Procainamide

Summary

Procainamide (CHEMBL640) is an approved small-molecule sodium channel blocker (ATC C01BA02) targeting TAS2R9; indicated across 6 conditions including atrial fibrillation and heart failure.

At a glance

• Status: Approved (max clinical phase 4)
• Modality: Small molecule
• ATC class: C01BA02
• Targets: 1 (TAS2R9)
• Indications: 6 conditions
• Clinical trials: 8
• Chemistry: 235.33 Da · C13H21N3O

Identifiers

Drug identity and classification

Field	Value
ChEMBL ID	CHEMBL640
Name	Procainamide
Type	Small molecule
Max phase	4
FDA approved	yes
PubChem CID	4913
ChEBI	CHEBI:8428
ATC	C01BA02
Molecular formula	C13H21N3O
Molecular weight	235.33
InChIKey	REQCZEXYDRLIBE-UHFFFAOYSA-N

SMILES: CCN(CC)CCNC(=O)C1=CC=C(C=C1)N

IUPAC name: 4-amino-N-[2-(diethylamino)ethyl]benzamide

ChEBI definition: A benzamide that is 4-aminobenzamide substituted on the amide N by a 2-(diethylamino)ethyl group. It is a pharmaceutical antiarrhythmic agent used for the medical treatment of cardiac arrhythmias.

Pharmacological roles (ChEBI): sodium channel blocker, anti-arrhythmia drug, platelet aggregation inhibitor.

Also known as: Novocainamide, NSC-27461, Procainamida, Procainamide, Sp 100 (pharmaceutical), procainamide, SID11111690, SID11111691, SID26751611, procaine amide, SID90340905, SID144203797

Parent form; salt/anhydrous children: CHEMBL605

Patent coverage: 5,446 distinct patent families (18,318 SureChEMBL compound mentions), from 1 matched compound structure(s). Mentions count patents naming the compound (not distinct inventions), so promiscuous / reference molecules inflate the mention figure — families are the dedup metric.

Targets

Targets

Primary targets (GtoPdb curated mechanism): the Cancer dependency column is the DepMap CRISPR fitness signal (% of screened cell lines dependent on the target).

Gene	Target	Action	pAffinity	Cancer dependency	UniProt
TAS2R9	TAS2R9	Agonist	2.55	0%	Q9NYW1

Broader ChEMBL bioactivity targets: 13 (assay-derived). Sample: Prelamin-A/C, Solute carrier family 22 member 2, Solute carrier family 22 member 2, Thyrotropin receptor, Solute carrier family 22 member 1, Solute carrier family 22 member 1, Acetylcholinesterase, Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1, Aldehyde dehydrogenase 1A1, Cytochrome P450 2C19.

Bioactivity

ChEMBL activities: 11 potent at pChembl ≥ 5 of 23 total. Top 30 by potency (10 = 0.1 nM, 6 = 1 µM):

Target	pChembl	Type	Value	Unit	Activity ID
LMNA	8	Potency	10	nM	CHEMBL_ACT_3643844
P23795	6.3	IC50	500	nM	CHEMBL_ACT_1141839
ACHE	6	IC50	1000	nM	CHEMBL_ACT_1141838
ACHE	6	IC50	1000	nM	CHEMBL_ACT_1141840
ACHE	6	Ki	1000	nM	CHEMBL_ACT_1141841
P23795	6	Ki	1000	nM	CHEMBL_ACT_1141842
ACHE	6	Ki	1000	nM	CHEMBL_ACT_1141843
O08966	5.41	IC50	3900	nM	CHEMBL_ACT_11001424
P08482	5.2	Potency	6310	nM	CHEMBL_ACT_4807434
Q63089	5.16	IC50	7000	nM	CHEMBL_ACT_11001865
Q63089	5.11	IC50	7700	nM	CHEMBL_ACT_11000516

Target pathways

Aggregated over 1 target gene(s): TAS2R9.

Top Reactome pathways

6 total, by targets touching each:

Pathway	Targets	Genes
Signal Transduction	1	TAS2R9
Signaling by GPCR	1	TAS2R9
GPCR downstream signalling	1	TAS2R9
G alpha (i) signalling events	1	TAS2R9
Class C/3 (Metabotropic glutamate/pheromone receptors)	1	TAS2R9
GPCR ligand binding	1	TAS2R9

Dominant GO biological processes

GO term	Targets
detection of chemical stimulus involved in sensory perception of bitter taste	1
signal transduction	1
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway	1
sensory perception of taste	1

Indications & clinical

Indications

6 indications (1 at ChEMBL trial phase 4). Phase below is the highest clinical-trial phase recorded for this drug against each disease — not the molecule’s overall approval status (that is in the Summary).

Indication	Trial phase	MONDO	EFO
atrial fibrillation	3	MONDO:0004981	EFO:0000275
heart failure	3	MONDO:0005252	EFO:0003144
myocardial infarction	3	MONDO:0005068	EFO:0000612
ventricular fibrillation	3	MONDO:0000190	EFO:0004287

2 further indication records had no mapped disease name (EFO/MeSH-only) or were duplicates, and are omitted.

Clinical trials

Total trials: 8.

Phase distribution

Phase	Trials
PHASE4	3
PHASE3	3
Not specified	2

Top trials by phase / activity

NCT	Phase	Status	Title
NCT00702117	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Ajmaline Utilization in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Cardiac Arrhythmias
NCT04234906	PHASE4	UNKNOWN	Prevention of Post-Operative Cardiac Arrhythmias
NCT04485195	PHASE4	COMPLETED	RAFF4 Trial: Vernakalant vs. Procainamide for Acute Atrial Fibrillation in the Emergency Department
NCT00000464	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Cardiac Arrest in Seattle: Conventional Versus Amiodarone Drug Evaluation (CASCADE)
NCT00000518	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Electrophysiologic Study Versus Electrocardiographic Monitoring (ESVEM)
NCT00000556	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Atrial Fibrillation Follow-up Investigation of Rhythm Management (AFFIRM)
NCT01205529	Not specified	COMPLETED	ST-segment Elevation as an AF Endophenotype
NCT02575534	Not specified	WITHDRAWN	Acute Mechanical Response to Anti-arrhythmic Drug Therapy

Clinical evidence (CIViC)

No CIViC predictive evidence (expected for non-precision-medicine drugs).

Pharmacology

Pharmacogenomics

No CPIC/DPWG dosing guideline, but PharmGKB curates 0 clinical and 3 variant annotation(s) for this drug (gene-keyed; see PharmGKB).

Related molecules

Related molecules

Molecules sharing ≥1 of this drug’s curated primary targets, merged from two biobtree sources and ranked by shared-target count, then clinical phase: ChEMBL clinical-stage candidates (development phase ≥2) and PubChem drug-class bioactivity (approved / known drugs acting on the target). Deduplicated by drug name; the drug’s own salt forms are excluded. Note: for a drug with few primary targets a shared-target match can reflect off-target / promiscuous binding rather than the same therapeutic mechanism — the phase ordering surfaces bona-fide therapeutics first.

1 molecules share ≥1 primary target. Top 1 by shared-target count:

Molecule	Source	Status	Shared targets
ISOPROTERENOL	ChEMBL	Phase 4 (approved)	TAS2R9