Dipyridamole

Summary

Dipyridamole (CHEMBL932) is an approved small-molecule adenosine phosphodiesterase inhibitor (ATC B01AC07) targeting SLC29A1, SLC29A4, and PDE7B; indicated across 16 conditions including thrombotic disease and stroke disorder.

At a glance

• Status: Approved (max clinical phase 4)
• Modality: Small molecule
• ATC class: B01AC07
• Targets: 5 (SLC29A1, SLC29A4, PDE7B…)
• Indications: 16 conditions
• Clinical trials: 40
• Chemistry: 504.6 Da · C24H40N8O4

Identifiers

Drug identity and classification

Field	Value
ChEMBL ID	CHEMBL932
Name	Dipyridamole
Type	Small molecule
Max phase	4
FDA approved	yes
PubChem CID	3108
ChEBI	CHEBI:4653
ATC	B01AC07
Molecular formula	C24H40N8O4
Molecular weight	504.6
InChIKey	IZEKFCXSFNUWAM-UHFFFAOYSA-N

SMILES: C1CCN(CC1)C2=NC(=NC3=C2N=C(N=C3N4CCCCC4)N(CCO)CCO)N(CCO)CCO

IUPAC name: 2-[[2-[bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]-4,8-di(piperidin-1-yl)pyrimido[5,4-d]pyrimidin-6-yl]-(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]ethanol

ChEBI definition: A pyrimidopyrimidine that is 2,2’,2’’,2’’’-(pyrimido[5,4-d]pyrimidine-2,6-diyldinitrilo)tetraethanol substituted by piperidin-1-yl groups at positions 4 and 8 respectively. A vasodilator agent, it inhibits the formation of blood clots.

Pharmacological roles (ChEBI): adenosine phosphodiesterase inhibitor, EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor, platelet aggregation inhibitor, vasodilator agent.

Also known as: Attia, B01AC07, Cerebrovase 100, Cerebrovase 25, Dipiridamol, Dipyridamole, Dipyridamole component of aggrenox, Iv persantine, Modaplate, NSC-515776, Ofcram pr, Persantin

Patent coverage: 15,468 distinct patent families (51,743 SureChEMBL compound mentions), from 2 matched compound structure(s). One matched structure accounts for 51,581 (100%) of the total. Mentions count patents naming the compound (not distinct inventions), so promiscuous / reference molecules inflate the mention figure — families are the dedup metric.

Targets

Targets

Primary targets (GtoPdb curated mechanism): the Cancer dependency column is the DepMap CRISPR fitness signal (% of screened cell lines dependent on the target).

Gene	Target	Action	pAffinity	Cancer dependency	UniProt
SLC29A1	Equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1	Inhibition	8.8	0.1%	Q99808
SLC29A4	Plasma membrane monoamine transporter	Inhibition	5.9	0.7%	Q7RTT9
PDE7B	phosphodiesterase 7B	Inhibition	6	0.2%	Q9NP56
PDE8A	phosphodiesterase 8A	Inhibition	5.1	0%	O60658
PDE8B	phosphodiesterase 8B	Inhibition	4.3	1.6%	O95263

Broader ChEMBL bioactivity targets: 67 (assay-derived). Sample: Tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterase 1, Microtubule-associated protein tau, Lysine-specific demethylase 4E, Ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase 2, Nuclear receptor ROR-gamma, Survival motor neuron protein, Prelamin-A/C, RecQ-like DNA helicase BLM, Inositol monophosphatase 1, Ferritin light chain.

Bioactivity

ChEMBL activities: 74 potent at pChembl ≥ 5 of 147 total. Top 30 by potency (10 = 0.1 nM, 6 = 1 µM):

Target	pChembl	Type	Value	Unit	Activity ID
LMNA	8.4	Potency	4	nM	CHEMBL_ACT_3623230
SLC29A1	8.09	Ki	8.18	nM	CHEMBL_ACT_1915913
SLC29A1	8.09	IC50	8.1	nM	CHEMBL_ACT_24930840
SLC29A1	8.06	Ki	8.79	nM	CHEMBL_ACT_1130620
SLC29A1	7.79	AC50	16.2	nM	CHEMBL_ACT_25141777
P0DTD1	7.4	Ki	40	nM	CHEMBL_ACT_25952245
PDE6D	6.9	Ki	125	nM	CHEMBL_ACT_1506650
SLC29A1	6.84	IC50	144.8	nM	CHEMBL_ACT_1915912
TDP1	6.5	Potency	316.2	nM	CHEMBL_ACT_3931267
PDE11A	6.4	Ki	400	nM	CHEMBL_ACT_1506654
PDE4A	6.3	IC50	500	nM	CHEMBL_ACT_81080
PDE5A	6.28	IC50	520	nM	CHEMBL_ACT_858691
PDE5A	6.24	IC50	574	nM	CHEMBL_ACT_383057
PDE7A	6.22	Ki	600	nM	CHEMBL_ACT_1506651
P0DTD1	6.22	IC50	600	nM	CHEMBL_ACT_25952250
PDE7A	6.22	IC50	600	nM	CHEMBL_ACT_26122705
PRUNE1	6.11	IC50	780	nM	CHEMBL_ACT_11023524
SMN1	6.05	Potency	891.3	nM	CHEMBL_ACT_3878661
PDE10A	6	Ki	1000	nM	CHEMBL_ACT_1506653
CYP2C19	5.9	Potency	1259	nM	CHEMBL_ACT_4019409
CYP2C19	5.9	AC50	1259	nM	CHEMBL_ACT_6064687
P62813	5.85	AC50	1400	nM	CHEMBL_ACT_25130847
MAPT	5.85	Potency	1412	nM	CHEMBL_ACT_3942981
P51450	5.85	Potency	1412	nM	CHEMBL_ACT_4954891
ABCC4	5.7	IC50	2000	nM	CHEMBL_ACT_11001396
CHRM2	5.7	AC50	2000	nM	CHEMBL_ACT_25215184
LMNA	5.65	Potency	2239	nM	CHEMBL_ACT_3641979
MAPT	5.6	Potency	2512	nM	CHEMBL_ACT_4025335
SLC22A2	5.58	IC50	2600	nM	CHEMBL_ACT_12064060
PDE4D	5.55	IC50	2800	nM	CHEMBL_ACT_25527387

Target pathways

Aggregated over 5 target gene(s): SLC29A1, SLC29A4, PDE7B, PDE8A, PDE8B.

Top Reactome pathways

8 total, by targets touching each:

Pathway	Targets	Genes
G alpha (s) signalling events	3	PDE7B, PDE8A, PDE8B
Transport of small molecules	2	SLC29A1, SLC29A4
Transport of vitamins, nucleosides, and related molecules	2	SLC29A1, SLC29A4
SLC-mediated transmembrane transport	2	SLC29A1, SLC29A4
Transport of nucleosides and free purine and pyrimidine bases across the plasma membrane	2	SLC29A1, SLC29A4
Drug ADME	1	SLC29A1
Azathioprine ADME	1	SLC29A1
Ribavirin ADME	1	SLC29A1

Dominant GO biological processes

GO term	Targets
cAMP catabolic process	3
signal transduction	3
negative regulation of cAMP/PKA signal transduction	3
neurotransmitter transport	2
nucleoside transport	2
adenosine transport	2
transport across blood-brain barrier	2
nucleoside transmembrane transport	2
positive regulation of ERK1 and ERK2 cascade	2
neurotransmitter uptake	1
nucleobase-containing compound metabolic process	1
AMP catabolic process	1
xenobiotic metabolic process	1
xenobiotic transmembrane transport	1
lactation	1

Indications & clinical

Indications

16 indications (3 at ChEMBL trial phase 4). Phase below is the highest clinical-trial phase recorded for this drug against each disease — not the molecule’s overall approval status (that is in the Summary).

Indication	Trial phase	MONDO	EFO
thrombotic disease	4	MONDO:0000831	HP:0004419
stroke disorder	4	MONDO:0005098	EFO:0000712
coronary artery disorder	4	MONDO:0005010	EFO:0001645
heart disorder	3	MONDO:0005267	EFO:0003777
myocardial ischemia	3	MONDO:0024644	EFO:1001375
severe acute respiratory syndrome	3	MONDO:0005091	MONDO:0100096
cardiovascular disorder	3	MONDO:0004995	EFO:0000319
rheumatoid arthritis	2	MONDO:0008383	EFO:0000685
internal carotid artery stenosis	2	MONDO:0005189	EFO:0002615
exocrine pancreatic carcinoma	2	MONDO:0005192	EFO:0002618
ovarian cancer	2	MONDO:0008170	MONDO:0008170
sickle cell disease	2	MONDO:0011382	MONDO:0011382
HIV infectious disease	1	MONDO:0005109	EFO:0000764
hypertensive disorder	1	MONDO:0005044	EFO:0000537
immunoglobulin A vasculitis	1	MONDO:0019167	EFO:1000965

1 further indication record had no mapped disease name (EFO/MeSH-only) or were duplicates, and are omitted.

Clinical trials

Total trials: 40.

Phase distribution

Phase	Trials
PHASE4	14
PHASE2	14
Not specified	4
PHASE3	3
PHASE1	3
PHASE1/PHASE2	1
EARLY_PHASE1	1

Top trials by phase / activity

NCT	Phase	Status	Title
NCT04666454	PHASE4	RECRUITING	BROKEN-SWEDEHEART- Optimized Pharmacological Treatment for Broken Heart (Takotsubo) Syndrome.
NCT00161070	PHASE4	COMPLETED	ESPRIT: European/Australasian Stroke Prevention in Reversible Ischaemia Trial
NCT00430170	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Does Caffeine Reduce Dipyridamole-Induced Protection Against Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury?
NCT00457405	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Does a Seven Day Treatment With Dipyridamole Induce Protection Against Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury?
NCT00560079	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Efficacy of Allopurinol and Dypiridamole in Acute Mania
NCT00763009	PHASE4	TERMINATED	Persantine: Variation in Response Trial
NCT00767663	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Persantin Preceding Elective PCI
NCT01091571	PHASE4	COMPLETED	The Effects of Oral Dipyridamole Treatment on the Innate Immune Response During Human Endotoxemia
NCT01295567	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Can Dipyridamole Induce Protection Against Ischemia and Reperfusion Injury in Patients Undergoing Elective Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting (CABG)?
NCT01613755	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Metformin-Dipyridamole Interaction Trial
NCT02238444	PHASE4	UNKNOWN	Warfarin Prevents Portal Vein Thrombosis in Liver Cirrhotic Patients With Hypersplenism After Laparoscopic Splenectomy
NCT02247414	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Warfarin Prevents Portal Vein Thrombosis in Patients After Laparoscopic Splenectomy and Azygoportal Disconnection
NCT02251184	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Pharmacokinetics of Dipyridamole Administered as Aggrenox® (Dipyridamole Extended Release Plus Aspirin) Capsule Versus Dipyridamole Immediate Release Plus Aspirin Following Alteration of Stomach pH
NCT04645550	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Apixaban, Warfarin and Aspirin Prevents Portal Vein Thrombosis in Patients After Laparoscopic Splenectomy（ESAWAAPT）
NCT00000496	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Platelet Drug Trial in Coronary Disease Progression
NCT00000510	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Platelet-Inhibitor Drug Trial in Coronary Angioplasty
NCT00238667	PHASE3	COMPLETED	To Determine the Feasibility of a Clinical Trial Comparing Anticoagulants Versus Antiplatelets in the Acute Treatment of Patients With Cervical Artery Dissection
NCT06824454	PHASE2	NOT_YET_RECRUITING	Evaluation of Dipyridamole in Preventing Post-Transplant Hypophosphatemia in Kidney Transplant Recipients
NCT00000527	PHASE2	COMPLETED	Recurrent Carotid Stenosis
NCT00002487	PHASE2	UNKNOWN	Methotrexate Plus Dipyridamole in Treating Patients With Advanced Ovarian Cancer
NCT00003018	PHASE2	COMPLETED	S9700 Combination Chemotherapy in Treating Patients With Stage II or Stage III Pancreatic Cancer
NCT00276146	PHASE2	WITHDRAWN	Dipyridamole/Magnesium To Improve Sickle Cell Hydration
NCT00551707	PHASE2	COMPLETED	Multicenter Study to Evaluate CRx-102 vs. Each of Its Components to Treat Active Rheumatoid Arthritis
NCT01369745	PHASE2	COMPLETED	A Phase II Trial Comparing Z-102 With Placebo In Patients With Moderate To Severe Rheumatoid Arthritis
NCT01593644	PHASE2	UNKNOWN	Phase II Study for the Diagnosis and Functional Assessment of CAD Using Transthoracic-Echodoppler
NCT02121756	PHASE1/PHASE2	COMPLETED	Dipyridamole for Immune Activation in HIV
NCT02565693	PHASE2	COMPLETED	Apixaban After Anticoagulation-associated Intracerebral Haemorrhage in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation
NCT02782260	PHASE2	UNKNOWN	Assessment of the Efficacy of Ocular Dipyridamole in the Treatment of Dry Eye Symptomology in Subjects With Pterygium
NCT04391179	PHASE2	COMPLETED	Dipyridamole to Prevent Coronavirus Exacerbation of Respiratory Status (DICER) in COVID-19
NCT04424901	PHASE2	TERMINATED	Trial of Open Label Dipyridamole- In Hospitalized Patients With COVID-19
NCT05166876	PHASE2	TERMINATED	Brequinar Combined With Dipyridamole in Patients With Mild to Moderate COVID-19
NCT06268470	PHASE2	UNKNOWN	Antiplatelet Therapy in Chronic Urticaria
NCT00223717	PHASE1	COMPLETED	Treatment of Supine Hypertension in Autonomic Failure
NCT02226926	PHASE1	COMPLETED	Mechanism of Dipyridamole Action in Platelets: in Vivo Study With Healthy Volunteers
NCT02273505	PHASE1	COMPLETED	Comparison of Pharmacokinetics of Dipyridamole in Asasantin Extended Release (ER) and in a Combination of Persantin Immediate Release Tablets and ASA Tablets in Healthy Subjects
NCT00960817	EARLY_PHASE1	UNKNOWN	Normal Coronary Artery With Slow Flow Improved by Adenosine Injection, Dipyridamole Treatment and Clinical Follow-up
NCT00268554	Not specified	COMPLETED	Enhancement of Postocclusive Reactive Hyperaemia by Dipyridamole
NCT00349973	Not specified	COMPLETED	Clinical Trial of Dipyridamole in Schizophrenia
NCT03015974	Not specified	UNKNOWN	Registry of IgA Nephropathy in Chinese Children
NCT06053021	Not specified	UNKNOWN	Antiplatelet Therapy for AIS Patients With Thrombocytopenia

Clinical evidence (CIViC)

No CIViC predictive evidence (expected for non-precision-medicine drugs).

Pharmacology

Pharmacogenomics

No CPIC/DPWG dosing guideline or drug-level clinical/variant annotations in PharmGKB for this molecule.

Related molecules

Related molecules

Molecules sharing ≥1 of this drug’s curated primary targets, merged from two biobtree sources and ranked by shared-target count, then clinical phase: ChEMBL clinical-stage candidates (development phase ≥2) and PubChem drug-class bioactivity (approved / known drugs acting on the target). Deduplicated by drug name; the drug’s own salt forms are excluded. Note: for a drug with few primary targets a shared-target match can reflect off-target / promiscuous binding rather than the same therapeutic mechanism — the phase ordering surfaces bona-fide therapeutics first.

295 molecules share ≥1 primary target. Top 60 by shared-target count:

Molecule	Source	Status	Shared targets
Sildenafil	ChEMBL + PubChem	Phase 4 (approved)	PDE7B, PDE8A, PDE8B, SLC29A1
Tadalafil	PubChem	Approved	PDE7B, PDE8A, PDE8B, SLC29A1
VARDENAFIL	ChEMBL + PubChem	Phase 4 (approved)	PDE7B, PDE8A, PDE8B
Amantadine	PubChem	Approved	SLC29A1, SLC29A4
Cimetidine	PubChem	Approved	SLC29A1, SLC29A4
Crisaborole	PubChem	Approved	PDE8A, PDE8B
Desipramine	PubChem	Approved	SLC29A1, SLC29A4
Fluoxetine	PubChem	Approved	SLC29A1, SLC29A4
Roflumilast	PubChem	Approved	PDE7B, PDE8A
Verapamil	PubChem	Approved	SLC29A1, SLC29A4
APIXABAN	ChEMBL + PubChem	Phase 4 (approved)	SLC29A1
BROMOCRIPTINE	ChEMBL + PubChem	Phase 4 (approved)	SLC29A1
CARVEDILOL	ChEMBL + PubChem	Phase 4 (approved)	SLC29A1
CELECOXIB	ChEMBL + PubChem	Phase 4 (approved)	SLC29A1
CILOSTAZOL	ChEMBL + PubChem	Phase 4 (approved)	SLC29A1
DAUNORUBICIN	ChEMBL + PubChem	Phase 4 (approved)	SLC29A1
DOMPERIDONE	ChEMBL + PubChem	Phase 4 (approved)	SLC29A1
ERLOTINIB	ChEMBL + PubChem	Phase 4 (approved)	SLC29A1
FELODIPINE	ChEMBL + PubChem	Phase 4 (approved)	SLC29A1
FIDAXOMICIN	ChEMBL + PubChem	Phase 4 (approved)	SLC29A1
PIMOZIDE	ChEMBL + PubChem	Phase 4 (approved)	SLC29A1
RIFAMPIN	ChEMBL + PubChem	Phase 4 (approved)	SLC29A1
VISMODEGIB	ChEMBL + PubChem	Phase 4 (approved)	SLC29A1
ADENOSINE	ChEMBL	Phase 4 (approved)	SLC29A1
AMSACRINE	ChEMBL	Phase 4 (approved)	SLC29A1
BALSALAZIDE	ChEMBL	Phase 4 (approved)	SLC29A1
BENZTROPINE	ChEMBL	Phase 4 (approved)	SLC29A1
BOSUTINIB	ChEMBL	Phase 4 (approved)	SLC29A1
CALCITRIOL	ChEMBL	Phase 4 (approved)	SLC29A1
CANNABIDIOL	ChEMBL	Phase 4 (approved)	SLC29A1
ENCORAFENIB	ChEMBL	Phase 4 (approved)	SLC29A1
EPALRESTAT	ChEMBL	Phase 4 (approved)	SLC29A1
FLUSPIRILENE	ChEMBL	Phase 4 (approved)	SLC29A1
GEMCITABINE	ChEMBL	Phase 4 (approved)	SLC29A1
GLAFENINE	ChEMBL	Phase 4 (approved)	SLC29A1
IDEBENONE	ChEMBL	Phase 4 (approved)	SLC29A1
INDOCYANINE GREEN ACID FORM	ChEMBL	Phase 4 (approved)	SLC29A1
KETOCONAZOLE	ChEMBL	Phase 4 (approved)	SLC29A1
LEFLUNOMIDE	ChEMBL	Phase 4 (approved)	SLC29A1
MICONAZOLE	ChEMBL	Phase 4 (approved)	SLC29A1
NAFTOPIDIL	ChEMBL	Phase 4 (approved)	SLC29A1
NEFAZODONE	ChEMBL	Phase 4 (approved)	SLC29A1
NERATINIB	ChEMBL	Phase 4 (approved)	SLC29A1
NILOTINIB	ChEMBL	Phase 4 (approved)	SLC29A1
NIMESULIDE	ChEMBL	Phase 4 (approved)	SLC29A1
NIMODIPINE	ChEMBL	Phase 4 (approved)	SLC29A1
NITAZOXANIDE	ChEMBL	Phase 4 (approved)	SLC29A1
OXYPHENCYCLIMINE	ChEMBL	Phase 4 (approved)	SLC29A1
PREDNISONE	ChEMBL	Phase 4 (approved)	SLC29A1
PYRVINIUM	ChEMBL	Phase 4 (approved)	SLC29A1
RESERPINE	ChEMBL	Phase 4 (approved)	SLC29A1
RIFAXIMIN	ChEMBL	Phase 4 (approved)	SLC29A1
RIMONABANT	ChEMBL	Phase 4 (approved)	SLC29A1
ROTIGOTINE	ChEMBL	Phase 4 (approved)	SLC29A1
SELINEXOR	ChEMBL	Phase 4 (approved)	SLC29A1
SIROLIMUS	ChEMBL	Phase 4 (approved)	SLC29A1
SUNITINIB	ChEMBL	Phase 4 (approved)	SLC29A1
TACROLIMUS	ChEMBL	Phase 4 (approved)	SLC29A1
TICAGRELOR	ChEMBL	Phase 4 (approved)	SLC29A1
TIGECYCLINE	ChEMBL	Phase 4 (approved)	SLC29A1