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Atlas / Drug / Dextroamphetamine

Dextroamphetamine

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Also known as Amfetamine, (s)-Amphetamined-D-amphetamineDexamfetamineDexamphetamineDexanfetaminaDexidrineDextroamphetamine resin complexNSC-73713Xelstrym(S)-Amphetamine(S)-(+)-amphetamineSID50113060(+)-Amphetamine(+)-(S)-AmphetamineS(+)-amphetamineS(+)Amphetamine(D)-Amphetamine

Summary

Dextroamphetamine (CHEMBL612) is an approved small-molecule adrenergic uptake inhibitor (ATC N06BA02) targeting TAAR1, SLC6A2, and SLC6A3; indicated across 13 conditions including attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder and drug dependence.

At a glance

  • Status: Approved (max clinical phase 4)
  • Modality: Small molecule
  • ATC class: N06BA02
  • Targets: 3 (TAAR1, SLC6A2, SLC6A3)
  • Indications: 13 conditions
  • Clinical trials: 37
  • Chemistry: 135.21 Da · C9H13N

Identifiers

Drug identity and classification

FieldValue
ChEMBL IDCHEMBL612
NameDextroamphetamine
TypeSmall molecule
Max phase4
FDA approvedyes
PubChem CID5826
ChEBICHEBI:4469
ATCN06BA02
Molecular formulaC9H13N
Molecular weight135.21
InChIKeyKWTSXDURSIMDCE-QMMMGPOBSA-N

SMILES: C[C@@H](CC1=CC=CC=C1)N

IUPAC name: (2S)-1-phenylpropan-2-amine

ChEBI definition: A 1-phenylpropan-2-amine that has S configuration.

Pharmacological roles (ChEBI): neurotoxin, adrenergic uptake inhibitor, dopaminergic agent, sympathomimetic agent, dopamine uptake inhibitor, adrenergic agent.

Also known as: Amfetamine, (s)-, Amphetamine, d-, D-amphetamine, Dexamfetamine, Dexamphetamine, Dexanfetamina, Dexidrine, Dextroamphetamine, Dextroamphetamine resin complex, NSC-73713, Xelstrym

Parent form; salt/anhydrous children: CHEMBL287386, CHEMBL1200782, CHEMBL2106669, CHEMBL3544971, CHEMBL3989844

Patent coverage: 20,779 distinct patent families (72,138 SureChEMBL compound mentions), from 1 matched compound structure(s). Mentions count patents naming the compound (not distinct inventions), so promiscuous / reference molecules inflate the mention figure — families are the dedup metric.

Targets

Targets

Primary targets (GtoPdb curated mechanism): the Cancer dependency column is the DepMap CRISPR fitness signal (% of screened cell lines dependent on the target).

GeneTargetActionpAffinityCancer dependencyUniProt
TAAR1TA1 receptorFull agonist6.90%Q96RJ0
SLC6A2NETInhibition70.4%P23975
SLC6A3DATInhibition6.960.2%Q01959

Broader ChEMBL bioactivity targets: 12 (assay-derived). Sample: Trace amine-associated receptor 1, Amine oxidase [flavin-containing] A, Serotonin (5-HT) receptor, Sodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter, Sodium-dependent serotonin transporter, Sodium-dependent dopamine transporter, Sodium-dependent serotonin transporter, Amine oxidase [flavin-containing] A, Sodium-dependent dopamine transporter, Trace amine-associated receptor 1.

Bioactivity

ChEMBL activities: 30 potent at pChembl ≥ 5 of 33 total. Top 30 by potency (10 = 0.1 nM, 6 = 1 µM):

TargetpChemblTypeValueUnitActivity ID
Q923Y88.7EC502nMCHEMBL_ACT_7968717
Q923Y88.4EC503.98nMCHEMBL_ACT_13895556
SLC6A28.15EC507.1nMCHEMBL_ACT_7968734
Q923Y97.86EC5013.9nMCHEMBL_ACT_13895551
P239777.61EC5024.8nMCHEMBL_ACT_16663952
SLC6A37.61EC5024.8nMCHEMBL_ACT_7968735
P239777.6EC5025nMCHEMBL_ACT_18042103
Q923Y97.25EC5055.6nMCHEMBL_ACT_13895571
Q923Y87.07EC5084.6nMCHEMBL_ACT_13895566
SLC6A27Ki101nMCHEMBL_ACT_13336348
SLC6A36.96Ki109nMCHEMBL_ACT_13336368
TAAR16.85EC50140nMCHEMBL_ACT_7968730
Q923Y86.68EC50210nMCHEMBL_ACT_7968711
Q923Y86.66EC50218.8nMCHEMBL_ACT_13895546
SLC6A36.54IC50288.4nMCHEMBL_ACT_13336369
Q923Y96.36EC50440nMCHEMBL_ACT_7968703
TAAR16.22EC50600nMCHEMBL_ACT_7967443
SLC6A26.2IC50631nMCHEMBL_ACT_13336349
Q923Y96.17EC50677.4nMCHEMBL_ACT_13895561
Q923Y96.09EC50810nMCHEMBL_ACT_7968697
TAAR16.03EC50935nMCHEMBL_ACT_2558468
Q8HZ646EC501010nMCHEMBL_ACT_7967462
TAAR16EC50990nMCHEMBL_ACT_7968726
Q923Y95.92EC501200nMCHEMBL_ACT_7968707
P316525.75EC501770nMCHEMBL_ACT_16663929
P316525.75EC501765nMCHEMBL_ACT_18042090
SLC6A45.75EC501770nMCHEMBL_ACT_7968736
P089095.35Kd4467nMCHEMBL_ACT_250171
P239775.31IC504900nMCHEMBL_ACT_2531672
SLC6A45.24Ki5728nMCHEMBL_ACT_13336328

Target pathways

Aggregated over 3 target gene(s): TAAR1, SLC6A2, SLC6A3.

Top Reactome pathways

21 total, by targets touching each:

PathwayTargetsGenes
Disease2SLC6A2, SLC6A3
Transport of small molecules2SLC6A2, SLC6A3
R-HSA-4253662SLC6A2, SLC6A3
SLC-mediated transmembrane transport2SLC6A2, SLC6A3
SLC-mediated transport of neurotransmitters2SLC6A2, SLC6A3
SLC transporter disorders2SLC6A2, SLC6A3
Disorders of transmembrane transporters2SLC6A2, SLC6A3
Neurotransmitter clearance1SLC6A3
Transmission across Chemical Synapses1SLC6A3
Neuronal System1SLC6A3
Signal Transduction1TAAR1
Signaling by GPCR1TAAR1
Class A/1 (Rhodopsin-like receptors)1TAAR1
Amine ligand-binding receptors1TAAR1
Dopamine clearance from the synaptic cleft1SLC6A3
GPCR downstream signalling1TAAR1
G alpha (s) signalling events1TAAR1
GPCR ligand binding1TAAR1
Defective neurotransmitter clearance by SLC6A3 causes Parkinsonism-dystonia infantile (PKDYS)1SLC6A3
Defective SLC6A2 causes orthostatic intolerance (OI)1SLC6A2
Defective transport of neurotransmitters by SLC6A3 causes Parkinsonism-dystonia infantile (PKDYS)1SLC6A3

Dominant GO biological processes

GO termTargets
neurotransmitter transport2
amino acid transport2
response to xenobiotic stimulus2
obsolete monoamine transport2
sodium ion transmembrane transport2
dopamine uptake involved in synaptic transmission2
norepinephrine uptake2
transmembrane transport2
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway1
adenylate cyclase-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway1
adenylate cyclase-inhibiting G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway1
phospholipase C-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway1
signal transduction1
chemical synaptic transmission1
obsolete norepinephrine transport1

Indications & clinical

Indications

13 indications (4 at ChEMBL trial phase 4). Phase below is the highest clinical-trial phase recorded for this drug against each disease — not the molecule’s overall approval status (that is in the Summary).

IndicationTrial phaseMONDOEFO
attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder4MONDO:0007743EFO:0003888
drug dependence4MONDO:0005303EFO:0003890
arteriosclerosis disorder4MONDO:0002277MONDO:0002277
narcolepsy4MONDO:0021107MONDO:0016158
paraganglioma3MONDO:0000448EFO:1000453
cocaine dependence2MONDO:0005186EFO:0002610
methamphetamine dependence2MONDO:0005419EFO:0004701
stroke disorder2MONDO:0005098EFO:0000712
opiate dependence2MONDO:0005530EFO:0005611
multiple sclerosis2MONDO:0005301MONDO:0005301
post-traumatic stress disorder2MONDO:0005146EFO:0001358
bipolar disorder1MONDO:0004985MONDO:0004985

1 further indication record had no mapped disease name (EFO/MeSH-only) or were duplicates, and are omitted.

Clinical trials

Total trials: 37.

Phase distribution

PhaseTrials
PHASE213
Not specified8
PHASE17
PHASE44
EARLY_PHASE14
PHASE31

Top trials by phase / activity

NCTPhaseStatusTitle
NCT00228046PHASE4COMPLETEDMedication Strategies for Treating Aggressive Behavior in Youth With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
NCT00254033PHASE4COMPLETEDApathy Associated With Alzheimer’s Disease
NCT00296686PHASE4TERMINATEDSequential Tranylcypromine (TC), TC + Dextroamphetamine and TC + Triiodothyronine for Refractory Depression
NCT01220440PHASE4COMPLETEDComparing the Efficacy of Methylphenidate, Dextroamphetamine and Placebo in Children Diagnosed With ADHD
NCT02363075PHASE3UNKNOWNDexamfetamine Sulphate in Patients With Glioma Suffering From Severe Asthenia
NCT05529927PHASE2RECRUITINGEfficacy and Safety of Sustained-release Dexamphetamine in Patients With Moderate to Severe Cocaine Use Disorder
NCT05790239PHASE2RECRUITINGMDMA-Assisted Therapy for Veterans With Moderate to Severe Post Traumatic Stress Disorder
NCT00000304PHASE2COMPLETEDDextroamphetamine as an Adjunct in Cocaine Treatment - 1
NCT00000306PHASE2COMPLETEDDextroamphetamine as Adjunct in Cocaine/Opiate Dependent Patients - 3
NCT00000308PHASE2COMPLETEDDextroamphetamine-Cocaine Behavioral Intervention - 5
NCT00218062PHASE2COMPLETEDEffectiveness of Modafinil and D-amphetamine in Treating Cocaine Dependent Individuals
NCT00630682PHASE2COMPLETEDA Pilot Trial of Dextroamphetamine for Methamphetamine Dependence
NCT01215929PHASE2COMPLETEDStudying Amphetamine Withdrawal in Humans
NCT01711021PHASE2COMPLETEDStudy to Evaluate Safety & Efficacy of d-Amphetamine Transdermal System vs Placebo in Children & Adolescents With ADHD
NCT01905371PHASE2COMPLETEDAmphetamine-Enhanced Stroke Recovery
NCT02634684PHASE2COMPLETEDPharmacologically-augmented Cognitive Therapies (PACTs) for Schizophrenia.
NCT02773212PHASE2COMPLETEDTargeting Anhedonia in Cocaine Use Disorder
NCT04414930PHASE2COMPLETEDPharmacologic Augmentation of Targeted Cognitive Training in Schizophrenia
NCT00000305PHASE1TERMINATEDAmphetamine Cocaine Interaction Study - 2
NCT02144415PHASE1COMPLETEDA Study to Evaluate the Abuse Potential of EB-1020 Immediate-Release in Healthy Recreational Stimulant Users
NCT02668926PHASE1COMPLETEDEndocrine and Emotional Effects of Lisdexamfetamine and d-Amphetamine.
NCT03200080PHASE1TERMINATEDA Study to Determine the Abuse Potential of Tozadenant Relative to D-Amphetamine and Placebo When Administered Orally in Healthy, Non-Dependent, Recreational Polydrug Users
NCT03369015PHASE1COMPLETEDEffect of D-amphetamine on Reward Functioning
NCT03512171PHASE1COMPLETEDDecision Making Study in Young and Middle-Aged Adults: Part II
NCT04647903PHASE1COMPLETEDStudy to Evaluate the Abuse Liability, Pharmacokinetics, Safety and Tolerability of an Abuse-Deterrent d-Amphetamine Sulfate Immediate Release Formulation (ADAIR)
NCT05011760EARLY_PHASE1RECRUITING[C-11]NPA PET-amphetamine in Cocaine Use Disorders
NCT02768441EARLY_PHASE1COMPLETEDDexamphetamine Sustained Release Pharmacokinetics and Clinical Validation of Dried Blood Spots
NCT03349606EARLY_PHASE1COMPLETEDCocaine Use Disorder and Cortical Dopamine
NCT03606473EARLY_PHASE1COMPLETEDBrain Mechanisms in Young Adults
NCT00439049Not specifiedRECRUITINGSubstance Abuse Pre-Treatment Screening Study
NCT05621174Not specifiedACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITINGThe Difference in the Mechanism of Action Between Two Brands of Dexamfetamine in Adults With ADHD
NCT00943930Not specifiedCOMPLETEDMarijuana Drug Discrimination and Self-Administration
NCT01577706Not specifiedTERMINATEDSpectroscopic Imaging at 4T: A Drug Challenge Study
NCT03460353Not specifiedCOMPLETEDBariatric Surgery and Pharmacokinetics of Dexamphetamine
NCT03999190Not specifiedWITHDRAWNImaging Dopamine D2 Agonist Binding Sites in Schizophrenia
NCT04132557Not specifiedCOMPLETEDA Study on Suicidality, Psychosis or Substance Abuse With Methylphenidate, Atomoxetine, Amphetamine/Dextroamphetamine or Lisdexamfetamine
NCT04577417Not specifiedCOMPLETEDStimulant Medication Effects on Auditory Sensitivity in Teens With ADHD

Clinical evidence (CIViC)

No CIViC predictive evidence (expected for non-precision-medicine drugs).

Pharmacology

Pharmacogenomics

No CPIC/DPWG dosing guideline, but PharmGKB curates 1 clinical and 2 variant annotation(s) for this drug (gene-keyed; see PharmGKB).

Molecules sharing ≥1 of this drug’s curated primary targets, merged from two biobtree sources and ranked by shared-target count, then clinical phase: ChEMBL clinical-stage candidates (development phase ≥2) and PubChem drug-class bioactivity (approved / known drugs acting on the target). Deduplicated by drug name; the drug’s own salt forms are excluded. Note: for a drug with few primary targets a shared-target match can reflect off-target / promiscuous binding rather than the same therapeutic mechanism — the phase ordering surfaces bona-fide therapeutics first.

597 molecules share ≥1 primary target. Top 60 by shared-target count:

MoleculeSourceStatusShared targets
AmiodaroneChEMBL + PubChemPhase 4 (approved)SLC6A2, SLC6A3, TAAR1
DOPAMINEChEMBL + PubChemPhase 4 (approved)SLC6A2, SLC6A3, TAAR1
FENOLDOPAMChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)SLC6A2, SLC6A3, TAAR1
GUANABENZChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)SLC6A2, SLC6A3, TAAR1
AfatinibChEMBL + PubChemPhase 4 (approved)SLC6A2, SLC6A3
AMITRIPTYLINEChEMBL + PubChemPhase 4 (approved)SLC6A2, SLC6A3
CRIZOTINIBChEMBL + PubChemPhase 4 (approved)SLC6A2, SLC6A3
DACOMITINIBChEMBL + PubChemPhase 4 (approved)SLC6A2, SLC6A3
GENTIAN VIOLETChEMBL + PubChemPhase 4 (approved)SLC6A2, SLC6A3
IdelalisibChEMBL + PubChemPhase 4 (approved)SLC6A2, SLC6A3
OlodaterolChEMBL + PubChemPhase 4 (approved)SLC6A2, SLC6A3
PHENTERMINEChEMBL + PubChemPhase 4 (approved)SLC6A2, TAAR1
PIMAVANSERINChEMBL + PubChemPhase 4 (approved)SLC6A2, SLC6A3
PyrimethamineChEMBL + PubChemPhase 4 (approved)SLC6A3, TAAR1
REGORAFENIBChEMBL + PubChemPhase 4 (approved)SLC6A2, SLC6A3
TAFENOQUINEChEMBL + PubChemPhase 4 (approved)SLC6A2, SLC6A3
UMECLIDINIUMChEMBL + PubChemPhase 4 (approved)SLC6A2, SLC6A3
VORAPAXARChEMBL + PubChemPhase 4 (approved)SLC6A2, SLC6A3
ACETOPHENAZINEChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)SLC6A2, SLC6A3
AMINOCAPROIC ACIDChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)SLC6A2, SLC6A3
AMLODIPINEChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)SLC6A2, SLC6A3
AMODIAQUINEChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)SLC6A2, SLC6A3
AMOXAPINEChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)SLC6A2, SLC6A3
ANTAZOLINEChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)SLC6A3, TAAR1
ARIPIPRAZOLEChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)SLC6A2, SLC6A3
ASENAPINEChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)SLC6A2, SLC6A3
ASTEMIZOLEChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)SLC6A2, SLC6A3
ATOMOXETINEChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)SLC6A2, SLC6A3
AZELASTINEChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)SLC6A2, SLC6A3
BAZEDOXIFENEChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)SLC6A2, SLC6A3
BENFLUOREXChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)SLC6A2, SLC6A3
BENOXINATEChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)SLC6A2, SLC6A3
BENPERIDOLChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)SLC6A2, SLC6A3
BENZIODARONEChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)SLC6A2, SLC6A3
BENZPHETAMINEChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)SLC6A2, SLC6A3
BENZTROPINEChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)SLC6A2, SLC6A3
BENZYDAMINEChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)SLC6A2, SLC6A3
BENZYL BENZOATEChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)SLC6A2, SLC6A3
BEPRIDILChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)SLC6A2, SLC6A3
BEXAROTENEChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)SLC6A2, SLC6A3
BITHIONOLChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)SLC6A2, SLC6A3
BOSUTINIBChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)SLC6A2, SLC6A3
BREXPIPRAZOLEChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)SLC6A2, SLC6A3
BROMHEXINEChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)SLC6A2, SLC6A3
BROMODIPHENHYDRAMINEChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)SLC6A2, SLC6A3
BROMPERIDOLChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)SLC6A2, SLC6A3
BROMPHENIRAMINEChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)SLC6A2, SLC6A3
BUPROPIONChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)SLC6A2, SLC6A3
CABERGOLINEChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)SLC6A2, SLC6A3
CALCITRIOLChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)SLC6A2, SLC6A3
CANDESARTAN CILEXETILChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)SLC6A2, SLC6A3
CANNABIDIOLChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)SLC6A2, SLC6A3
CARBINOXAMINEChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)SLC6A2, SLC6A3
CARVEDILOLChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)SLC6A2, SLC6A3
CASPOFUNGINChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)SLC6A2, SLC6A3
CELECOXIBChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)SLC6A2, SLC6A3
CETIRIZINEChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)SLC6A2, SLC6A3
CHLORHEXIDINEChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)SLC6A2, SLC6A3
CHLORPHENIRAMINEChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)SLC6A2, SLC6A3
CHLORPHENTERMINEChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)SLC6A2, SLC6A3

About this page

Generated deterministically by Sugi Atlas from primary biomedical databases via BioBTree. Every record on this page traces to a primary source.

Generated
Atlas version
v1.1.2
BioBTree
v2.0.2

Sources 30

This page pulls from 30 datasets indexed by BioBTree:

chebichembl_activitychembl_moleculechembl_targetcivic_evidenceclingen_dosageclinical_trialsdepmapefoensemblentrezgogoparentgtopdbgtopdb_interactiongtopdb_ligandhgncmeshmondomsigdbpatent_compoundpharmgkbpharmgkb_guidelinepubchempubchem_activityreactomereactomeparentrefseqtranscriptuniprot