Leuprolide

drug
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Also known as (-)-leuprolideABBOTT-43818 FREE BASECKD-841LeuporelinLeuprorelinLeuprorelin slow releaseLeuprorelinaLeuprorelineNSC-377526TAP-144 FREE BASELeuprolide Acetate

Summary

Leuprolide (CHEMBL1201199) is an approved protein antineoplastic agent (ATC L02AE02) targeting GNRHR; indicated across 21 conditions including neoplasm and metastatic prostate carcinoma; with CIViC clinical evidence for 1 variant-indication association (e.g. AR OVEREXPRESSION in salivary gland cancer).

At a glance

  • Status: Approved (max clinical phase 4)
  • Modality: Protein
  • ATC class: L02AE02
  • Targets: 1 (GNRHR)
  • Indications: 21 conditions
  • Clinical trials: 235
  • Precision-oncology evidence (CIViC): 1 variant–indication association
  • Chemistry: 1209.4 Da · C59H84N16O12

Identifiers

Drug identity and classification

FieldValue
ChEMBL IDCHEMBL1201199
NameLeuprolide
TypeProtein
Max phase4
FDA approvedyes
PubChem CID657181
ChEBICHEBI:6427
ATCL02AE02
Molecular formulaC59H84N16O12
Molecular weight1209.4
InChIKeyGFIJNRVAKGFPGQ-LIJARHBVSA-N

SMILES: CCNC(=O)[C@@H]1CCCN1C(=O)[C@H](CCCN=C(N)N)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@H](CC2=CC=C(C=C2)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)[C@H](CC3=CNC4=CC=CC=C43)NC(=O)[C@H](CC5=CN=CN5)NC(=O)[C@@H]6CCC(=O)N6

IUPAC name: (2S)-N-[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2R)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-5-(diaminomethylideneamino)-1-[(2S)-2-(ethylcarbamoyl)pyrrolidin-1-yl]-1-oxopentan-2-yl]amino]-4-methyl-1-oxopentan-2-yl]amino]-4-methyl-1-oxopentan-2-yl]amino]-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-3-hydroxy-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-3-(1H-imidazol-5-yl)-1-oxopropan-2-yl]-5-oxopyrrolidine-2-carboxamide

ChEBI definition: An oligopeptide comprising pyroglutamyl, histidyl, tryptophyl, seryl, tyrosyl, D-leucyl, leucyl, arginyl, and N-ethylprolinamide residues joined in sequence. It is a synthetic nonapeptide analogue of gonadotropin-releasing hormone, and is used as a subcutaneous hydrogel implant (particularly as the acetate salt) for the treatment of prostate cancer and for the suppression of gonadal sex hormone production in children with central precocious puberty.

Pharmacological roles (ChEBI): antineoplastic agent, gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist, anti-estrogen.

Also known as: (-)-leuprolide, ABBOTT-43818 FREE BASE, CKD-841, Leuporelin, Leuprolide, Leuprorelin, Leuprorelin slow release, Leuprorelina, Leuproreline, NSC-377526, TAP-144 FREE BASE, leuprorelin

Parent form; salt/anhydrous children: CHEMBL1200775, CHEMBL4802223

Patent coverage: 22,632 distinct patent families (95,230 SureChEMBL compound mentions), from 3 matched compound structure(s). One matched structure accounts for 94,438 (99%) of the total. Mentions count patents naming the compound (not distinct inventions), so promiscuous / reference molecules inflate the mention figure — families are the dedup metric.

Targets

Targets

Primary targets (GtoPdb curated mechanism): the Cancer dependency column is the DepMap CRISPR fitness signal (% of screened cell lines dependent on the target).

GeneTargetActionpAffinityCancer dependencyUniProt
GNRHRGnRH1 receptorFull agonist9.10.1%P30968

Broader ChEMBL bioactivity targets: 2 (assay-derived). Sample: Gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor, Gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor.

Bioactivity

ChEMBL activities: 7 potent at pChembl ≥ 5 of 7 total. Top 100 by potency (10 = 0.1 nM, 6 = 1 µM):

TargetpChemblTypeValueUnitActivity ID
GNRHR9.54IC500.29nMCHEMBL_ACT_16447825
GNRHR9.52IC500.3nMCHEMBL_ACT_1114893
GNRHR9.52IC500.3nMCHEMBL_ACT_1745035
P309699.3IC500.5nMCHEMBL_ACT_1114895
P309699.3IC500.5nMCHEMBL_ACT_1744997
P309699.1IC500.8nMCHEMBL_ACT_1114894
GNRHR9.1IC500.8nMCHEMBL_ACT_1744999

Target pathways

Aggregated over 1 target gene(s): GNRHR.

Top Reactome pathways

2 total, by targets touching each:

PathwayTargetsGenes
Hormone ligand-binding receptors1GNRHR
G alpha (q) signalling events1GNRHR

Dominant GO biological processes

GO termTargets
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway1
gonadotropin secretion1
cellular response to hormone stimulus1
signal transduction1
cellular response to gonadotropin-releasing hormone1

Indications & clinical

Indications

7 approved indications. FDA phase 4, plus an anticancer drug’s labelled cancer uses (which ChEMBL often logs at phase 3).

IndicationPhaseMONDOEFO
neoplasm4MONDO:0005070EFO:0000616
metastatic prostate carcinoma3MONDO:0004956EFO:0000196
prostate adenocarcinoma3MONDO:0005082EFO:0000673
prostate carcinoma3MONDO:0005159EFO:0001663
benign muscle neoplasm3MONDO:0003061MONDO:0003061
breast neoplasm3MONDO:0021100MONDO:0007254
breast carcinoma3MONDO:0004989EFO:0000305

9 diseases in clinical trials (phase 1–3, investigational — not approved indications). Highest ChEMBL trial phase per disease; a non-cancer approved use is occasionally logged at phase 3 here.

Disease (in trials)PhaseMONDOEFO
infertility disorder3MONDO:0005047EFO:0000545
endometriosis3MONDO:0005133EFO:0001065
uterine corpus leiomyoma3MONDO:0007886EFO:0000731
leiomyoma3MONDO:0001572MONDO:0001572
melanoma2MONDO:0005105EFO:0000756
hypogonadism2MONDO:0002146MONDO:0002146
salivary gland cancer2MONDO:0004669MONDO:0000521
obesity disorder1MONDO:0011122EFO:0001073
HIV infectious disease1MONDO:0005109EFO:0000764

5 further indication records had no mapped disease name (EFO/MeSH-only) or were duplicates, and are omitted.

Clinical trials

Total trials: 235.

Phase distribution

PhaseTrials
PHASE296
PHASE359
Not specified26
PHASE424
PHASE113
PHASE1/PHASE210
EARLY_PHASE14
PHASE2/PHASE33

Top trials by phase / activity

NCTPhaseStatusTitle
NCT06627530PHASE4ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITINGCOACTION Trial - COmbination Androgen bloCkade in inTermediate to hIgh-risk prOstate caNcer
NCT00220194PHASE4COMPLETEDA Six-Month, Open-Label, Crossover Study Of the Maintenance Of Serum Testosterone And PSA Suppression After Switching Between Lupron 22.5 Mg And Eligard 22.5 Mg Or Zoladex 10.8 Mg And Eligard 22.5 Mg In Patients With Advanced Prostate Cancer
NCT00349258PHASE4COMPLETEDThe Use of GnRH Agonist Trigger in the Prevention of OHSS
NCT00455689PHASE4COMPLETEDUnderstanding Experimentally Induced Hot Flushes
NCT00505817PHASE4COMPLETEDGnRH Agonist and Antagonists in an Oocyte Donation Program
NCT00621179PHASE4COMPLETEDEndometrial Markers and Response of Endometriosis Patients to Prolonged GnRH Agonist Prior to IVF
NCT00805935PHASE4COMPLETEDMenopur® Versus Follistim® in Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS)
NCT01116401PHASE4COMPLETEDImpact of Hot Flashes on Sleep and Mood Disturbance
NCT01161563PHASE4COMPLETEDRandomized Crossover Trial to Assess the Tolerability of Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH) Analogue Administration
NCT01921166PHASE4COMPLETEDMaximal Stimulation and Delayed Fertilization for Diminished Ovarian Reserve: a Randomized Pilot Study
NCT02069808PHASE4COMPLETEDEfficacy of Recombinant FSH/GnRH Antagonist Protocol With and Without LH Adjunct for Egg Bank Donation
NCT02158845PHASE4COMPLETEDLevonorgestrel-releasing Intrauterine System in Patients With Endometriosis
NCT02357563PHASE4UNKNOWNUlipristal Acetate Versus GnRH Analogue and Myometrial Preservation
NCT02361879PHASE4UNKNOWNUlipristal Acetate Versus GnRH Analogue Treatment Before Hysteroscopic Resection of Uterine Leiomyoma
NCT02361905PHASE4UNKNOWNUlipristal Acetate for the Preoperative Management of Hypoechoic Cellular Leiomyomas
NCT02427958PHASE4COMPLETEDA Study to Assess the Safety and Efficacy of Leuprorelin in Central Precocious Puberty in Chinese Participants
NCT02969590PHASE4COMPLETEDRegulation of Cervical Mucus Secretion
NCT02974270PHASE4UNKNOWNAnalysis of Body Mass Index in Central Precocious Puberty Patients Treated With Leuprolide Acetate
NCT03035032PHASE4COMPLETEDA Study of ELIGARD® in Hormone-dependent Prostate Cancer Patients
NCT03421639PHASE4UNKNOWNAromatase Plus GnRH Analogue Versus GnRH Analog Alone in Adenomyosis
NCT04094467PHASE4UNKNOWNComparison Between Two Different Protocols in Polycystic Ovary Symdrome Women Undergoing Intra-cytoplasmic Injection
NCT04248621PHASE4UNKNOWNAndrogen Deprivation Therapy on Bone Mineral Density Change in Prostate Cancer Patients
NCT05304169PHASE4COMPLETEDStudy to Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of Switching From Zoladex® Monthly or Quarterly, to Eligard® Semiannual.
NCT05341115PHASE4COMPLETEDA Study of Leuprolide Acetate Depot in Children With Central Precocious Puberty
NCT01674140PHASE3ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITINGS1207 Hormone Therapy With or Without Everolimus in Treating Patients With Breast Cancer
NCT02344472PHASE3ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITINGDetect V / CHEVENDO (Chemo vs. Endo)
NCT02685397PHASE2/PHASE3ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITINGManagement of Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer with Oligometastases
NCT03678025PHASE3RECRUITINGStandard Systemic Therapy With or Without Definitive Treatment in Treating Participants With Metastatic Prostate Cancer
NCT04302454PHASE3ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITINGAndrogen Deprivation Therapy for Oligo-recurrent Prostate Cancer in Addition to radioTherapy
NCT04423211PHASE3RECRUITINGTreating Prostate Cancer That Has Come Back After Surgery With Apalutamide and Targeted Radiation Based on PET Imaging
NCT04455750PHASE3ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITINGA Clinical Study Evaluating The Benefit of Adding Rucaparib to Enzalutamide for Men With Metastatic Prostate Cancer That Has Become Resistant To Testosterone-Deprivation Therapy
NCT04484818PHASE3ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITINGTesting the Addition of Darolutamide to Hormonal Therapy (Androgen Deprivation Therapy [ADT]) After Surgery for Men With High-Risk Prostate Cancer, The ERADICATE Study
NCT04513717PHASE3ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITINGTwo Studies for Patients With High Risk Prostate Cancer Testing Less Intense Treatment for Patients With a Low Gene Risk Score and Testing a More Intense Treatment for Patients With a High Gene Risk Score, The PREDICT-RT Trial
NCT05050084PHASE3ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITINGTwo Studies for Patients With Unfavorable Intermediate Risk Prostate Cancer Testing Less Intense Treatment for Patients With a Low Gene Risk Score and Testing a More Intense Treatment for Patients With a Higher Gene Risk Score, The Guidance Trial
NCT05493709PHASE3ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITINGEfficacy, Safety, and Pharmacokinetics of Leuprolide Mesylate in Subjects With Central Precocious Puberty
NCT05781217PHASE3RECRUITINGShort Versus Long-term Androgen Deprivation Therapy With Salvage Radiotherapy in Prostate Cancer. URONCOR 0624
NCT05827081PHASE3RECRUITINGPhase IIIb Study of Ribociclib + ET in Early Breast Cancer
NCT06449027PHASE3ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITINGSafety, Efficacy and Pharmacokinetic Behavior of Leuprolide Injectable Emulsion for Premenopausal Breast Cancer Subjects.
NCT06650579PHASE3RECRUITINGREVELUTION-2: Relugolix+Abiraterone Acetate (AA) Versus Leuprolide+AA Cardiac Trial
NCT00002580PHASE3COMPLETEDTamoxifen, Ovarian Ablation, and/or Combination Chemotherapy in Treating Premenopausal Women With Stage I, Stage II, or Stage IIIA Invasive Breast Cancer
NCT00002582PHASE3COMPLETEDTamoxifen, Ovarian Ablation, and/or Chemotherapy in Treating Women With Stage I, Stage II, or Stage IIIA Breast Cancer
NCT00002633PHASE3COMPLETEDHormone Therapy With or Without Surgery or Radiation Therapy in Treating Patients With Prostate Cancer
NCT00002881PHASE3COMPLETEDFlutamide, Suramin, and Hydrocortisone in Treating Patients With Prostate Cancer
NCT00003645PHASE3TERMINATEDRandomized Trial of Adjuvant Hormonal Therapy in Surgically Treated Prostate Cancer Patients at High Risk for Recurrence
NCT00003653PHASE3COMPLETEDHormone Therapy in Treating Patients With Rising PSA Levels Following Radiation Therapy for Prostate Cancer
NCT00004635PHASE3COMPLETEDThalidomide for the Treatment of Hormone-Dependent Prostate Cancer
NCT00076531PHASE3COMPLETEDClinical Trial for Prostate Cancer
NCT00128531PHASE3COMPLETEDLeuprolide Acetate 3.75 mg Depot to Treat Prostate Cancer
NCT00220350PHASE2/PHASE3UNKNOWNLupron Sex Offender Therapy
NCT00283062PHASE3COMPLETEDAdjuvant Leuprolide With or Without Docetaxel in High Risk Prostate Cancer After Radical Prostatectomy
NCT00295750PHASE3COMPLETEDThe Efficacy and Safety of Degarelix One Month Dosing Regimens in Prostate Cancer
NCT00355030PHASE3COMPLETEDSomatropin + Leuprorelin vs Somatropin Alone in Pubertal Children With Idiopathic Short Stature
NCT00380406PHASE3COMPLETEDPROtecting Ovaries and Fertility During Chemotherapy - The PROOF Trial
NCT00388804PHASE3TERMINATEDExternal Beam Radiation Therapy (EBRT) With or Without Hormonal Therapy in Prostate Cancer
NCT00514917PHASE3TERMINATEDA Study of Androgen Deprivation With Leuprolide, +/- Docetaxel for Clinically Asymptomatic Prostate Cancer Participants With a Rising Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA)
NCT00541047PHASE3COMPLETEDRADICALS - Radiotherapy and Androgen Deprivation In Combination After Local Surgery
NCT00598312PHASE3COMPLETEDSafety and Efficacy Study of Leuprolide Acetate for Injectable Suspension 22.5 MG in the Treatment of Prostate Cancer
NCT00601276PHASE3TERMINATEDComparison of Two Pharmacological Treatments of Pedophilia
NCT00626431PHASE3COMPLETEDA Study of Leuprolide to Treat Prostate Cancer
NCT00630799PHASE3TERMINATEDEfficacy and Safety Study of a New Leuprolide Acetate 17 mg Depot to Treat Prostate Cancer Patients
NCT00635817PHASE3COMPLETEDA Study of Leuprolide 11.25 mg and 30 mg Administered Every 3 Months to Treat Central Precocious Puberty
NCT00651326PHASE3TERMINATEDAndrogen Suppression and Radiation With/Out Docetaxel in High-Risk Localized Prostate Cancer
NCT00667446PHASE3COMPLETEDSafety Extension Study Of Leuprolide Acetate (Lupron Depot) In The Treatment Of Central Precocious Puberty
NCT00687739PHASE3COMPLETEDPrevention of Obesity in Women Via Estradiol Regulation
NCT00740831PHASE3COMPLETEDPGL4001 Versus GnRH-agonist in Uterine Myomas
NCT00928434PHASE3COMPLETEDA Study of Degarelix in Patients With Prostate Cancer
NCT00949962PHASE3TERMINATEDPost-operative or Early Salvage XRT and ADT for High Risk PCa
NCT01011751PHASE3COMPLETEDTreatment of Hot Flushes Caused by Leuprorelin 11.25 mg in Prostate Adenocarcinoma
NCT01712763PHASE3COMPLETEDDegarelix in the Treatment of Endometriosis Recurrence
NCT02085252PHASE3COMPLETEDA Study of the Effect of Enantone LP 11.25 mg (Leuprorelin) on the Histological Progression of Indolent Prostate Cancer
NCT02262416PHASE3UNKNOWNGnRH Agonist and Progesterone Versus Progesterone Only for Luteal Phase Support in Antagonist Cycles
NCT02452931PHASE3COMPLETEDStudy of Leuprolide Acetate Injectable Suspension in the Treatment of Central Precocious Puberty
NCT02655237PHASE3COMPLETEDA Phase 3 Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Relugolix (TAK-385) 40 mg Compared With Leuprorelin in the Treatment of Uterine Fibroids
NCT02663908PHASE3TERMINATEDA Trial Comparing Cardiovascular Safety of Degarelix Versus Leuprolide in Patients With Advanced Prostate Cancer and Cardiovascular Disease
NCT02736435PHASE3WITHDRAWNTreatment of Uterine Fibroids With Magnetic Resonance Guided High Intensity Focused Ultrasound
NCT02914158PHASE3UNKNOWNAdjuvant Ovarian Suppression Plus Aromatase Inhibitor or Tamoxifen in Young Women
NCT02941926PHASE3COMPLETEDStudy to Assess the Safety and Efficacy of Ribociclib (LEE011) in Combination With Letrozole for the Treatment of Men and Pre/Postmenopausal Women With HR+ HER2- aBC
NCT02980965PHASE3COMPLETEDNeoadjuvant Chemo-endocrine Therapy Versus Chemotherapy Alone in ER-positive, HER2-negative Breast Cancer
NCT03070886PHASE2/PHASE3COMPLETEDAntiandrogen Therapy and Radiation Therapy With or Without Docetaxel in Treating Patients With Prostate Cancer That Has Been Removed by Surgery
NCT03085095PHASE3COMPLETEDA Study to Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of Relugolix in Men With Advanced Prostate Cancer
NCT03544073PHASE3WITHDRAWNGnRH Agonist at Embryo Transfer: IVF Outcomes
NCT03695237PHASE3COMPLETEDA Study to Evaluate Leuprolide Acetate 45 mg 6-Month Formulation in Children With Central Precocious Puberty (CPP)
NCT04914195PHASE3COMPLETEDLeuprolide Acetate 3.75 mg Depot Injection for Patients With Advanced Prostate Cancer
NCT05440383PHASE3COMPLETEDA Clinical Study of KLH-2109 in Uterine Fibroids Patient With Menorrhagia
NCT05605964PHASE3COMPLETEDRandomized Study to Evaluate MACE in Patients With Prostate Cancer Treated With Relugolix or Leuprolide Acetate
NCT06025409PHASE3UNKNOWNEvaluate the Efficacy and Safety of DWJ108J
NCT00544830PHASE2ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITINGHormone Therapy and Intensity-Modulated Radiation Therapy in Treating Patients With Metastatic Prostate Cancer
NCT01786265PHASE2ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITINGFinite Androgen Ablation With or Without Abiraterone Acetate and Prednisone in Treating Patients With Recurrent Prostate Cancer
NCT02960022PHASE2RECRUITINGA Study for Subjects With Prostate Cancer Who Previously Participated in an Enzalutamide Clinical Study
NCT03361735PHASE2ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITINGRadium Ra 223 Dichloride, Hormone Therapy and Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy in Treating Patients With Metastatic Prostate Cancer
NCT03902951PHASE2ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITINGAntiandrogen Therapy and SBRT in Treating Patients With Recurrent, Metastatic Prostate Cancer
NCT03951831PHASE2ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITINGREGN2810 Followed by Chemoimmunotherapy for Newly Metastatic Hormone-sensitive Prostate Cancer
NCT04194554PHASE1/PHASE2ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITINGA Multi-Center Trial of Androgen Suppression With Abiraterone Acetate, Leuprolide, PARP Inhibition and Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy in Prostate Cancer
NCT04734730PHASE2RECRUITINGTalazoparib With Androgen Deprivation Therapy and Abiraterone for the Treatment of Castration Sensitive Prostate Cancer
NCT05320406PHASE2ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITINGRElugolix VErsus LeUprolide Cardiac Trial
NCT05478083PHASE2RECRUITINGA GnRH Agonist IN Pre-menopausal Women STudy to Treat Severe Polycystic Liver Disease
NCT05669664PHASE2ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITINGTesting the Anti-cancer Drug Darolutamide in Patients With Testosterone-Driven Salivary Gland Cancers
NCT05765500PHASE2RECRUITINGRecoverPC: Relugolix vs GnRH Agonist in Quality of Life
NCT05896293PHASE2RECRUITINGKisspeptin Administration Subcutaneously to Patients With IHH
NCT05924256PHASE2ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITINGA Phase II Study of Advanced Salivary Gland Carcinoma Based on Molecular Typing

Clinical evidence (CIViC)

Variant × indication × effect (1 predictive associations from 1 curated evidence items):

VariantIndicationEffectTherapyLevelCIViC
AR OVEREXPRESSIONSalivary Gland CancerSensitivity/ResponseBicalutamide + LeuprolideCIViC BEID6953

Pharmacology

Pharmacogenomics

No PharmGKB pharmacogenomic data curated for this drug.

Molecules sharing ≥1 of this drug’s curated primary targets, merged from two biobtree sources and ranked by shared-target count, then clinical phase: ChEMBL clinical-stage candidates (development phase ≥2) and PubChem drug-class bioactivity (approved / known drugs acting on the target). Deduplicated by drug name; the drug’s own salt forms are excluded. Note: for a drug with few primary targets a shared-target match can reflect off-target / promiscuous binding rather than the same therapeutic mechanism — the phase ordering surfaces bona-fide therapeutics first.

13 molecules share ≥1 primary target. Top 13 by shared-target count:

MoleculeSourceStatusShared targets
CETRORELIXChEMBL + PubChemPhase 4 (approved)GNRHR
DEGARELIXChEMBL + PubChemPhase 4 (approved)GNRHR
ELAGOLIXChEMBL + PubChemPhase 4 (approved)GNRHR
GANIRELIXChEMBL + PubChemPhase 4 (approved)GNRHR
RELUGOLIXChEMBL + PubChemPhase 4 (approved)GNRHR
ABARELIXChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)GNRHR
GONADORELINChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)GNRHR
LINZAGOLIXChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)GNRHR
ACYLINEChEMBLPhase 2GNRHR
SUFUGOLIXChEMBLPhase 2GNRHR
BelzutifanPubChemApprovedGNRHR
DeslorelinPubChemApprovedGNRHR
TriptorelinPubChemApprovedGNRHR