	7	IC50	100	nM	CHEMBL_ACT_16466237
NR1I3	7	Ki	100	nM	CHEMBL_ACT_16466239
CYP3A4	6.9	Potency	125.9	nM	CHEMBL_ACT_5010311
CYP3A4	6.9	Potency	125.9	nM	CHEMBL_ACT_5078725
CYP3A4	6.9	AC50	125.9	nM	CHEMBL_ACT_6044794
CYP51A1	6.89	IC50	130	nM	CHEMBL_ACT_2122883
CYP2C9	6.87	IC50	136	nM	CHEMBL_ACT_15445915
P9WPP9	6.7	Kd	200	nM	CHEMBL_ACT_5230879
NR1I3	6.68	AC50	208.2	nM	CHEMBL_ACT_25164322

Target pathways

Aggregated over 8 target gene(s): KCNMA1, KCNN4, TRPM2, TRPM3, TRPM4, TRPM8, NR1I2, NR1I3.

Top Reactome pathways

17 total, by targets touching each:

Pathway	Targets	Genes
TRP channels	4	TRPM2, TRPM3, TRPM4, TRPM8
Neuronal System	2	KCNMA1, KCNN4
Ca2+ activated K+ channels	2	KCNMA1, KCNN4
Potassium Channels	2	KCNMA1, KCNN4
Nuclear Receptor transcription pathway	2	NR1I2, NR1I3
Hemostasis	1	KCNMA1
Nitric oxide stimulates guanylate cyclase	1	KCNMA1
SUMOylation of intracellular receptors	1	NR1I2
Platelet homeostasis	1	KCNMA1
cGMP effects	1	KCNMA1
Neutrophil degranulation	1	TRPM2
Sensory processing of sound	1	KCNMA1
Sensory processing of sound by inner hair cells of the cochlea	1	KCNMA1
Sensory processing of sound by outer hair cells of the cochlea	1	KCNMA1
Acetylcholine inhibits contraction of outer hair cells	1	KCNMA1
Sensory Perception	1	KCNMA1
Sensory perception of sweet, bitter, and umami (glutamate) taste	1	TRPM4

Dominant GO biological processes

GO term	Targets
monoatomic ion transport	6
monoatomic ion transmembrane transport	6
transmembrane transport	5
calcium ion transport	5
protein homotetramerization	4
calcium ion transmembrane transport	4
calcium-mediated signaling	3
potassium ion transport	2
potassium ion transmembrane transport	2
immune system process	2
dendritic cell chemotaxis	2
zinc ion transmembrane transport	2
monoatomic cation transmembrane transport	2
negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II	2
regulation of DNA-templated transcription	2

Indications & clinical

Indications

17 indications (7 at ChEMBL trial phase 4). Phase below is the highest clinical-trial phase recorded for this drug against each disease — not the molecule’s overall approval status (that is in the Summary).

Indication	Trial phase	MONDO	EFO
tinea pedis	4	MONDO:0005984	EFO:0007512
candidiasis	4	MONDO:0002026	MONDO:0002026
fungal infectious disease	4	MONDO:0002041	MONDO:0002041
tinea infection	4	MONDO:0005982	EFO:0007510
skin disorder caused by infection	4	MONDO:0024294	MONDO:0021201
HIV infectious disease	3	MONDO:0005109	EFO:0000764
vulvovaginal candidiasis	3	MONDO:0006014	EFO:0007543
oral candidiasis	3	MONDO:0005886	EFO:0007406
vaginal discharge	3	MONDO:0002770	EFO:0009365
bacterial vaginosis	3	MONDO:0005316	EFO:0003932
otomycosis	3	MONDO:0000262	MONDO:0000262
vaginitis	3	MONDO:0002234	MONDO:0002234
folliculitis	2	MONDO:0006552	EFO:1000702
kidney disorder	1	MONDO:0005240	EFO:0003086
sickle cell disease	1	MONDO:0011382	MONDO:0011382

2 further indication records had no mapped disease name (EFO/MeSH-only) or were duplicates, and are omitted.

Clinical trials

Total trials: 36.

Phase distribution

Phase	Trials
PHASE3	9
Not specified	7
PHASE4	6
PHASE2/PHASE3	4
PHASE1/PHASE2	4
PHASE1	3
PHASE2	2
EARLY_PHASE1	1

Top trials by phase / activity

NCT	Phase	Status	Title
NCT06349122	PHASE4	NOT_YET_RECRUITING	Screen-and-treat Strategy for Vaginal Flora Abnormalities in Pregnant Women at High Risk of Preterm Birth
NCT06869681	PHASE4	NOT_YET_RECRUITING	Efficacy of Tropical Sertaconazole Nitrate 2% Vs Clotrimazole 1% for Tinea Pedis
NCT00629122	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Pharmacokinetics of Sublingual Versus Oral Tacrolimus in Patients Awaiting Kidney Transplantation
NCT02242695	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Comparative Efficacy Study of 10 mg Dequalinium Chloride (Fluomizin) in the Treatment of Vulvovaginal Candidiasis
NCT02248506	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Epidemiological Study About the Evolution of Patients Treated for an Acute Episode of Vulvovaginal Candidiasis
NCT04699240	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Study of Lactobacillus in Adjuvant Treatment of RVVC
NCT06835361	PHASE2/PHASE3	RECRUITING	Efficacy and Safety of Clotrimazole+Lactulose Vaginal Suppositories Vs. Clotrimazole Monotherapy in Adult Women with Candidal Vaginitis/Vulvovaginitis
NCT00000676	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Randomized Comparative Study of Fluconazole Versus Clotrimazole Troches in the Prevention of Serious Fungal Infection in Patients With AIDS or Advanced AIDS-Related Complex. (A Nested Study of ACTG 081)
NCT00313131	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Study of the Management of Vaginal Discharge in West African Using Single Dose Treatments
NCT00390780	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Efficacy and Safety Study of Miconazole Lauriad to Treat Oropharyngeal Candidiasis in HIV Patients
NCT00755053	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Comparative Efficacy of Ovule vs Tablet
NCT01105013	PHASE3	UNKNOWN	Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Tolnaftate Cream in the Treatment of Patients With Fungal Infections
NCT01244256	PHASE2/PHASE3	SUSPENDED	Efficacy and Comparative of the Association Beclomethasone Clotrimzaol + Gentamicin in Patients With Acne Contaminated
NCT01993823	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Clinical Study to Assess the Efficacy and Safety of G238 Compared to Clotrimazole Otic Solution in the Treatment of Otomycosis
NCT02713139	PHASE3	WITHDRAWN	Efficacy and Safety of the Association of Clotrimazole and Metronidazole in the Treatment of Vaginal Discharge From Different Etiologies.
NCT03005353	PHASE2/PHASE3	COMPLETED	Treatment of Candidal Vulvovaginitis Using Cumin Seed Extract Vaginal Suppositories.
NCT03115073	PHASE2/PHASE3	COMPLETED	ProF-001_Phase IIa
NCT03686384	PHASE3	COMPLETED	SVT-15652 Otic Solution for the Treatment of Otomycosis
NCT03686397	PHASE3	COMPLETED	SVT-15652 Otic Solution for the Treatment of Otomycosis.
NCT00004492	PHASE1/PHASE2	COMPLETED	Phase I/II Randomized Study of Hydroxyurea With or Without Clotrimazole in Patients With Sickle Cell Anemia
NCT00061282	PHASE1/PHASE2	TERMINATED	Clotrimazole Enemas for Pouchitis in Children and Adults
NCT00078559	PHASE1/PHASE2	COMPLETED	Combination Immunosuppressive Therapy to Prevent Kidney Transplant Rejection in Adults
NCT00835029	PHASE2	COMPLETED	Efficacy of Slow Release Clotrimazole Varnish Treating Denture Stomatitis Comparing to Traditional Treatment of Troches
NCT03024502	PHASE1/PHASE2	UNKNOWN	Patients With Vulvovaginal Candidiasis
NCT03632733	PHASE2	UNKNOWN	Effects of Antimicrobials on the Altered Skin Flora in Arsenical Keratosis
NCT01580878	PHASE1	COMPLETED	Evaluate the Safety & Bioequivalence of a Generic Butenafine Cream & Lotrimin Ultra® & Compare Both to a Vehicle Control in Treatment of Interdigital Tinea Pedis
NCT02847286	PHASE1	COMPLETED	To Assess the Drug-drug Interaction Potential Between Dapivirine Vaginal Ring-004, Containing 25 mg of Dapivirine, and Clotrimazole 10 mg/g (1%)
NCT06339294	PHASE1	COMPLETED	Efficacy of Pyodine Soaked Gelfoam vs Single Topical Application of Clotrimazole in Otomycosis Treatment
NCT07441005	EARLY_PHASE1	COMPLETED	Comparative Efficacy of Topical Oxiconazole Cream (1%) Versus Topical Clotrimazole Cream (1%) in the Treatment of Tinea CrurisAbstract
NCT00002282	Not specified	COMPLETED	A Comparison of the Safety and Effectiveness of Fluconazole or Clotrimazole in the Treatment of Fungal Infections of the Mouth and Throat in Patients With AIDS
NCT00004404	Not specified	COMPLETED	Study of Clotrimazole and Hydroxyurea in Patients With Sickle Cell Syndromes
NCT01049633	Not specified	NO_LONGER_AVAILABLE	B-Lymphocyte Immunotherapy in Islet Transplantation for Initial Islet Graft Failure
NCT01547221	Not specified	COMPLETED	Effectiveness of 3% Boric Acid in 70% Alcohol Versus 1% Clotrimazole Solution in Otomycosis Patients
NCT03599323	Not specified	COMPLETED	Study on the Safety of the Approved Product Empedic L Cream During Its Routine Use (Active Ingredient is Clotrimazole 1%)
NCT04292704	Not specified	UNKNOWN	A Protocol for the Role of Fractional CO2 Laser in Consolidation Treatment of Recurrent Vulvovaginal Candidiasis
NCT07535424	Not specified	COMPLETED	Comparative Efficacy of Topical Clotrimazole Versus 2% Salicylic Acid in Otomycosis

Clinical evidence (CIViC)

No CIViC predictive evidence (expected for non-precision-medicine drugs).

Pharmacology

Pharmacogenomics

No CPIC/DPWG dosing guideline or drug-level clinical/variant annotations in PharmGKB for this molecule.

Related molecules

Related molecules

Molecules sharing ≥1 of this drug’s curated primary targets, merged from two biobtree sources and ranked by shared-target count, then clinical phase: ChEMBL clinical-stage candidates (development phase ≥2) and PubChem drug-class bioactivity (approved / known drugs acting on the target). Deduplicated by drug name; the drug’s own salt forms are excluded. Note: for a drug with few primary targets a shared-target match can reflect off-target / promiscuous binding rather than the same therapeutic mechanism — the phase ordering surfaces bona-fide therapeutics first.

352 molecules share ≥1 primary target. Top 60 by shared-target count:

Molecule	Source	Status	Shared targets
CANNABIDIOL	ChEMBL + PubChem	Phase 4 (approved)	KCNMA1, NR1I2, NR1I3, TRPM8
ECONAZOLE	ChEMBL + PubChem	Phase 4 (approved)	NR1I2, TRPM2, TRPM8
Rosiglitazone	ChEMBL + PubChem	Phase 4 (approved)	NR1I2, NR1I3, TRPM3
ACETAMINOPHEN	ChEMBL + PubChem	Phase 4 (approved)	NR1I2, NR1I3
ATORVASTATIN	ChEMBL + PubChem	Phase 4 (approved)	NR1I2, NR1I3
BOSENTAN	ChEMBL + PubChem	Phase 4 (approved)	NR1I2, NR1I3
CAPSAICIN	ChEMBL + PubChem	Phase 4 (approved)	NR1I2, TRPM8
DRONABINOL	ChEMBL + PubChem	Phase 4 (approved)	NR1I2, TRPM8
ETHINYL ESTRADIOL	ChEMBL + PubChem	Phase 4 (approved)	NR1I2, NR1I3
Miconazole	ChEMBL + PubChem	Phase 4 (approved)	NR1I2, TRPM2
REGORAFENIB	ChEMBL + PubChem	Phase 4 (approved)	NR1I2, NR1I3
REPAGLINIDE	ChEMBL + PubChem	Phase 4 (approved)	NR1I2, NR1I3
RETINOL	ChEMBL + PubChem	Phase 4 (approved)	NR1I2, NR1I3
RIFAMPIN	ChEMBL + PubChem	Phase 4 (approved)	NR1I2, NR1I3
SIMVASTATIN	ChEMBL + PubChem	Phase 4 (approved)	NR1I2, NR1I3
TOLCAPONE	ChEMBL + PubChem	Phase 4 (approved)	NR1I2, NR1I3
ZAFIRLUKAST	ChEMBL + PubChem	Phase 4 (approved)	NR1I2, NR1I3
EPALRESTAT	ChEMBL	Phase 4 (approved)	NR1I2, NR1I3
KETOCONAZOLE	ChEMBL	Phase 4 (approved)	NR1I2, NR1I3
RACECADOTRIL	ChEMBL	Phase 4 (approved)	NR1I2, NR1I3
TROGLITAZONE	ChEMBL	Phase 4 (approved)	NR1I2, NR1I3
GLIQUIDONE	ChEMBL	Phase 2	NR1I2, NR1I3
eucalyptol	PubChem	Approved	NR1I3, TRPM8
Eugenol	PubChem	Approved	NR1I3, TRPM8
Mefenamic Acid	PubChem	Approved	TRPM2, TRPM3
Pyrazinamide	PubChem	Approved	NR1I2, NR1I3
Thiamine	PubChem	Approved	NR1I2, NR1I3
ADENOSINE	ChEMBL + PubChem	Phase 4 (approved)	TRPM2
AMOXICILLIN	ChEMBL + PubChem	Phase 4 (approved)	NR1I3
CRIZOTINIB	ChEMBL + PubChem	Phase 4 (approved)	NR1I2
CYCLOSPORINE	ChEMBL + PubChem	Phase 4 (approved)	NR1I3
DACOMITINIB	ChEMBL + PubChem	Phase 4 (approved)	NR1I2
DESOXYCORTICOSTERONE PIVALATE	ChEMBL + PubChem	Phase 4 (approved)	NR1I2
DICLOFENAC	ChEMBL + PubChem	Phase 4 (approved)	NR1I3
FULVESTRANT	ChEMBL + PubChem	Phase 4 (approved)	NR1I2
GEFITINIB	ChEMBL + PubChem	Phase 4 (approved)	NR1I2
OLANZAPINE	ChEMBL + PubChem	Phase 4 (approved)	NR1I3
TADALAFIL	ChEMBL + PubChem	Phase 4 (approved)	NR1I2
VERAPAMIL	ChEMBL + PubChem	Phase 4 (approved)	NR1I3
ABACAVIR	ChEMBL	Phase 4 (approved)	NR1I2
ACENOCOUMAROL	ChEMBL	Phase 4 (approved)	NR1I2
ACITRETIN	ChEMBL	Phase 4 (approved)	NR1I2
ADAPALENE	ChEMBL	Phase 4 (approved)	NR1I2
ALECTINIB	ChEMBL	Phase 4 (approved)	NR1I2
ALPIDEM	ChEMBL	Phase 4 (approved)	NR1I2
AMBRISENTAN	ChEMBL	Phase 4 (approved)	NR1I2
AMLODIPINE	ChEMBL	Phase 4 (approved)	NR1I2
AMSACRINE	ChEMBL	Phase 4 (approved)	NR1I2
ATAZANAVIR	ChEMBL	Phase 4 (approved)	NR1I2
BEDAQUILINE	ChEMBL	Phase 4 (approved)	NR1I2
BENFLUOREX	ChEMBL	Phase 4 (approved)	NR1I2
BENZBROMARONE	ChEMBL	Phase 4 (approved)	NR1I2
BENZTHIAZIDE	ChEMBL	Phase 4 (approved)	NR1I2
BEPRIDIL	ChEMBL	Phase 4 (approved)	NR1I2
BETAMETHASONE DIPROPIONATE	ChEMBL	Phase 4 (approved)	NR1I2
BIFONAZOLE	ChEMBL	Phase 4 (approved)	NR1I2
BITHIONOL	ChEMBL	Phase 4 (approved)	NR1I2
BRIMONIDINE	ChEMBL	Phase 4 (approved)	NR1I2
BROMPERIDOL	ChEMBL	Phase 4 (approved)	NR1I2
BUCLIZINE	ChEMBL	Phase 4 (approved)	NR1I2