Theobromine
drugOn this page
Also known as DiurobromineFEMA NO. 3591NSC-5039SantheoseSC-15090TheobrominumTheosalvoseTheobromine(20%)XantheoseSID85231258SID856014SID90341332SID50104235SID11111888SID26751592SID144203835SID170465487
Summary
Theobromine (CHEMBL1114) is a phase-3 clinical-stage small-molecule vasodilator agent (ATC R03DA57); indicated across 3 conditions including obstructive lung disease and bronchial disorder.
At a glance
- Status: Max clinical phase 3 (not approved)
- Modality: Small molecule
- ATC class: R03DA57 (+2 more)
- Indications: 3 conditions
- Clinical trials: 9
- Chemistry: 180.16 Da · C7H8N4O2
Identifiers
Drug identity and classification
| Field | Value |
|---|---|
| ChEMBL ID | CHEMBL1114 |
| Name | Theobromine |
| Type | Small molecule |
| Max phase | 3 |
| FDA approved | no |
| PubChem CID | 5429 |
| ChEBI | CHEBI:28946 |
| ATC | R03DA57, C03BD01, R03DA07 |
| Molecular formula | C7H8N4O2 |
| Molecular weight | 180.16 |
| InChIKey | YAPQBXQYLJRXSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
SMILES: CN1C=NC2=C1C(=O)NC(=O)N2C
IUPAC name: 3,7-dimethylpurine-2,6-dione
ChEBI definition: A dimethylxanthine having the two methyl groups located at positions 3 and 7. A purine alkaloid derived from the cacao plant, it is found in chocolate, as well as in a number of other foods, and is a vasodilator, diuretic and heart stimulator.
Pharmacological roles (ChEBI): vasodilator agent, bronchodilator agent, adenosine receptor antagonist.
Other ChEBI roles (chemical / environmental): food component, plant metabolite, human blood serum metabolite, mouse metabolite.
Also known as: Diurobromine, FEMA NO. 3591, NSC-5039, Santheose, SC-15090, Theobromine, Theobrominum, Theosalvose, Theobromine(20%), Xantheose, SID85231258, SID856014
Parent form; salt/anhydrous children: CHEMBL2106653, CHEMBL2107522, CHEMBL2107523
Patent coverage: 16,229 distinct patent families (56,540 SureChEMBL compound mentions), from 2 matched compound structure(s). One matched structure accounts for 56,509 (100%) of the total. Mentions count patents naming the compound (not distinct inventions), so promiscuous / reference molecules inflate the mention figure — families are the dedup metric.
Targets
Targets
Broader ChEMBL bioactivity targets: 4 (assay-derived). Sample: Peripheral myelin protein 22, Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1, Cytochrome P450 3A4, Mitogen-activated protein kinase 1.
Bioactivity
ChEMBL activities: 2 potent at pChembl ≥ 5 of 5 total. Top 30 by potency (10 = 0.1 nM, 6 = 1 µM):
| Target | pChembl | Type | Value | Unit | Activity ID |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MAPK1 | 8.4 | Potency | 4 | nM | CHEMBL_ACT_4542730 |
| P08482 | 7.95 | Potency | 11.2 | nM | CHEMBL_ACT_4803473 |
Target pathways
No target-pathway data for this drug (no mapped target genes).
Indications & clinical
Indications
3 indications (0 at ChEMBL trial phase 4). Phase below is the highest clinical-trial phase recorded for this drug against each disease — not the molecule’s overall approval status (that is in the Summary).
| Indication | Trial phase | MONDO | EFO |
|---|---|---|---|
| obstructive lung disease | 3 | MONDO:0002267 | HP:0006536 |
| bronchial disorder | 3 | MONDO:0001358 | EFO:1002018 |
| cardiovascular disorder | 3 | MONDO:0004995 | EFO:0000319 |
Clinical trials
Total trials: 9.
Phase distribution
| Phase | Trials |
|---|---|
| Not specified | 8 |
| PHASE3 | 1 |
Top trials by phase / activity
| NCT | Phase | Status | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| NCT01416480 | PHASE3 | COMPLETED | Clinical Trial to Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of Theobromine Capsule as an Antitussive in Acute Cougher |
| NCT01288547 | Not specified | COMPLETED | Effects of Theobromine and Caffeine on Mood, Cognition and Blood Pressure |
| NCT01481389 | Not specified | COMPLETED | The Effect of Theobromine on Blood Lipid Parameters in Healthy Subjects |
| NCT01544829 | Not specified | COMPLETED | The Acute Effect of 2 Different Serving Regimens of Theobromine on Physiological Effects |
| NCT01924481 | Not specified | COMPLETED | Effects of a Cocoa Shot on the Human Brain |
| NCT02080845 | Not specified | COMPLETED | Effects of a Cocoa Shot on the Human Brain 2 |
| NCT02085109 | Not specified | COMPLETED | The Effects of Fat and Theobromine on apoA-I |
| NCT02209025 | Not specified | COMPLETED | Theobromine, Vascular Function and Intestinal apoA-I Production |
| NCT04340869 | Not specified | UNKNOWN | Treatment of Dentin Hypersensitivity Using Different Desensitizing Agents |
Clinical evidence (CIViC)
No CIViC predictive evidence (expected for non-precision-medicine drugs).
Pharmacology
Pharmacogenomics
No CPIC/DPWG dosing guideline or drug-level clinical/variant annotations in PharmGKB for this molecule.
Related molecules
Related molecules
No competitor molecules sharing a primary target (ChEMBL phase ≥2 or PubChem drug-class).