Mirtazapine

drug
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Also known as AvanzaMiratazMirtazapinMirtazapinaMirtazapine anhydrousNorsetORG 3770ORG-3770PromyrtilRemeronRemeron soltabRexerZispinSID11114267SID49666401SID29215050SID49648465SID144204516Azamianserin

Summary

Mirtazapine (CHEMBL654) is an approved small-molecule α-adrenergic antagonist (ATC N06AX11) targeting ADRA2A, ADRA2B, and ADRA2C; indicated across 23 conditions including major depressive disorder and depressive disorder.

At a glance

  • Status: Approved (max clinical phase 4)
  • Modality: Small molecule
  • ATC class: N06AX11
  • Targets: 5 (ADRA2A, ADRA2B, ADRA2C…)
  • Indications: 23 conditions
  • Clinical trials: 82
  • Chemistry: 265.35 Da · C17H19N3

Identifiers

Drug identity and classification

FieldValue
ChEMBL IDCHEMBL654
NameMirtazapine
TypeSmall molecule
Max phase4
FDA approvedyes
PubChem CID4205
ChEBICHEBI:6950
ATCN06AX11
Molecular formulaC17H19N3
Molecular weight265.35
InChIKeyRONZAEMNMFQXRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N

SMILES: CN1CCN2C(C1)C3=CC=CC=C3CC4=C2N=CC=C4

IUPAC name: 5-methyl-2,5,19-triazatetracyclo[13.4.0.02,7.08,13]nonadeca-1(15),8,10,12,16,18-hexaene

Pharmacological roles (ChEBI): α-adrenergic antagonist, serotonergic antagonist, histamine antagonist, anxiolytic drug, H1-receptor antagonist, oneirogen.

Also known as: Avanza, Mirataz, Mirtazapin, Mirtazapina, Mirtazapine, Mirtazapine anhydrous, Norset, ORG 3770, ORG-3770, Promyrtil, Remeron, Remeron soltab

Parent form; salt/anhydrous children: CHEMBL5315116

Patent coverage: 5,893 distinct patent families (20,324 SureChEMBL compound mentions), from 2 matched compound structure(s). One matched structure accounts for 20,239 (100%) of the total. Mentions count patents naming the compound (not distinct inventions), so promiscuous / reference molecules inflate the mention figure — families are the dedup metric.

Targets

Targets

Primary targets (GtoPdb curated mechanism): the Cancer dependency column is the DepMap CRISPR fitness signal (% of screened cell lines dependent on the target).

GeneTargetActionpAffinityCancer dependencyUniProt
ADRA2Aα2A-adrenoceptorAntagonist7.10.1%P08913
ADRA2Bα2B-adrenoceptorAntagonist6.70.2%P18089
ADRA2Cα2C-adrenoceptorAntagonist6.70%P18825
HTR2A5-HT2A receptorAntagonist7.160%P28223
HTR2C5-HT2C receptorAntagonist7.410%P28335

Broader ChEMBL bioactivity targets: 26 (assay-derived). Sample: 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2B, Alpha-2A adrenergic receptor, 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 3A, Adrenergic receptor alpha-1, Alpha-2C adrenergic receptor, Alpha-2B adrenergic receptor, Thyrotropin receptor, Beta-lactamase, D(1A) dopamine receptor, Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2.

Bioactivity

ChEMBL activities: 37 potent at pChembl ≥ 5 of 43 total. Top 30 by potency (10 = 0.1 nM, 6 = 1 µM):

TargetpChemblTypeValueUnitActivity ID
HRH18.8Ki1.6nMCHEMBL_ACT_1518470
P148428.7Ki2nMCHEMBL_ACT_1066122
P089098.26Ki5.5nMCHEMBL_ACT_1066123
HRH18.19AC506.5nMCHEMBL_ACT_25212907
HTR2A8.09Ki8.2nMCHEMBL_ACT_19101891
P148427.83Ki14.8nMCHEMBL_ACT_459720
ADRA2C7.75Ki18nMCHEMBL_ACT_1518457
HTR1A7.75Ki18nMCHEMBL_ACT_19101892
ADRA2A7.7Ki20nMCHEMBL_ACT_1518456
HTR2C7.41Ki39nMCHEMBL_ACT_1518468
CYP2C197.3Potency50.1nMCHEMBL_ACT_4006301
CYP2C97.3Potency50.1nMCHEMBL_ACT_5033462
CYP2C97.3AC5050.12nMCHEMBL_ACT_6002426
CYP2C197.3AC5050.12nMCHEMBL_ACT_6044291
HTR2A7.16Ki69nMCHEMBL_ACT_1518466
ADRA2A7.07IC5085.11nMCHEMBL_ACT_983880
ADRA2C6.7IC50199.5nMCHEMBL_ACT_983882
ADRA2B6.65IC50223.9nMCHEMBL_ACT_983881
HTR76.58Ki265nMCHEMBL_ACT_1518467
HTR2A6.46AC50350nMCHEMBL_ACT_25225527
ADRA2A6.41AC50388.3nMCHEMBL_ACT_25157092
CYP2D66.3Potency501.2nMCHEMBL_ACT_5006422
CYP2D66.3AC50501.2nMCHEMBL_ACT_6067216
ADRA2C6.25AC50555.6nMCHEMBL_ACT_25148275
P158236.22Ki608nMCHEMBL_ACT_1518471
P158235.98Ki1050nMCHEMBL_ACT_1066125
ADRA2B5.85AC501400nMCHEMBL_ACT_25144085
P611695.84Ki1460nMCHEMBL_ACT_1066117
ADRA2A5.8AC501600nMCHEMBL_ACT_25220265
HTR3A5.54Ki2900nMCHEMBL_ACT_13489298

Target pathways

Aggregated over 5 target gene(s): ADRA2A, ADRA2B, ADRA2C, HTR2A, HTR2C.

Top Reactome pathways

21 total, by targets touching each:

PathwayTargetsGenes
Signal Transduction5ADRA2A, ADRA2B, ADRA2C, HTR2A, HTR2C
Signaling by GPCR5ADRA2A, ADRA2B, ADRA2C, HTR2A, HTR2C
Class A/1 (Rhodopsin-like receptors)5ADRA2A, ADRA2B, ADRA2C, HTR2A, HTR2C
Amine ligand-binding receptors5ADRA2A, ADRA2B, ADRA2C, HTR2A, HTR2C
GPCR downstream signalling5ADRA2A, ADRA2B, ADRA2C, HTR2A, HTR2C
GPCR ligand binding5ADRA2A, ADRA2B, ADRA2C, HTR2A, HTR2C
Hemostasis3ADRA2A, ADRA2B, ADRA2C
Adrenoceptors3ADRA2A, ADRA2B, ADRA2C
Adrenaline signalling through Alpha-2 adrenergic receptor3ADRA2A, ADRA2B, ADRA2C
G alpha (i) signalling events3ADRA2A, ADRA2B, ADRA2C
G alpha (z) signalling events3ADRA2A, ADRA2B, ADRA2C
Platelet activation, signaling and aggregation3ADRA2A, ADRA2B, ADRA2C
Platelet Aggregation (Plug Formation)3ADRA2A, ADRA2B, ADRA2C
Metabolism2ADRA2A, ADRA2C
Integration of energy metabolism2ADRA2A, ADRA2C
Serotonin receptors2HTR2A, HTR2C
Metabolism of proteins2ADRA2A, ADRA2C
Adrenaline,noradrenaline inhibits insulin secretion2ADRA2A, ADRA2C
G alpha (q) signalling events2HTR2A, HTR2C
Regulation of insulin secretion2ADRA2A, ADRA2C
Surfactant metabolism2ADRA2A, ADRA2C

Dominant GO biological processes

GO termTargets
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway5
signal transduction5
epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway3
negative regulation of norepinephrine secretion3
regulation of vasoconstriction3
platelet activation3
negative regulation of epinephrine secretion3
positive regulation of MAPK cascade3
positive regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B signal transduction3
adrenergic receptor signaling pathway3
adenylate cyclase-inhibiting adrenergic receptor signaling pathway3
regulation of smooth muscle contraction3
adenylate cyclase-inhibiting G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway2
female pregnancy2
positive regulation of cell population proliferation2

Indications & clinical

Indications

23 indications (3 at ChEMBL trial phase 4). Phase below is the highest clinical-trial phase recorded for this drug against each disease — not the molecule’s overall approval status (that is in the Summary).

IndicationTrial phaseMONDOEFO
major depressive disorder4MONDO:0002009MONDO:0002009
depressive disorder4MONDO:0002050MONDO:0002050
insomnia4MONDO:0013600EFO:0004698
autism spectrum disorder3MONDO:0005258EFO:0003756
heroin dependence3MONDO:0005367EFO:0004240
anxiety3MONDO:0011918EFO:0005230
dementia3MONDO:0001627HP:0000726
cocaine dependence2MONDO:0005186EFO:0002610
fibromyalgia2MONDO:0005546EFO:0005687
drug dependence2MONDO:0005303EFO:0003890
substance-related disorder2MONDO:0002494MONDO:0002491
methamphetamine dependence2MONDO:0005419EFO:0004701
alcohol abuse2MONDO:0002046MONDO:0007079
anorexia nervosa2MONDO:0005351MONDO:0005351
paraganglioma2MONDO:0000448EFO:1000453
obstructive sleep apnea syndrome1MONDO:0007147EFO:0003918
stomach disorder1MONDO:0004298EFO:0009608

6 further indication records had no mapped disease name (EFO/MeSH-only) or were duplicates, and are omitted.

Clinical trials

Total trials: 82.

Phase distribution

PhaseTrials
PHASE424
PHASE224
Not specified14
PHASE39
PHASE15
EARLY_PHASE14
PHASE2/PHASE31
PHASE1/PHASE21

Top trials by phase / activity

NCTPhaseStatusTitle
NCT00021528PHASE4COMPLETEDSequenced Treatment Alternatives to Relieve Depression (STAR*D)
NCT00150839PHASE4COMPLETEDHippocampal Volume in Young Patients With Major Depression Before and After Combined Antidepressive Therapy
NCT00177567PHASE4COMPLETEDTreatment of Geriatric Bipolar Mood Disorders: A Pilot Study
NCT00288782PHASE4COMPLETEDPET Neuroimaging of [11C]Mirtazapine
NCT00302107PHASE4COMPLETEDA Placebo-Controlled Study of Mirtazapine for PTSD
NCT00590863PHASE4COMPLETEDCombining Medications to Enhance Depression Outcomes
NCT00926835PHASE4TERMINATEDEffect of Antidepressants on the Treatment for Korean Major Depressive Disorder Patients
NCT01109693PHASE4COMPLETEDStrategic Use of New Generation Antidepressants for Depression
NCT01178671PHASE4COMPLETEDCombined Mirtazapine and SSRI Treatment of PTSD: A Placebo-Controlled Trial
NCT01240096PHASE4COMPLETEDMirtazapine Versus Placebo in Functional Dyspepsia
NCT01263080PHASE4COMPLETEDEvaluation of Mirtazapine and Folic Acid for Schizophrenia:
NCT01458626PHASE4COMPLETEDEffectiveness Study of Mirtazapine Combined With Paroxetine in Major Depressive Patients Without Early Improvement
NCT01465919PHASE4TERMINATEDEfficacy Study of Mirtazapine to Treat Interferon-related Depression During Antiviral Therapy for Hepatitis C
NCT01601002PHASE4COMPLETEDLEPR Polymorphism Weight Gain by Mirtazapine in Late Life Depression
NCT01764867PHASE4UNKNOWNAlgorithm Guided Treatment Strategies for Major Depressive Disorder
NCT02191124PHASE4COMPLETEDThe Measurement-based Care in Patients With Depressive Disorder: A Randomized Controlled Trial
NCT03219008PHASE4UNKNOWNMulti-Dimensional Diagnosis,Individualized Therapy,and Management Technique for Major Depressive Disorder:Based on Clinical and Pathological Characteristics
NCT03675555PHASE4COMPLETEDProphylactic Mirtazapine or Dexamethasone for Post-spinal Anesthesia Shivering
NCT03679052PHASE4COMPLETEDProphylactic Mirtazapine or Clonidine for Post-spinal Anesthesia Shivering
NCT04013386PHASE4COMPLETEDEffects of Aprepitant/Dexamethasone Versus Mertazepine /Dexamethasone on Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting
NCT04155008PHASE4TERMINATEDNutrition and Pharmacological Algorithm for Oncology Patients Study
NCT04908605PHASE4COMPLETEDEmergence Agitation After Nasal Surgery: a Randomized Controlled Comparison Between Melatonin and Mirtazapine
NCT05108688PHASE4COMPLETEDMirtazapine vs Sumatriptan in the Treatment of Postdural Puncture Headache
NCT05978219PHASE4COMPLETEDEfficacy of Mirtazapine in Major Depressive Disorder With Insomnia
NCT00080158PHASE2/PHASE3COMPLETEDTreatment of Adolescent Suicide Attempters (TASA)
NCT00782405PHASE3COMPLETEDEffect of Quetiapine XR on Sleep in Patients With Major Depression, as Compared With Mirtazapine
NCT01302964PHASE3COMPLETEDMirtazapine Treatment of Anxiety in Children and Adolescents With Pervasive Developmental Disorders
NCT01867775PHASE3UNKNOWNMirtazapine for Sleep Disorders in Alzheimer’s Disease
NCT02336750PHASE3COMPLETEDAdding Mirtazapine to Dexamethasone and Aprepitant for Delayed Emesis
NCT02374567PHASE3TERMINATEDPharmacovigilance in Gerontopsychiatric Patients
NCT02541526PHASE3UNKNOWNMirtazapine as a Treatment for Co-Occurring Opioid and ATS Dependence in Malaysia
NCT03031184PHASE3COMPLETEDStudy of Mirtazapine for Agitation in Dementia
NCT03852160PHASE3WITHDRAWNA Study of Esketamine Nasal Spray Plus a New Standard-of-care Oral Antidepressant or Placebo Nasal Spray Plus a New Standard-of-care Oral Antidepressant in Adult and Elderly Participants With Treatment-resistant Depression
NCT04763135PHASE3TERMINATEDMirtazapine in Cancer-related Poly-symptomatology
NCT00488072PHASE2ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITINGEffects of Mirtazapine on Appetite in Advanced Cancer Patients
NCT03935685PHASE2ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITINGPilot Study of Mirtazapine for the Dual Tx of Depression and CINV in High-Grade Glioma Pts on TMZ
NCT05170919PHASE2ENROLLING_BY_INVITATIONComparing Olanzapine and Mirtazapine in the Improvement of Unintentional Weight Loss for Patients with Advanced Stage Cancer
NCT06309472PHASE2RECRUITINGTrial of Mirtazapine for Depression in IBD
NCT06323837PHASE2RECRUITINGMirtazapine for the Treatment of Methamphetamine Use in Opioid Use Disorder Patients Receiving Medication Assisted Treatment
NCT06530290PHASE2RECRUITINGEvaluating the Effect of Mirtazapine on Anxiety in Parkinson’s Disease Patients

Clinical evidence (CIViC)

No CIViC predictive evidence (expected for non-precision-medicine drugs).

Pharmacology

Pharmacogenomics

PharmGKB dosing guidelines (2) — CPIC / DPWG genotype-guided dosing for this drug (drug × pharmacogene):

GuidelineSourceGene(s)DosingRecommendation
Annotation of DPWG Guideline for mirtazapine and CYP2D6DPWGCYP2D6
Annotation of DPWG Guideline for mirtazapine and CYP2C19DPWGCYP2C19

PharmGKB also curates 10 clinical and 33 variant annotation(s) for this drug (gene-keyed; see PharmGKB).

Molecules sharing ≥1 of this drug’s curated primary targets, merged from two biobtree sources and ranked by shared-target count, then clinical phase: ChEMBL clinical-stage candidates (development phase ≥2) and PubChem drug-class bioactivity (approved / known drugs acting on the target). Deduplicated by drug name; the drug’s own salt forms are excluded. Note: for a drug with few primary targets a shared-target match can reflect off-target / promiscuous binding rather than the same therapeutic mechanism — the phase ordering surfaces bona-fide therapeutics first.

755 molecules share ≥1 primary target. Top 60 by shared-target count:

MoleculeSourceStatusShared targets
AfatinibChEMBL + PubChemPhase 4 (approved)ADRA2A, ADRA2B, ADRA2C, HTR2A, HTR2C
CHENODIOLChEMBL + PubChemPhase 4 (approved)ADRA2A, ADRA2B, ADRA2C, HTR2A, HTR2C
CLOZAPINEChEMBL + PubChemPhase 4 (approved)ADRA2A, ADRA2B, ADRA2C, HTR2A, HTR2C
DESLORATADINEChEMBL + PubChemPhase 4 (approved)ADRA2A, ADRA2B, ADRA2C, HTR2A, HTR2C
DIHYDROERGOTAMINEChEMBL + PubChemPhase 4 (approved)ADRA2A, ADRA2B, ADRA2C, HTR2A, HTR2C
FidaxomicinChEMBL + PubChemPhase 4 (approved)ADRA2A, ADRA2B, ADRA2C, HTR2A, HTR2C
OLANZAPINEChEMBL + PubChemPhase 4 (approved)ADRA2A, ADRA2B, ADRA2C, HTR2A, HTR2C
PALIPERIDONEChEMBL + PubChemPhase 4 (approved)ADRA2A, ADRA2B, ADRA2C, HTR2A, HTR2C
PropoxypheneChEMBL + PubChemPhase 4 (approved)ADRA2A, ADRA2B, ADRA2C, HTR2A, HTR2C
TEGASERODChEMBL + PubChemPhase 4 (approved)ADRA2A, ADRA2B, ADRA2C, HTR2A, HTR2C
AMITRIPTYLINEChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)ADRA2A, ADRA2B, ADRA2C, HTR2A, HTR2C
AMOXAPINEChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)ADRA2A, ADRA2B, ADRA2C, HTR2A, HTR2C
APOMORPHINEChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)ADRA2A, ADRA2B, ADRA2C, HTR2A, HTR2C
ARIPIPRAZOLEChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)ADRA2A, ADRA2B, ADRA2C, HTR2A, HTR2C
ASENAPINEChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)ADRA2A, ADRA2B, ADRA2C, HTR2A, HTR2C
ASTEMIZOLEChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)ADRA2A, ADRA2B, ADRA2C, HTR2A, HTR2C
AZELASTINEChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)ADRA2A, ADRA2B, ADRA2C, HTR2A, HTR2C
BENFLUOREXChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)ADRA2A, ADRA2B, ADRA2C, HTR2A, HTR2C
BENPERIDOLChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)ADRA2A, ADRA2B, ADRA2C, HTR2A, HTR2C
BENZQUINAMIDEChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)ADRA2A, ADRA2B, ADRA2C, HTR2A, HTR2C
BENZTROPINEChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)ADRA2A, ADRA2B, ADRA2C, HTR2A, HTR2C
BREXPIPRAZOLEChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)ADRA2A, ADRA2B, ADRA2C, HTR2A, HTR2C
BROMOCRIPTINEChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)ADRA2A, ADRA2B, ADRA2C, HTR2A, HTR2C
CARIPRAZINEChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)ADRA2A, ADRA2B, ADRA2C, HTR2A, HTR2C
CARVEDILOLChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)ADRA2A, ADRA2B, ADRA2C, HTR2A, HTR2C
CHLORHEXIDINEChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)ADRA2A, ADRA2B, ADRA2C, HTR2A, HTR2C
CHLORPROMAZINEChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)ADRA2A, ADRA2B, ADRA2C, HTR2A, HTR2C
CISAPRIDEChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)ADRA2A, ADRA2B, ADRA2C, HTR2A, HTR2C
CLEMASTINEChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)ADRA2A, ADRA2B, ADRA2C, HTR2A, HTR2C
CLOMIPRAMINEChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)ADRA2A, ADRA2B, ADRA2C, HTR2A, HTR2C
CLONIDINEChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)ADRA2A, ADRA2B, ADRA2C, HTR2A, HTR2C
CLOTRIMAZOLEChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)ADRA2A, ADRA2B, ADRA2C, HTR2A, HTR2C
CYPROHEPTADINEChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)ADRA2A, ADRA2B, ADRA2C, HTR2A, HTR2C
DIETHYLSTILBESTROLChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)ADRA2A, ADRA2B, ADRA2C, HTR2A, HTR2C
DOMPERIDONEChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)ADRA2A, ADRA2B, ADRA2C, HTR2A, HTR2C
DOTHIEPINChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)ADRA2A, ADRA2B, ADRA2C, HTR2A, HTR2C
DOXAZOSINChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)ADRA2A, ADRA2B, ADRA2C, HTR2A, HTR2C
DOXEPINChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)ADRA2A, ADRA2B, ADRA2C, HTR2A, HTR2C
DROPERIDOLChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)ADRA2A, ADRA2B, ADRA2C, HTR2A, HTR2C
EBASTINEChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)ADRA2A, ADRA2B, ADRA2C, HTR2A, HTR2C
ECONAZOLEChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)ADRA2A, ADRA2B, ADRA2C, HTR2A, HTR2C
ERGOTAMINEChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)ADRA2A, ADRA2B, ADRA2C, HTR2A, HTR2C
FLUPHENAZINEChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)ADRA2A, ADRA2B, ADRA2C, HTR2A, HTR2C
GUANABENZChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)ADRA2A, ADRA2B, ADRA2C, HTR2A, HTR2C
GUANFACINEChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)ADRA2A, ADRA2B, ADRA2C, HTR2A, HTR2C
HALOPERIDOLChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)ADRA2A, ADRA2B, ADRA2C, HTR2A, HTR2C
HALOPROGINChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)ADRA2A, ADRA2B, ADRA2C, HTR2A, HTR2C
ILOPERIDONEChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)ADRA2A, ADRA2B, ADRA2C, HTR2A, HTR2C
IPRINDOLEChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)ADRA2A, ADRA2B, ADRA2C, HTR2A, HTR2C
KETOTIFENChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)ADRA2A, ADRA2B, ADRA2C, HTR2A, HTR2C
LASOFOXIFENEChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)ADRA2A, ADRA2B, ADRA2C, HTR2A, HTR2C
LORCASERINChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)ADRA2A, ADRA2B, ADRA2C, HTR2A, HTR2C
LOXAPINEChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)ADRA2A, ADRA2B, ADRA2C, HTR2A, HTR2C
LURASIDONEChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)ADRA2A, ADRA2B, ADRA2C, HTR2A, HTR2C
MAPROTILINEChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)ADRA2A, ADRA2B, ADRA2C, HTR2A, HTR2C
METHYLERGONOVINEChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)ADRA2A, ADRA2B, ADRA2C, HTR2A, HTR2C
METHYSERGIDEChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)ADRA2A, ADRA2B, ADRA2C, HTR2A, HTR2C
MIANSERINChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)ADRA2A, ADRA2B, ADRA2C, HTR2A, HTR2C
NEBIVOLOLChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)ADRA2A, ADRA2B, ADRA2C, HTR2A, HTR2C
NEFAZODONEChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)ADRA2A, ADRA2B, ADRA2C, HTR2A, HTR2C