Naphazoline

drug
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Also known as NafazolinNafazolinaSID11112411SID26751615NAPHAZOLINE HYDROCHLORIDE

Summary

Naphazoline (CHEMBL761) is an approved small molecule (ATC R01AA08) targeting ADRA1A, ADRA2A, and ADRA2C; indicated across 8 conditions including eye allergy and atopic conjunctivitis.

At a glance

  • Status: Approved (max clinical phase 4)
  • Modality: Small molecule
  • ATC class: R01AA08 (+3 more)
  • Targets: 3 (ADRA1A, ADRA2A, ADRA2C)
  • Indications: 8 conditions
  • Clinical trials: 6
  • Chemistry: 210.27 Da · C14H14N2

Identifiers

Drug identity and classification

FieldValue
ChEMBL IDCHEMBL761
NameNaphazoline
TypeSmall molecule
Max phase4
FDA approvedyes
PubChem CID4436
ATCR01AA08, S01GA51, S01GA01, R01AB02
Molecular formulaC14H14N2
Molecular weight210.27
InChIKeyCNIIGCLFLJGOGP-UHFFFAOYSA-N

SMILES: C1CN=C(N1)CC2=CC=CC3=CC=CC=C32

IUPAC name: 2-(naphthalen-1-ylmethyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole

Also known as: Nafazolin, Nafazolina, Naphazoline, naphazoline, SID11112411, SID26751615, NAPHAZOLINE, NAPHAZOLINE HYDROCHLORIDE

Parent form; salt/anhydrous children: CHEMBL1706

Patent coverage: 3,741 distinct patent families (13,060 SureChEMBL compound mentions), from 2 matched compound structure(s). One matched structure accounts for 12,784 (98%) of the total. Mentions count patents naming the compound (not distinct inventions), so promiscuous / reference molecules inflate the mention figure — families are the dedup metric.

Targets

Targets

Primary targets (GtoPdb curated mechanism): the Cancer dependency column is the DepMap CRISPR fitness signal (% of screened cell lines dependent on the target).

GeneTargetActionpAffinityCancer dependencyUniProt
TAAR4PAgonist
ADRA1Aα1A-adrenoceptorFull agonist6.5P35348
ADRA2Aα2A-adrenoceptorPartial agonist70.1%P08913
ADRA2Cα2C-adrenoceptorAgonist6.40%P18825

Broader ChEMBL bioactivity targets: 15 (assay-derived). Sample: Microtubule-associated protein tau, Prelamin-A/C, Alpha-2A adrenergic receptor, Adrenergic receptor alpha-1, Alpha-2C adrenergic receptor, Alpha-2B adrenergic receptor, Adrenergic receptor alpha-2, Adrenergic receptor alpha, 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1A, Alpha-1A adrenergic receptor.

Bioactivity

ChEMBL activities: 26 potent at pChembl ≥ 5 of 26 total. Top 30 by potency (10 = 0.1 nM, 6 = 1 µM):

TargetpChemblTypeValueUnitActivity ID
ADRA1A9.22AC500.6nMCHEMBL_ACT_25230375
ADRA1A8.85AC501.4nMCHEMBL_ACT_25209089
ADRA2C8.64Ki2.29nMCHEMBL_ACT_15642440
P193288.32IC504.8nMCHEMBL_ACT_178928
P158238.24Ki5.7nMCHEMBL_ACT_14624391
P193288.24Ki5.7nMCHEMBL_ACT_523512
ADRA2A8.06AC508.7nMCHEMBL_ACT_25157098
ADRA2A7.66AC5022nMCHEMBL_ACT_25157047
ADRA2A7.37AC5043nMCHEMBL_ACT_25220562
ADRA2C7.26EC5054.95nMCHEMBL_ACT_15642420
ADRA1A7.2EC5063.1nMCHEMBL_ACT_209652
ADRA1A7.2EC5063.1nMCHEMBL_ACT_580368
HTR1A6.95AC50113.6nMCHEMBL_ACT_25165642
NISCH6.92Ki121.6nMCHEMBL_ACT_2564064
NISCH6.92Ki121.6nMCHEMBL_ACT_2564065
ADRA2A6.85AC50140nMCHEMBL_ACT_25221768
ADRA2B6.72AC50190nMCHEMBL_ACT_25144388
Q4G0176.61Ki245.5nMCHEMBL_ACT_12459453
ADRA2C6.48AC50330nMCHEMBL_ACT_25148588
P158236.39IC50410nMCHEMBL_ACT_178927
MAPT6.1Potency794.3nMCHEMBL_ACT_4514977
LMNA5.7Potency1995nMCHEMBL_ACT_3652254
MAPK15.4Potency3981nMCHEMBL_ACT_4745674
CYP2D65.1Potency7943nMCHEMBL_ACT_4986063
CYP2D65.1AC507943nMCHEMBL_ACT_6019723
OPRM15.08AC508367nMCHEMBL_ACT_25158793

Target pathways

Aggregated over 3 target gene(s): ADRA1A, ADRA2A, ADRA2C.

Top Reactome pathways

21 total, by targets touching each:

PathwayTargetsGenes
Signal Transduction3ADRA1A, ADRA2A, ADRA2C
Signaling by GPCR3ADRA1A, ADRA2A, ADRA2C
Class A/1 (Rhodopsin-like receptors)3ADRA1A, ADRA2A, ADRA2C
Amine ligand-binding receptors3ADRA1A, ADRA2A, ADRA2C
GPCR downstream signalling3ADRA1A, ADRA2A, ADRA2C
Adrenoceptors3ADRA1A, ADRA2A, ADRA2C
GPCR ligand binding3ADRA1A, ADRA2A, ADRA2C
Hemostasis2ADRA2A, ADRA2C
Metabolism2ADRA2A, ADRA2C
Integration of energy metabolism2ADRA2A, ADRA2C
Adrenaline signalling through Alpha-2 adrenergic receptor2ADRA2A, ADRA2C
Metabolism of proteins2ADRA2A, ADRA2C
Adrenaline,noradrenaline inhibits insulin secretion2ADRA2A, ADRA2C
G alpha (i) signalling events2ADRA2A, ADRA2C
G alpha (z) signalling events2ADRA2A, ADRA2C
Regulation of insulin secretion2ADRA2A, ADRA2C
Surfactant metabolism2ADRA2A, ADRA2C
Platelet activation, signaling and aggregation2ADRA2A, ADRA2C
Platelet Aggregation (Plug Formation)2ADRA2A, ADRA2C
G alpha (q) signalling events1ADRA1A
G alpha (12/13) signalling events1ADRA1A

Dominant GO biological processes

GO termTargets
signal transduction3
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway3
positive regulation of MAPK cascade3
regulation of vasoconstriction3
adrenergic receptor signaling pathway3
cell-cell signaling2
adenylate cyclase-activating adrenergic receptor signaling pathway2
phospholipase C-activating adrenergic receptor signaling pathway2
epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway2
negative regulation of norepinephrine secretion2
platelet activation2
negative regulation of epinephrine secretion2
negative regulation of insulin secretion2
positive regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B signal transduction2
adenylate cyclase-inhibiting adrenergic receptor signaling pathway2

Indications & clinical

Indications

8 indications (2 at ChEMBL trial phase 4). Phase below is the highest clinical-trial phase recorded for this drug against each disease — not the molecule’s overall approval status (that is in the Summary).

IndicationTrial phaseMONDOEFO
eye allergy4MONDO:0005551EFO:0005751
atopic conjunctivitis3MONDO:0005642EFO:0007141
common cold3MONDO:0005709EFO:0007214
influenza3MONDO:0005812EFO:0007328
respiratory system disorder3MONDO:0005087EFO:0000684
neoplasm1MONDO:0005070EFO:0000616

2 further indication records had no mapped disease name (EFO/MeSH-only) or were duplicates, and are omitted.

Clinical trials

Total trials: 6.

Phase distribution

PhaseTrials
PHASE33
PHASE12
PHASE41

Top trials by phase / activity

NCTPhaseStatusTitle
NCT01390961PHASE4UNKNOWNComparison of Tolerability Between Two Allergy Drops
NCT00769886PHASE3COMPLETEDKetotifen/Naphazoline Ophthalmic Solution in the Conjunctival Allergen Challenge Model of Allergic Conjunctivitis.
NCT00770133PHASE3COMPLETEDKetotifen/Naphazoline Ophthalmic Solution in the Conjunctival Allergen Challenge Model of Acute Allergic Conjunctivitis.
NCT01533220PHASE3COMPLETEDEfficacy of Nasal Naphazoline Hydrocloride + Pheniramine Maleate + Panthenol Compared With Naphazoline Hydrocloride in the Symptomatic Control of Nasal Congestion and Nasopharyngeal
NCT03324113PHASE1COMPLETEDEvaluation of SAR408701 in Japanese Patients With Advanced Malignant Solid Tumors
NCT05470868PHASE1COMPLETEDSafety and Tolerability of PRO-185

Clinical evidence (CIViC)

No CIViC predictive evidence (expected for non-precision-medicine drugs).

Pharmacology

Pharmacogenomics

No CPIC/DPWG dosing guideline or drug-level clinical/variant annotations in PharmGKB for this molecule.

Molecules sharing ≥1 of this drug’s curated primary targets, merged from two biobtree sources and ranked by shared-target count, then clinical phase: ChEMBL clinical-stage candidates (development phase ≥2) and PubChem drug-class bioactivity (approved / known drugs acting on the target). Deduplicated by drug name; the drug’s own salt forms are excluded. Note: for a drug with few primary targets a shared-target match can reflect off-target / promiscuous binding rather than the same therapeutic mechanism — the phase ordering surfaces bona-fide therapeutics first.

745 molecules share ≥1 primary target. Top 60 by shared-target count:

MoleculeSourceStatusShared targets
ACLIDINIUM BROMIDEChEMBL + PubChemPhase 4 (approved)ADRA1A, ADRA2A, ADRA2C
CHENODIOLChEMBL + PubChemPhase 4 (approved)ADRA1A, ADRA2A, ADRA2C
CLOFARABINEChEMBL + PubChemPhase 4 (approved)ADRA1A, ADRA2A, ADRA2C
CLOZAPINEChEMBL + PubChemPhase 4 (approved)ADRA1A, ADRA2A, ADRA2C
CRIZOTINIBChEMBL + PubChemPhase 4 (approved)ADRA1A, ADRA2A, ADRA2C
DESLORATADINEChEMBL + PubChemPhase 4 (approved)ADRA1A, ADRA2A, ADRA2C
DIHYDROERGOTAMINEChEMBL + PubChemPhase 4 (approved)ADRA1A, ADRA2A, ADRA2C
GENTIAN VIOLETChEMBL + PubChemPhase 4 (approved)ADRA1A, ADRA2A, ADRA2C
OLANZAPINEChEMBL + PubChemPhase 4 (approved)ADRA1A, ADRA2A, ADRA2C
OLODATEROLChEMBL + PubChemPhase 4 (approved)ADRA1A, ADRA2A, ADRA2C
PALIPERIDONEChEMBL + PubChemPhase 4 (approved)ADRA1A, ADRA2A, ADRA2C
PhenylpropanolamineChEMBL + PubChemPhase 4 (approved)ADRA1A, ADRA2A, ADRA2C
PRAMIPEXOLEChEMBL + PubChemPhase 4 (approved)ADRA1A, ADRA2A, ADRA2C
PROPOXYPHENEChEMBL + PubChemPhase 4 (approved)ADRA1A, ADRA2A, ADRA2C
PYRAZINAMIDEChEMBL + PubChemPhase 4 (approved)ADRA1A, ADRA2A, ADRA2C
TAMSULOSINChEMBL + PubChemPhase 4 (approved)ADRA1A, ADRA2A, ADRA2C
TEGASERODChEMBL + PubChemPhase 4 (approved)ADRA1A, ADRA2A, ADRA2C
ACETOPHENAZINEChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)ADRA1A, ADRA2A, ADRA2C
ALFUZOSINChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)ADRA1A, ADRA2A, ADRA2C
AMITRIPTYLINEChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)ADRA1A, ADRA2A, ADRA2C
AMLODIPINEChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)ADRA1A, ADRA2A, ADRA2C
AMOXAPINEChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)ADRA1A, ADRA2A, ADRA2C
ANTAZOLINEChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)ADRA1A, ADRA2A, ADRA2C
APOMORPHINEChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)ADRA1A, ADRA2A, ADRA2C
APRACLONIDINEChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)ADRA1A, ADRA2A, ADRA2C
ARIPIPRAZOLEChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)ADRA1A, ADRA2A, ADRA2C
ASENAPINEChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)ADRA1A, ADRA2A, ADRA2C
ASTEMIZOLEChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)ADRA1A, ADRA2A, ADRA2C
ATRACURIUMChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)ADRA1A, ADRA2A, ADRA2C
AZELASTINEChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)ADRA1A, ADRA2A, ADRA2C
BAZEDOXIFENEChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)ADRA1A, ADRA2A, ADRA2C
BENFLUOREXChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)ADRA1A, ADRA2A, ADRA2C
BENPERIDOLChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)ADRA1A, ADRA2A, ADRA2C
BENZBROMARONEChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)ADRA1A, ADRA2A, ADRA2C
BENZTROPINEChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)ADRA1A, ADRA2A, ADRA2C
BITHIONOLChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)ADRA1A, ADRA2A, ADRA2C
BOSUTINIBChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)ADRA1A, ADRA2A, ADRA2C
BREXPIPRAZOLEChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)ADRA1A, ADRA2A, ADRA2C
BRIMONIDINEChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)ADRA1A, ADRA2A, ADRA2C
BROMOCRIPTINEChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)ADRA1A, ADRA2A, ADRA2C
BROMPERIDOLChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)ADRA1A, ADRA2A, ADRA2C
CABERGOLINEChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)ADRA1A, ADRA2A, ADRA2C
CABOZANTINIBChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)ADRA1A, ADRA2A, ADRA2C
CANDESARTAN CILEXETILChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)ADRA1A, ADRA2A, ADRA2C
CARIPRAZINEChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)ADRA1A, ADRA2A, ADRA2C
CARVEDILOLChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)ADRA1A, ADRA2A, ADRA2C
CHLORHEXIDINEChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)ADRA1A, ADRA2A, ADRA2C
CHLORPROMAZINEChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)ADRA1A, ADRA2A, ADRA2C
CINNARIZINEChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)ADRA1A, ADRA2A, ADRA2C
CISAPRIDEChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)ADRA1A, ADRA2A, ADRA2C
CLEMASTINEChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)ADRA1A, ADRA2A, ADRA2C
CLOMIPRAMINEChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)ADRA1A, ADRA2A, ADRA2C
CLONIDINEChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)ADRA1A, ADRA2A, ADRA2C
CYPROHEPTADINEChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)ADRA1A, ADRA2A, ADRA2C
DARIFENACINChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)ADRA1A, ADRA2A, ADRA2C
DEXMEDETOMIDINEChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)ADRA1A, ADRA2A, ADRA2C
DEXTROMETHORPHANChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)ADRA1A, ADRA2A, ADRA2C
DIETHYLSTILBESTROLChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)ADRA1A, ADRA2A, ADRA2C
DOBUTAMINEChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)ADRA1A, ADRA2A, ADRA2C
DOMPERIDONEChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)ADRA1A, ADRA2A, ADRA2C