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Insulin Human

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Also known as ActrapidAfrezzaBiosulin rCapsulinExuberaExubera (inhaled insulin human)High molecular weight insulin humanHuman insulinHumulinHumulin brHumulin rInpremziaIns humulin rInsulinInsulin (human)Insulin human (biosynthesis)Insulin human (rdna)Insulin human (synthesis)Insulin human lente

Summary

Insulin Human (CHEMBL1201631) is an approved protein (ATC A10AF01) targeting INSR; indicated across 54 conditions including diabetes mellitus and type 2 diabetes mellitus.

At a glance

  • Status: Approved (max clinical phase 4)
  • Modality: Protein
  • ATC class: A10AF01 (+4 more)
  • Targets: 1 (INSR)
  • Indications: 54 conditions
  • Clinical trials: 612

Identifiers

Drug identity and classification

FieldValue
ChEMBL IDCHEMBL1201631
NameInsulin Human
TypeProtein
Max phase4
ATCA10AF01, A10AC01, A10AD01, A10AB01, A10AE01

Also known as: Actrapid, Afrezza, Biosulin r, Capsulin, Exubera, Exubera (inhaled insulin human), High molecular weight insulin human, Human insulin, Humulin, Humulin br, Humulin r, Inpremzia

Targets

Targets

Primary targets (GtoPdb curated mechanism): the Cancer dependency column is the DepMap CRISPR fitness signal (% of screened cell lines dependent on the target).

GeneTargetActionpAffinityCancer dependencyUniProt
INSRInsulin receptorAgonist0.8%P06213

Broader ChEMBL bioactivity targets: 2 (assay-derived). Sample: Tyrosine-protein kinase Lck, Insulin receptor.

Bioactivity

ChEMBL activities: 2 potent at pChembl ≥ 5 of 3 total. Top 30 by potency (10 = 0.1 nM, 6 = 1 µM):

TargetpChemblTypeValueUnitActivity ID
P151278.74Ki1.82nMCHEMBL_ACT_7773832
P151278.71IC501.93nMCHEMBL_ACT_7773831

Target pathways

Aggregated over 1 target gene(s): INSR.

Top Reactome pathways

11 total, by targets touching each:

PathwayTargetsGenes
PIP3 activates AKT signaling1INSR
Signal Transduction1INSR
Negative regulation of the PI3K/AKT network1INSR
PI5P, PP2A and IER3 Regulate PI3K/AKT Signaling1INSR
IRS activation1INSR
Signal attenuation1INSR
Insulin receptor signalling cascade1INSR
Signaling by Insulin receptor1INSR
Insulin receptor recycling1INSR
Intracellular signaling by second messengers1INSR
Signaling by Receptor Tyrosine Kinases1INSR

Dominant GO biological processes

GO termTargets
positive regulation of receptor internalization1
heart morphogenesis1
regulation of DNA-templated transcription1
receptor-mediated endocytosis1
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway1
learning1
memory1
positive regulation of cell population proliferation1
insulin receptor signaling pathway1
epidermis development1
male gonad development1
male sex determination1
adrenal gland development1
positive regulation of cell migration1
exocrine pancreas development1

Indications & clinical

Indications

54 indications (2 at ChEMBL trial phase 4). Phase below is the highest clinical-trial phase recorded for this drug against each disease — not the molecule’s overall approval status (that is in the Summary).

IndicationTrial phaseMONDOEFO
diabetes mellitus4MONDO:0005015EFO:0000400
type 2 diabetes mellitus4MONDO:0005148MONDO:0005148
hyperglycemia3MONDO:0002909HP:0003074
myocardial infarction3MONDO:0005068EFO:0000612
gestational diabetes3MONDO:0005406EFO:0004593
congestive heart failure3MONDO:0005009EFO:0000373
acute coronary syndrome3MONDO:0005542EFO:0005672
toxic shock syndrome3MONDO:0001881EFO:0006834
intermediate coronary syndrome3MONDO:0006805EFO:1000985
hypertensive disorder3MONDO:0005044EFO:0000537
atherosclerosis3MONDO:0005311EFO:0003914
major depressive disorder3MONDO:0002009MONDO:0002009
hypogonadism3MONDO:0002146MONDO:0002146
coronary artery disorder3MONDO:0005010EFO:0001645
acute myocardial infarction3MONDO:0004781EFO:0008583
type 1 diabetes mellitus3MONDO:0005147MONDO:0005147
bipolar disorder3MONDO:0004985MONDO:0004985
nicotine dependence2MONDO:0008575EFO:0003768
metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease2MONDO:0013209EFO:0003095
hypoglycemia2MONDO:0004946HP:0001943
diabetic neuropathy2MONDO:0006626EFO:1000783
acute kidney injury2MONDO:0002492HP:0001919
persian gulf syndrome2MONDO:0005907EFO:0007430
stroke disorder2MONDO:0005098EFO:0000712
post-traumatic stress disorder2MONDO:0005146EFO:0001358
burn2MONDO:0043519EFO:0009516
multiple system atrophy2MONDO:0007803EFO:1001050
Parkinson disease2MONDO:0005180MONDO:0005180
hyperlipidemia2MONDO:0021187MONDO:0021187
diabetic kidney disease2MONDO:0005016EFO:0000401
frontotemporal dementia2MONDO:0017276MONDO:0017276
obesity disorder1MONDO:0011122EFO:0001073
chronic progressive multiple sclerosis1MONDO:0005284EFO:0003840
relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis1MONDO:0005314EFO:0003929
hyperinsulinism1MONDO:0002177HP:0000842
delirium1MONDO:0045057EFO:0009267
dry eye syndrome1MONDO:0006733EFO:1000906
injury1MONDO:0021178EFO:0000546
cardiac arrest1MONDO:0000745EFO:0009492
severe acute respiratory syndrome1MONDO:0005091MONDO:0100096
glaucoma1MONDO:0005041MONDO:0005041
keloid1MONDO:0005348EFO:0004212
alcohol abuse1MONDO:0002046MONDO:0007079
carpal tunnel syndrome0MONDO:0007275EFO:0004143

10 further indication records had no mapped disease name (EFO/MeSH-only) or were duplicates, and are omitted.

Clinical trials

Total trials: 612.

Phase distribution

PhaseTrials
Not specified193
PHASE4140
PHASE388
PHASE277
PHASE159
EARLY_PHASE122
PHASE1/PHASE217
PHASE2/PHASE316

Top trials by phase / activity

NCTPhaseStatusTitle
NCT03463564PHASE4RECRUITINGInsulin Pump vs Multiple Daily Injections of Insulin and Glyco-metabolic Control in Type 1 Diabetic Patients
NCT03527537PHASE4ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITINGGestational Diabetes and Pharmacotherapy (GAP)
NCT04416269PHASE4ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITINGOral Anti Diabetic Agents in the Hospital
NCT06017362PHASE4RECRUITINGClinical Trial to Determine the Efficacy and Safety of Insulin Eye Drops in Dry Eye in Patients with Topical Hypotensors
NCT06408532PHASE4NOT_YET_RECRUITINGThe Efficacy and Safety of Insulin Degludec/Liraglutide Combination (IDegLira) in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes
NCT06445946PHASE4RECRUITINGDECIDE: A Comparative Effectiveness Trial of Metformin Versus Insulin for the Treatment of Gestational Diabetes
NCT06699810PHASE4ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITINGModeling Ketosis-Prone Diabetes Remission Via Diverse Mechanisms of Glucotoxicity
NCT06781775PHASE4RECRUITINGGDM: Insulin with or Without Metformin?
NCT06925334PHASE4ENROLLING_BY_INVITATIONA Study Comparing Degu Insulin Liraglutide Injection With Premixed Insulin on the Prognosis of Diabetes Mellitus
NCT06939959PHASE4RECRUITINGEvaluating the Efficacy of Topical Insulin for the Restoration of Ocular Surface Interface in Dry Eye Disease.
NCT07293715PHASE4RECRUITINGPermissive Versus Strict Intrapartum Glucose Management in Type 1 Diabetes (PRISM-T1D)
NCT07494084PHASE4NOT_YET_RECRUITINGSleep Loss and Circadian Misalignment - Mechanisms of Insulin Resistance
NCT00118963PHASE4COMPLETEDEffect of Repaglinide Versus Metformin Treatment in Non-Obese Patients With Type-2-Diabetes
NCT00160485PHASE4WITHDRAWNGlyburide Compared to Insulin in the Management of White’s Classification A2 Gestational Diabetes
NCT00191282PHASE4COMPLETEDHyperglycemia and Cardiovascular Outcomes With Type 2 Diabetes
NCT00276393PHASE4COMPLETEDTreatment Trial Evaluating Long Acting Insulin in Type 1 Diabetes
NCT00309465PHASE4COMPLETEDPerioperative Insulin Glargine Dosing Study
NCT00315952PHASE4COMPLETEDStudy to Estimate the Effects of Inhaled Versus Intravenous (IV) Infusion of Human Insulin in Subjects With Type 1 Diabetes
NCT00340613PHASE4COMPLETEDLunch Time Insulin Injection by School Nurse for Poorly Controlled Diabetes
NCT00346996PHASE4COMPLETEDInsulin Analogues and Severe Hypoglycaemia
NCT00353834PHASE4COMPLETEDThe Effect of Exenatide Compared to Lantus Insulin on Vascular Function in Type 2 Diabetes
NCT00362778PHASE4COMPLETEDIntensive Insulin Therapy in Non-diabetic Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction and Hyperglycaemia
NCT00365170PHASE4COMPLETEDEfficacy and Safety of Insulin Aspart vs. Human Insulin During Pregnancy by Women With Type 1 Diabetes
NCT00384085PHASE4COMPLETEDInsulin Glargine All to Target Trial
NCT00420095PHASE4COMPLETEDA Study for Patients With Diabetes Mellitus (IOPA)
NCT00442767PHASE4COMPLETEDPost-meal Insulin Dosing With Adjuvant Pre-meal Pramlintide in Children With Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
NCT00505505PHASE4UNKNOWNIntensive Insulin Therapy for Strict Glycemic Control in Neurosurgical Patients: Safety and Efficacy
NCT00513201PHASE4COMPLETEDLyspro Insulin vs Regular Insulin in Cirrhotic Patients
NCT00523393PHASE4UNKNOWNProspective Influence of Bedtime Insulin Glargine on Mobilization and Function of Endothelial Progenitor Cells
NCT00535925PHASE4COMPLETEDNephropathy In Type 2 Diabetes and Cardio-renal Events
NCT00596687PHASE4COMPLETEDBasal Bolus Insulin Versus SSRI in Type 2 Diabetes Undergoing General Surgery
NCT00646581PHASE4COMPLETEDEffect of Single Dose Intranasal Insulin On Cognitive Function
NCT00663624PHASE4WITHDRAWNManagement of Hyperglycemia in the ER: A Randomized Clinical Trial of a Subcutaneous Insulin Aspart Protocol Coupled With Rapid Initiation of Basal Bolus Insulin Prior to Hospital Admission Versus Usual Care
NCT00676819PHASE4COMPLETEDComparison of the Pharmacodynamics and Pharmacokinetics of Insulin Aspart and Human Insulin in Elderly People With Type 2 Diabetes
NCT00770445PHASE4COMPLETEDEfficacy of Pioglitazone and Metformin on Cardiovascular Risk in Subjects With Insulin-Treated Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.
NCT00779701PHASE4COMPLETEDStrict Glycemic Control by Insulin Infusion:Observations on Emergency Department Initiation
NCT00780026PHASE4COMPLETEDIntraoperative Glucose Control in Liver Transplant
NCT00841919PHASE4COMPLETEDInsulin Therapy in the Hospital Comparing Two Protocols
NCT00863629PHASE4COMPLETEDTight Glycemic Control Increases Cardiac Stem Cells During Acute Myocardial Infarction
NCT00941148PHASE4COMPLETEDBeta-Cell Function of Insulin Glargine Compared to Neutral Protamine Hagedorn (NPH) Insuline and to Insulin Detemir in Combination With Metformin

Clinical evidence (CIViC)

No CIViC predictive evidence (expected for non-precision-medicine drugs).

Pharmacology

Pharmacogenomics

No PharmGKB pharmacogenomic data curated for this drug.

Molecules sharing ≥1 of this drug’s curated primary targets, merged from two biobtree sources and ranked by shared-target count, then clinical phase: ChEMBL clinical-stage candidates (development phase ≥2) and PubChem drug-class bioactivity (approved / known drugs acting on the target). Deduplicated by drug name; the drug’s own salt forms are excluded. Note: for a drug with few primary targets a shared-target match can reflect off-target / promiscuous binding rather than the same therapeutic mechanism — the phase ordering surfaces bona-fide therapeutics first.

37 molecules share ≥1 primary target. Top 37 by shared-target count:

MoleculeSourceStatusShared targets
CRIZOTINIBChEMBL + PubChemPhase 4 (approved)INSR
BRIGATINIBChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)INSR
CERITINIBChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)INSR
ENTRECTINIBChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)INSR
FEDRATINIBChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)INSR
INFIGRATINIBChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)INSR
LAPATINIBChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)INSR
NERATINIBChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)INSR
NINTEDANIBChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)INSR
OSIMERTINIBChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)INSR
SORAFENIBChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)INSR
SUNITINIBChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)INSR
DOVITINIBChEMBLPhase 3INSR
LESTAURTINIBChEMBLPhase 3INSR
LINIFANIBChEMBLPhase 3INSR
LINSITINIBChEMBLPhase 3INSR
BMS-754807ChEMBLPhase 2INSR
CENISERTIBChEMBLPhase 2INSR
ELLAGIC ACIDChEMBLPhase 2INSR
FORETINIBChEMBLPhase 2INSR
ILORASERTIBChEMBLPhase 2INSR
OSI-632ChEMBLPhase 2INSR
R-406ChEMBLPhase 2INSR
SU-014813ChEMBLPhase 2INSR
TOZASERTIBChEMBLPhase 2INSR
AfatinibPubChemApprovedINSR
belumosudilPubChemApprovedINSR
BelzutifanPubChemApprovedINSR
BinimetinibPubChemApprovedINSR
dacomitinibPubChemApprovedINSR
FostamatinibPubChemApprovedINSR
GefitinibPubChemApprovedINSR
IdelalisibPubChemApprovedINSR
PazopanibPubChemApprovedINSR
regorafenibPubChemApprovedINSR
SelumetinibPubChemApprovedINSR
TrametinibPubChemApprovedINSR

About this page

Generated deterministically by Sugi Atlas from primary biomedical databases via BioBTree. Every record on this page traces to a primary source.

Generated
Atlas version
v1.1.2
BioBTree
v2.0.2

Sources 30

This page pulls from 30 datasets indexed by BioBTree:

chebichembl_activitychembl_moleculechembl_targetcivic_evidenceclingen_dosageclinical_trialsdepmapefoensemblentrezgogoparentgtopdbgtopdb_interactiongtopdb_ligandhgncmeshmondomsigdbpatent_compoundpharmgkbpharmgkb_guidelinepubchempubchem_activityreactomereactomeparentrefseqtranscriptuniprot